Basic Civil Air Regulation

CIVIL AERONAUTICAL ( Republic Act 9497)

Prescribe the requirement for issuing pilit, F. I., rating, flight engineers, flight operations officers
aircraft mechanic specialist.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Aerodrome- Defined area on land or water intended to be used either wholly or in part for the
arrival, departure and surface movement of the aircraft.

Aircraft- It is invented, used or designed for navigation especially by flight in the air

Aircraft Engine- It intended to be used for propulsion of aircraft

Airframe- Shall mean any kind of body and parts of all aircraft but not including powerplant and
propellers

Airman- Any individual who engages as the person in command or as pilot or any crew member in
the navigation of aircraft while underway

Flight crew Member- A licensed crew member charged with duties to the operation of an aircraft
during flight time.

EX: Flight Attendant

Pilot
Flight Engineer

Category- Indicates a classification of aircraft such as airplane, helicopter, glider, etc.

Class- Indicated the difference in basic design of aircraft within a category, such as single Engine
land, multi-Engine Sea
Controlled Area- Airspace extending upwards in a specific height, from the surface of the earth
Dual Instruction time- Flight time during which a person is receiving flight instruction from a
licensed flight instructor on board the aircraft
Flight instructor- A pilot who is qualified to instruct other pilots and who has received flight
Instructor License.
Flight Time- The total time from the moment the aircraft first moves until the moment it comes to
the end of the flight
Instrument Flight Time- Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft by references to instruments
Instrument ground time-Time during which a pilot is piloting an aircraft by references to instrument
Instrument ground Time- Time during which a pilot is practicing on the ground (simulator)
Instrument Time- Instrument flight time or instrument ground time

Pilot- An individual who manipulates the controls of an aircraft during the time defined as flight
time.
Co-Pilot- A licensed pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command
Rating – An authorization entered on a license and part thereof, stating special conditions, privileges
or limitations pertaining to such license.
Solo flight time - Flight time during which a pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft.
Night – hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or
such other period between sunrise and sunset.

Philippine Civil Aviation Regulations (PCAR)

PART - 1 General Policies, Procedures & Definitions
PART – 2 Personnel Licensing
PART – 3 Approved Training Organizations
PART – 4 Aircraft Registration & Marking
PART – 5 Airworthiness
PART – 6 Approved Maintenance Organization
PART – 7 Instrument & Equipment
PART – 8 Operations
PART - 9 AOC Certification & Administration
PART – 10 Commercial Air Transport by Foreign Air Carriers within Republic of Philippines
PART – 11 Aerial Work
PART – 12 Accident & Incident Investigation
PART – 13 Safe Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air

Airmen license

. Student pilot license

. be a least 16 years old
. be a citizen of the Philippines or any foreign citizen granting similar rights with the coordination or
agreement to our government
. be able to speak, read, and understand the English language
. 3rd class medical certificate

 Physical
 Color perception
 Hearing
 Visual
 Neuro
Private Pilot License
 Be at least 17 years old
 be a citizen of the Philippines or any foreign citizen granting similar rights with the
coordination or agreement to our government
 be able to speak, read, write and understand the English language
 2nd class medical certificate: Physical

 Color perception
 Hearing
 Visual
 Neuro

Pass the written examination:

 Air law
 Aircraft general knowledge
 Flight performance and Planning
 Human performance
 Meteorology
 Navigation
 Operational Procedures
 Principles of flight
 Communication
 Pass the oral/ practical examination (check ride, for the highest HP rating)

PPL Breakdown

40hrs

Local Cross- Country

Dual Solo Dual Solo

15hrs 5hrs 15hrs 5hrs
150hrs 150Nm

2 Full 2 Full

Stop Stops
General Rules Concerning Licenses

Authority to act as a flight crew member

 A person shall act as a flight crew member of an aircraft unless he holds a valid
license appropriate to his duties

Rendering a valid license

 The validity of the authorization shall not extend beyond the period of validity of the
license

Privileges of the holder of license

 A holder of an expired license and/ or rating shall pass CAR and practical
examination

Surrender of License

 Upon the suspension, revocation or expiration of license, the holder thereof shall
surrender such license

Display of license

 A holder of an airman shall keep his license in his person when he is on duty or
performing the duties pertinent to his license

Surrender of an airmen license

 A holder of an airman who surrenders his license on or before the expiration date
may not be required to take any theoretical examination.

