Experiment 1

Planning A Introduction To study the effect of the concentration of CO2 on the rate of photosynthesis of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla). Research Question What is the effect of chemicals (KOH) on the rate of photosynthesis with respect to the concentration of CO2? Hypothesis As the concentration of the gas CO2 increases, the rate of photosynthesis till it reaches the optimum but it will then reduce. Variables 1. Dependent : Sunlight 2. Controlled : a) Independent : b) Fixed : 3. Uncontrolled : Planning B Apparatus 1. Hydrilla plant 2. Beaker 500 ml x 5 3. Short stemmed funnel 4. Test tube 5. Sodium bicarbonate solution (concentration of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%) Variables affecting the methodMethod 1. We took an active photosynthesizing Hydrilla plant and divide it into equal groups. 2. We prepared different solution of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% concentration of sodium bicarbonate in distilled water. 3. Then we kept the short stemmed funnel inverted in the beaker with the solution. We made sure that the cut ends of the plant were facing up i.e. the ends were in the funnel stem. 4. We placed the test tubes filled with the solution of water and sodium bicarbonate upturned on top of the funnel. 5. This method was carried out in all the different concentration solutions. 6. Then all the apparatus were kept in sunlight for 3 hours. Risk Assessment 1. The level of water in the beakers should be above the upper edge of the funnel, otherwise the water filled in the test tube will be difficult to place. 2. Do NOT keep the aquatic plant (Hydrilla) outside water. 3. The cut ends MUST be facing upwards i.e. the ends should be placed in the funnel stem. 4. There should be the same amount of sunlight for all the apparatus sets. Drawing-

Experiment 2
Planning A Introduction To study the rate of transpiration through the upper and lower surface of a leaf by using a cobalt chloride paper. Research Question What will be the difference in the rate of transpiration between the upper leaf surface and the lower leaf surface? Hypothesis The cobalt chloride paper should change its color from blue to pink in different timings when reacted upon the upper surface and the lower surface on the leaf. Explanation of Hypothesis As the rate of transpiration depends on the number of stomata present on the surface on the leaf, the rate of transpiration will be lesser on the upper surface on the leaf than the lower surface. This is because the upper surface of a leaf has less stomata opening than the lower surface. Variables1) Dependent: 2) Controlled: a) Independent: b) Fixed: 3) Uncontrolled: Planning B Apparatus1. A potted plant 2. Cobalt chloride solution 3. Filter paper 4. Slide 5. Clips 6. Dissector 7. Microscope Method to control VariablesMethod to conduct experiment1. We dipped the filter paper(s) is cobalt chloride solution and allowed it to dry. 2. Then these filter papers were kept in a dissector for 30 mins so that they are free from any moisture. 3. If observed carefully in dried state, the filter paper should appear blue in color.

4. Then we fixed 2 dried cobalt chloride filter papers, one on the upper surface of the leaf of the plotted plant and the other on the lower surface of the plant with the help of the clips. 5. To obtain the optimum results, the air was taken out from the apparatus and thus made it air tight. 6. The time was noted for the paper(s) to change its color from blue to pink. Risk Assessment1. The cobalt chloride papers must be completely dried and kept in a dissector so that they do not absorb any moisture from the atmosphere. 2. The experiment should not be performed on a very humid or rainy day. 3. The same size of cobalt chloride papers must be used. 4. The timing of the change of the color should be noted very carefully and accurately. Drawing-

Experiment 3
Planning A Introduction To study the effects of factor(s) such as concentration of solute or solvent on osmosis. Research Question What is the effect of concentration on the rate of osmosis? Hypothesis We assume that other factors are constant and they do not affect the rate of osmosis. If the concentration of solute or solvent increases the rate of osmosis should increase. Explanation Variable 1) Dependent: Rate of osmosis 2) Controlled: a) Independent: Concentration b) Fixed: Temperature and Pressure 3) Uncontrolled: Hardness of water Planning B Apparatus 1. Beakers (3x500 ml) 2. Knife, blade (x1)

3. Sugar (10gms, 20gms, and 30gms) 4. Distilled water (x500ml) 5. Potato (x3) 6. Filter paper (x5) 7. Stirrer (x1) 8. Dropper (x1) 9. Stop watch (x1) [Link] (x1) [Link] pins (x2) [Link] balance along with instruments [Link] cylinder (100ml) Method to perform experiment 1. We took a fresh potato and washed it. Then we peeled the outer skin or the outer epidermis. 2. We then cut the potato flat from one end and made a small cavity on the other end. 3. We dissolved 10gms, 20gms, and 30gms (measured using a weighing balance) of sugar in 100ml of distilled water to prepare a sugar solution. 4. After that, we took a beaker and placed the potato in a beaker. 5. Using a dropper we put a few a drops sugar solution into the cavity in the potato. 6. With the help of a pin, we marked the level of sugar solution and leave the apparatus for about 48 minutes. 7. The time is noted at regular intervals of 10 mins each. Risk Assessment 1. Use the knife/blade very carefully. 2. Make sure the sugar is weighed accurately. 3. Make the cavity in the potato using extreme caution and the potato should be cut flat. 4. The sugar solution should be put carefully. Method to control variable 1. Room temperature and atmospheric pressure. 2. Measuring water and sugar carefully. Data collection Test - tube A B C Concentration 10% 20% 30% Time taken 20 17 15

Uncertainties and errors 1. The circumference of the cavity. 2. The depth of the cavity. 3. Any problem in the instruments during measuring. A deviation of 5.