THE MAGAZINE OF THE DEEP FOUNDATIONS INSTITUTE JULY/AUG 2018

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SPECIAL
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FOCUSED ON ONE SOLUTION. YOURS.
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 CONTENTS FEATURES
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COVER STORY

Executive Director 14 Our Nation’s Infrastructure in the Spotlight

Theresa Engler, tengler@[Link] Emily Feenstra
Executive Editor ASCE released the 2017 Infrastructure
Dr. Antonio Marinucci, M.B.A., P.E. Report Card in March 2018, giving the
mageditor@[Link] nation’s infrastructure an overall grade of
Managing Editor Emeritus “D+,” with grades ranging from a “B” to
Manuel A. Fine, P.E., mfine@[Link] “D-” across 16 categories. The report
Managing Editor and details that the low grades and
Advertising Manager infrastructure disruptions inconvenience
Karol Paltsios, magads@[Link]
daily life and result in a drag on the
Graphic Design economy — business inefficiencies,
Faye Klein decreased productivity, lower GDP and
DFI Executive Committee reduced personal income.
President
Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., [Link]
Vice President
Matthew Janes, [Link]. 69 Member Profile —
Secretary
Gianfranco Di Cicco John Rice: Seepage Is His Forte
Treasurer
Michael H. Wysockey, Ph.D., P.E.
Past President
John R. Wolosick, P.E., [Link]
73 Standardizing Foundation
Other Trustees
Conrad Felice, Ph.D., P.E.
Design for Electric Transmission
Frank Haehnig Structures
Gerry Houlahan, P.E. Peter Kandaris, P.E., and
James O. Johnson Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., [Link].
Mike Kelley Design practices vary significantly from
K.S. Rama Krishna, Ph.D. utility to utility as the electric
Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., P.E.
transmission industry does not have a
J. Erik Loehr, Ph.D., P.E.
unified code that explicitly covers design
Matthew E. Meyer, P.E.
and construction of the various
David Paul, P.E.
foundation types used to support
Howard Perko, Ph.D., P.E.
electrical structures. The authors provide
Thomas D. Richards, P.E., [Link]
an overview of the state of the practice
Alan Roach
and existing design guidelines currently
Lori Simpson, P.E., G.E.
used in the electric transmission industry,
Martin G. Taube , P.E., P.G.
along with a framework to improve the
Stefano Valagussa
design practice and methodology.

CORRECTION: Our apologies…in the article, “IFCEE 2018 – Bigger than Ever,” on
pages 31-33 in the May/June 2018 Issue, we incorrectly stated that Clyde Baker was
with Applied Research Associates. He is with GEI Consultants.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 3
 IVING E
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 CONTENTS FEATURES

Departments SPECIAL
PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
This Is Gonna Be Big! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE
DFI’s Infrastructure — Continuous 81 North American Tunneling –
Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A Vibrant Industry
DFI ACTIVITIES David R. Klug and James Morrison, P.E.
Recaps of the DFI-EFFC International The authors provide a brief history and
Conference in Rome and SuperPile ’18, some key technological advancements of
Outstanding Project Award (OPA) winner,
the North American tunneling industry.
spring events, 43rd Annual Conference
There is more than $25 billion of
update, new DFI publications, new DFI
ongoing and planned major tunnel
Journal, upcoming events and more . . . 23
programs across North America,
REGIONAL REPORT accounting for more than 380 mi
DFI of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 (610 km) of under-ground construction
EDUCATIONAL TRUST REPORT work — combined sewer overflow,
A message from the Trust chair, transit upgrades/expansions and water
scholarships awarded, an update on the distribution systems.
Fine Fundraising Dinner and upcoming
events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
DONOR PROFILE 89 Challenges for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Water
Charles J. Berkel: Chairman of the Board
of Berkel & Company Contractors . . . 67 Resources Infrastructure Portfolio
David B. Paul, P.E.
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES UPDATE
The USACE has built a vast network of
Update on technical committees —
Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Pile water management infrastructure —
Committee, Joint DFI-ADSC Anchored dams, levees, lock chambers, river
Earth Retention Committee and Energy navigation channels and control
Foundations Committee. . . . . . . . . . . 105 structures, harbors and ports, and
other facilities. As federal funding for
GUEST EDITORIAL
new construction and major
Better Infrastructure – How Much and
rehabilitation has declined steadily
From Where?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
since the 1980s, the USACE adopted a risk informed framework in 2006 for
LEGALLY SPEAKING managing and addressing risk of its dam and levee portfolio.
Slander of Title: When Your Mechanic’s
Lien Bites Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
DFI PEOPLE AND COMPANIES
News about people, companies and 97 Innovative Foundations for
products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
a Caustic Environment —
CALENDAR & AD INDEX . . . . . . . . 126 The Salt Lake Railroad
Causeway
DEEP FOUNDATIONS Jeffrey Hill, P.E., and Carol A. Ravano, P.E.
The Magazine of the Deep The authors provide a brief history
Foundations Institute (DFI) is of the development of the railroad
published bimonthly by DFI. system in the U.S. before recalling
326 Lafayette Avenue the history of the development and
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA construction of the Great Salt Lake
T: (973) 423-4030 | F: (973) 423-4031 Trestle. The authors then describe the various challenges — technical and environmental
Email: staff@[Link]
— that needed to be overcome to construct a replacement structure over the lake.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 5
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 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

This Is Gonna Be Big!