Standard of performance during exam

 All practical and theoretical examinations and test shall be accepted to the
satisfaction of the administrator and the minimum passing grade in each subject of
examination or test shall be 70%

Change of address


Within 30 days after any change in the permanent mailing address of a
holder of an airmen license, the holder shall notify the administrator in
writing of such change
 Non-transferability

All types of license or ratings issued under this part of the CAR are non-transferable

General Information

Pilots required document

Pilot license
 Medical

Ntc License

Duration of license

Validity:

 Student pilot License 24 calendar months or 2 years

 Private pilot license 24 calendar months or 2 years
 Commercial 12 calendar months or 1 year

Flight Time

 1 day-8hrs
 1 week-30hrs
 1 month-100hrs
 1 year-1000hrs

Rest period for pilot

Each flight crewmember must have a minimum of eight hour of rest I any 24-hour period that
includes flight time. That calculation must be based on the actual conditions on the day of departure
regardless of whether the length of the flight is longer or shorter than the originally schedule flight
time.

Aircraft Documents

Airworthiness

Radio License

Operating Manual/ P. O. H.

Weight and balance ( if there is a cargo)

Safety Device and Emergency Equipment

 Life vest
 First Aid kit
 Fire extinguisher

Aircraft Inspection

 During and before flight, the pilot in Command is responsible for the preflight inspection to
check the aircraft for flight safety. To do the check the pilot must follow the checklist in the
Pilot’s operating handbook (P.O.H.)
Rating and Privileges of Pilot

 Getting an additional Rating:

You must:

 Fly 10 hours for that particular aircraft

 Pass the E.Q.C. exam
 Pass the Checkride

Privileges for a private pilot license holder

 Can be pilot of any aircraft but without pay

 If sole occupant pilot in command ( PIC) but without pay
 Can be a co-pilot of any aircraft but without pay

SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION OF A LICENSE OR CERTIFICATE FOR VIOLATION OF THE

REGULATIONS.

The holder of any license or certificate issued under these regulations who violates any provision of
the Civil Aviation Act , as amended , or any regulation or order issued there under, is subject to
suspension or revocation of the license or certificate, in accordance with the provisions of Section
35(i) and Section 71 (a) and (b) of the Civil Aviation Act.

Rules of Air and air traffic services procedures

A. Pilots responsibility

P.I.C. pilot in command

 Be responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance

with the rules of the air

Pre-flight inspection

 Before beginning of flight, the P.I.C. of an aircraft shall

familiarize with all available info appropriate to the extended
flight

Authority of pilot in command of an aircraft

 P.I.C. of aircraft shall have final authority as the disposition of the aircraft while he is in
command
Use of intoxicating liquor, narcotics or drugs

No person shall pilot an aircraft or act as s crew member of any aircraft under the
influence of this one

04% of body weight, 8 Hours of sleep

Protection of Person and Property:

Negligence or reckless operation of an aircraft- an aircraft shall not be operated in negligent or

reckless manner so as to endanger life of property of others

Minimum Heights – aircraft shall not be flown below the minimum specified height.

Cruising Level- every place there is a definite maximum and minimum flight altitudes.

B. Flight plan
 Information relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight
 When to submit to flight plan – a flight plan to be provided with air traffic control service
shall be submitted at least (60) minutes before departure

If submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt by the appropriate air traffic services
Unit at least ten (10) minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach:

a. The intended point of entry into a control area of advisory area

b. The point of crossing an airway or advisory area

Content of flight plan

1. Aircraft identification – your airplane’s call sign (ex. RPC2841)

2. Flight Rules – I-IFR Y-if IFR first
V –VFR Z-if VFR first

3. Type of flight – S- Schedule air transport service

N – Nonschedule air transport

G- General Aviation
M- Military
X- Other than any of the defined categories

4. Type of Aircraft – rated type of aircraft used for flight ( ex. C152)
5. Wake turbulence Category-

H- Takeoff mass of more than 136,000kg

M. Takeoff mass of less than 136,000kg but more than 7,000kg
L- Take-off mass of less than 7,000kg

6. Equipment- (navigational and surveillance equipment)

 S-Standard 2 way radio
O-VOR (very high frequency Omni Directional range)
F- ADF (automatic direction finder)

7. Departure Aerodrome- departure airport, 4 letter code (ex. RPLL-manila )

8. Time – estimated time of desired departure; base on universal time coordination (UTC)
minus (-) eight hours from present time.
9. Cruising speed- K- kph N-Knots M-Mach number
10. Level-cruising altitude (ex. FL330=33,000)
11. Route- flight route you’re going to fly
12. Destination Aerodrome –desired airport to fly in or arrive at
13. Total EET- Estimated enroute time; total estimated flight time from departure to destination
aerodrome.
14. Alternate Aerodrome-alternate airport for arrival or fly in
15. Other information
16. Endurance- aircraft’s fuel time for flight( ex. 5+00)
17. P.O.B. -person on board (ex. 002-2persons)
18. Emergency Radio- 121. ELT
19. Survival- survival equipment on board
M-Medical L/V-Life Vest FAK-First Aid kit
20. Closing Flight Plan-
(a) The PIC shall make a report of arrival either in person or by radio to the appropriate ATC
facility at the earliest possible moment after landing at the destination airport, unless
ATC automatically closes a flight plan.
(b) When a flight plan has been submitted for a portion of a flight, but not the arrival at
destination, the pilot shall close that flight plan en route with the appropriate ATC
facility.
(c) When no ATC facility exist at the arrival airport, the pilot shall contact the nearest ATC
facility to close the flight plan as soon as practicable after landing and by the quickest
means available.
(d) Pilots shall include the fo;;owing elements of information in their arrival reports

(1) Aircraft identification;

(2) Departure airport;
(3) Destination airport( only in the case of a diversionary);
(4) Arrival aiport; and
(5) Time of arrival.

Aircraft lighting

A. Right of way
o Approaching Head on
When two aircraft are approaching head-on or in-danger of collision, each
shall alter its heading to the right.
 o Converging
When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft is on
its right, shall give way.
o Overtaking

The aircraft being overtaken has the right of way and the aircraft being overtaken,
whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out the way of the other aircraft.

o Emergency Landing

An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to the land shall give way.

o Flying in VMC condition

I. VFR flight procedure

A) VFR flight are not applicable on these following conditions

a) When the ceiling is less than 450 meters

b) When the ground visibility is less than 8km, or 5 km for special VFR
c) Between sunrise and sunset
d) Above flight level 200
e) At transonic and subsonic speed

B) VFR minimum safe altitude

a) Over congested areas of cities, town or settlements or over an open-air assembly of

person at a height less than 30m.(1000ft) from the aircraft

b) Elsewhere at a height less than 150 meters (500ft) above the ground or water.

II. Fuel requirement

Sec. 91.151- Fuel requirements for flight in VFR conditions.

(a) No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering
wind and forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of
intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed-
(1) During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or
(2) At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.

(b) No person may begin a flight in a rotorcraft under VFR conditions unless ( considering
wind and forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point
intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed, to fly after that for at least 20
minutes .

III Emergency Notification Procedure

 Light Signal From Aerodrome Control to

Aircraft in flight Cleared for Takeoff

Steady Green Cleared to land Cleared for takeoff

Give way to other aircraft and

Steady Red Stop
continue circling

Flashing Green Return for landing Cleared to taxi

Flashing Red Aerodrome Unsafe, do not land Taxi clear of landing area in use

Land at this aerodrome and Return to starting point on this

Flashing white
proceed to apron aerodrome

A.I.P. (Aeronautical Information Publication)

A completion of aeronautical information relative to Philippine air operations published by the

Aeronautical Information Service (A.I.S.) with the authority of the ATO under DOTC.

PREVENTIVE MEINTENANCE

In our daily contact with thousands of aircraft owners and pilots, one major theme prevails. AOPA
members are deeply concerned about the high cost associated with owning and operating general
aviation aircraft.

As pilots, most of us are not mechanics by training or occupation, yet many of us derive satisfaction
from tinkering with mechanical things, especially aircraft. By performing routine maintenance on our
own aircraft we not only gain personal satisfaction but also become better educated about the
equipment we fly, making us better and safer pilots, the opportunity also exist to save a substantial
percentage of the annual maintenance costs associated with aircraft ownership.

Many aircraft owners, however, never attempt to work on their aircraft for a variety of reasons.
Chief among these is general sense of intimidation by the complexity of the airplane. Another is fear
of doing something wrong and running afoul of the local FAA inspector. Similar to this is the concern
by the pilot that he or she may perform some function incorrectly, potentially jeopardizing the
pilot’s own safety and that of passenger at some future date. These are all very legitimate concerns,
and it is our hope that this booklet will help address each of them.
Probably the most common reason for pilots not to perform their own routine maintenance is the
belief that the FAA will permit only such a limited amount of work to be handled by the owner that it
is not worthwhile to even attempt it fact, there is a rather broad array of tasks that we as owner that
we as owners and operators of type certificated aircraft can legally perform without the ongoing
 supervision of an aviation maintenance professional. And, with a little additional assistance from
your local aviation maintenance technician ( A&P mechanic), there is not much you can can t do
yourself.
But hold on! Before you head off to the airport with wrench in hand to fix all those annoying little
maintenance items you noticed on your last flight, it is important to fully understand your privileges
and responsibilities as a certificated pilot in performing routine maintenance.

A FLIGHT SERVICE STATION-FSS

A Flight Service Station (FSS) is an air traffic facility that provides information and services to aircraft
pilots before, during, and after flights, but unlike air traffic control ( ATC), is not responsible for
giving instructions or clearance or providing separation. The people who communicate with pilots
from an FSS are referred to as specialist rather than controllers, although in the US, FSS specialist
officials job title is air traffic control specialist-station (Citation needed)
The precise services offered by stations vary by country, but typical FSS services may include
providing preflight briefings including weather and notices to airmen ( NOTAMS);collecting and
disseminating pilot reports ( PIREPs); offering traffic advisories to aircraft on the ground or in flight;
relaying instructions or clearance from air traffic control; and providing assistance in an emergency.
In many countries, flight service stations also operate at mandatory frequency airports to help
coordinate traffic in the absence of air traffic controllers, and may take over a control tower
frequency at a controlled airport when the tower is closed.

Violations and Penalties;

VIOLATIONS SANCTIONS PER VIOLATION

6. Pre-flight
a. Failure to use pre-flight cockpit checklist 15 to 30 day suspension
b. Failure to check aircraft logs, flight manifest, weather, etc. 30 to 90 day suspension
7. Taxing
a. Failure to adhere to taxi clearance or instruction 30 to 60 day suspension
b. Collision while taxiing 30 to 120 day suspension
c. Jet blast 30 to 90 day suspension
8. Take-off
a. Takeoff against instruction or clearance 60 to 120 day suspension
b. Takeoff below weather minima 60 to 120 day suspension
c. Takeoff in overloaded aircraft 60 to 120 day suspension
9. En-route
a. Deviation from clearance or instruction 30 to 90 day suspension
b. Operating VFR within clouds 90 day suspension to revocation
c. Operation of un-worthy aircraft 30 to 90 day suspension
d. Unauthorized departure from flight desk 15 to 90 day suspension
e. Operating within restricted or prohibited area, or within positive control area with clearance
-30 to 90 day suspension
f. Operating without required equipment 1 5 to 120 day suspension
g. Fuel mismanagement/exhaustion 30 to 150 day suspension
10. Approach to landing
a. Deviation from clearance or instruction in terminal area 30 to 90 day suspension
b. Approach below weather minimuns 45 to 90 day suspension
c. Exceeding speed limitation in airport traffic areas 30 to 60 day suspension
11. Landing
 a. Landing at wrong airport 90 to 180 day suspension
b. Deviation from instrument approach procedure 30 to 90 day suspension
c. Overweight landing 30 to 90 day suspension
d. Hard landing 15 to 60 day suspension
e. Short or long landing 30 to 180 day suspension
f. Wheals up landing 30 to 180 day suspension
g. Failure to comply with preferential runway system suspension Maximum civil penalty to 30 day
suspension
12. Unauthorized admission to flight deck30 to 90 day suspension
13. Failure close and lock cockpit door suspension Maximum civil penalty to 30 day suspension
14. Acting as flight crewmember while under the influence of liquor or drugs, or alcoholic beverage consumption
within 8h - Emergency revocation
15. Denial of authorized entry of flight deck 30 to 50 day suspension
16. Flight time and duty and rest periods requirements 15 to 90 day suspension
17. Operation without required certificate or rating
a. Medical certificate 15 to 60 day suspension
b. Lack of type rating 180 day suspension
c. Missed proficiency check 30 to 90 day suspension
d. Lack of current experience 30 to 90 day suspension
e. Failure to have current certificate or license possession suspension – Moderate civil penalty to 7 day
suspension
18. operation with known physical disability

4. Student Operations.
a. a. Carrying passengers Revocation
b. b. Solo flight without endorsement 45 to 90day suspension
c. c. Operation on international flight 30 to 90 day suspension
d. d. Use of aircraft in business 90 to 120 day suspension
e. e. Operation for compensation or hire Revocation
6. Operational violations
a. Operation without valid airworthiness or registration certificate 30 to 90 day suspension
b. Failure to close flight plan or file arrival notice penalty – Administrative action to minimum civil
c. Operation without valid pilot certificate ( no certificate )- Maximum civil penalty
d. Operation while pilot certificate is suspended- Emergency revocation
e. Operation without pilot or medical certificate in personal possession suspension- Administrative action
to 15 day suspension
f. Operation without valid medical certificate 30 to 180 day suspension
g. Operation for compensation or hire without commercial pilot certificate 180 suspension to revocation
h. Operation without type or class rating 60 to 120 day suspension
i. Failure to comply with special conditions of medical certificate 90 day suspension to revocation
j. Operation with known physical deficiency 90 day suspension to revocation
k. Failure to obtain preflight information 30 to 90 day suspension
l. Deviation from ATC instruction or clearance 30 to 90 day suspension
m. Taxiing, takeoff, or landing without a clearance where ATC tower is in operation 30 to 90 day suspension
n. Failure to maintain radio communications in airport traffic area. 30 to 90 day suspension
o. Failure to comply with airport traffic pattern 30 to 90 day suspension
p. Operation in terminal control area without contrary clearance
q. Failure to maintain altitude in airport traffic area 30 to 60 day suspension
r. Exceeding speed limitations in traffic area 60 to 90 day suspension
 s. Operation of un-airworthy aircraft 30 to 180day suspension
t. Failure to comply with Airworthiness directives 30 to 180 day suspension
u. Operation without required instruments and/or equipment 30 to 90day suspension
v. Exceeding operating limitations 30 to 90 day suspension
w. Operation within prohibited or restricted area, or within positive control area 30 to 90 day suspension
x. Failure to adhere to right of way rules 30 to 90 day suspension
y. Failure to comply with VFR cruising altitudes 30 to 90 day suspension
z. Failure to maintain required minimum altitudes over structures, persons, or vehicles over congested
area/sparsely populated area -30 to 120 day suspension
aa. Failure to maintain radio watch while under IFR 30 to 60 day suspension
[Link] to report compulsory reporting points 30 to 60 day suspension
[Link] to display position light 30 to 60 day suspension
dd. Failure to maintain proper altimeter settings 30 to 60 day suspension
ee. Weather operation;
Failure to comply with visibility minimums in controlled airspace; 60 to 180 day suspension
Failure to comply with visibility minimums outside controlled airspace; 30 to 120 day suspension
Failure to comply with distance from clouds requirements in controlled airspace 60 to 180 day suspension
ff. Failure to comply with IFR landing minimums 45 to 180 day suspension
gg. Failure to comply with instrument approach procedures 45 to 180 day suspension
hh. Careless or reckless operations
Fuel mismanagement / exhaustion 30 to 150 day suspension
Wheels up landing 30 to 60 day suspension
Short or long landing 30 to 90 day suspension
Landing on or taking from closed runway 30 to 60 day suspension
Landing or taking off from ramps or other imp[roper areas 30 to 120 day suspension
Taxiing collision 30 to 90 day suspension
Leaving aircraft unattended with motor running 30 to 90 day suspension
Propping aircraft without a qualified person at controls 30 to 90 day suspension
ii. Passenger operations
Operation without approved seat belts 30 to 60 day suspension
Carrying passengers who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol 60 to 120 day suspension
Performing acrobatics when ail passengers are not equipped with approved parachutes 60 to 90 day suspension

 P.I.C. of aircraft shall have final authority as the disposition of the aircraft while he is in
command
Use of intoxicating liquor, narcotics or drugs
 No person shall pilot an aircraft or act as a crew member of any aircraft under the influence
of this one
 04% of body weight, 8hrs of sleep

Protection of Persons and Property:

Negligence or Reckless operation of an aircraft-an aircraft shall not be operated in negligent or

reckless manner as to endanger life or