verything seems to be getting bigger communicate effectively and
E these days — bigger machines, bigger contribute to the collaborative Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., [Link].
President
projects, bigger contracts! Exciting for sure team effort needed to make these
dbrown@[Link]
because there can be bigger opportunities. complex projects (and ourselves)
But bigger also brings more complexity, successful. Lots of DFI committee
bigger risks and higher stakes. How do we and task force activities reflect this
navigate ourselves, our companies and our environment. For example, the
DFI organization through a bigger world? Working Platforms Industry-
Maybe worth a thoughtful reflection. Wide Working Group reflects the need for informed decisions can be made in a timely
Our recent conferences have even been all parties to collaborate to ensure that the manner. The new DFI committees on
bigger, and the central theme of our recent subcontractor has a safe and stable Building Information Modeling (BIM)/
joint DFI-EFFC International Conference environment for our “big” machines. The Digitalisation and Project Information
in Rome was “Megaprojects.” If you were newly-published EFFC-DFI Guide to Tremie Management Systems reflect the need of
not able to attend, I hope you get a chance Concrete for Deep Foundations from the joint our members and industry to be informed
to review some of the papers and projects EFFC-DFI Concrete Task Group can help of and involved in the changing ways that
that were described (see page 23). It educate all members of the team about the information can be managed.
reminded me that the challenges of today’s special requirements for success in this part Certainly, DFI is working to help our
large, complex projects in dense urban of the work. The initiative on risk can help members be informed and engaged in the
environments require us all to think of the facilitate a better recognition of subsurface evolution of our industry. Through our
“Big Picture,” beyond our own particular risks so that risks can be assessed intel- publications and by attending our
role. There were some great lessons about ligently, mitigated more effectively and conferences, we can learn from experiences
dealing effectively with constraints, risks allocated appropriately to the parties best on a similar project or ground condition, or
and expectations. If you get a chance, able to manage them. from a new technology that was imple-
locate the panel discussion on risks from The enormous (big!) amount of mented in a related field. Whether from a
the Rome Conference that was broadcast information technology (IT) that can be project nearby or half way around the
and recorded as a webinar (available on generated these days can be overwhelming, world, you may hear about it at a DFI
DFI’s YouTube Channel), which includes including construction records, per- meeting. Probably even more important is
owners’ representatives from several major formance data, measurements nearby the the interactions with colleagues; and there
projects and large organizations. site and on critical structures, etc. IT is is no better way for that to happen than via
We can’t work in a vacuum these days, transforming the way that project data are participation in a technical committee, task
and we need to develop skills to be able to collected and reviewed so that better force or other DFI activity.
Let’s go BIG!

P.S. It was great to do a little

sightseeing in Rome: wow, the
Coliseum (Big!), and all the
infrastructure that was
planned and built thousands of
years ago (Really Big!). Those
ancient Romans really thought
big and executed big (in more
ways than one).
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 7
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 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UPDATE

DFI’s Infrastructure — Continuous Improvement

s I thought about the Infrastructure infrastructure and its 243-year
A theme of this issue and what I could history of managing its large Theresa Engler
Executive Director
contribute to the magazine as an editorial, I inventory of dams and levees. tengler@[Link]
struggled to find inspiration. Perhaps that Plus, Executive Editor Antonio
was because I was looking for a positive (Tony) Marinucci already wrote a
outlook on the challenges facing our to-the-point editorial on funding
nation’s infrastructure, never mind on the and improving our country’s
entire world’s infrastructure needs, while I infrastructure (see page 111).
was on my daily long, slow commute from As I continued to inch my way to the only our staff but also our volunteer
home in New York to DFI headquarters in office, my thoughts wandered to a different leadership; and engage students and young
New Jersey. As I crossed multiple bridges type of infrastructure — the business professionals to guarantee that our efforts to
and traversed expressways, parkways and infrastructure of DFI. Over improve the planning,
highways, I found it hard to be creative the last 12 years during my To assure a consistent design and construction of
with all the honking, gesturing and tenure as executive dir- deep foundations and
jockeying for position to advance a few ector, I’ve been fortunate toexperience for DFI excavations continues well
mere feet. As I begged my Waze app to find see the organization grow beyond my time in this
me a better route, so I could make it to the and expand its activities members and the deep position. Likewise, we
office before my first conference call of the across the globe and across continue to expand our
day, I contemplated whether I should industries. To assure a foundations industry technical activities with
switch routes and take the tunnel instead; consistent experience for new committees and new
perhaps I should take some back roads DFI members and the deep our infrastructure of research projects that all
through neighborhoods to avoid the other foundations industry our lead to improved educa-
commuters. Regardless, every route infrastructure of human human resources, tional materials, such as
showed those dreaded red lines and traffic resources, business pro- research reports, guidance
jams of 30 minutes or more. cesses and operational business processes documents, journal papers,
So, I stayed where I was, crawling tools need to grow with us presentations and videos.
along, and thought about the other articles and align people, activities
and operational tools As I broke through the
in this issue. Could I really contribute more and technology to our traffic caused by the
insight than what’s described in the ASCE strategic goals through
need to grow with us ongoing construction on
careful planning and well-
2017 Infrastructure Report Card (see page
thought-out systems.
and align people, acti- the roadways that I travel
14) with its statistics and facts on the state daily, I realized I should
of U.S. infrastructure and strategic There isn’t a day that vities and technology rejoice in being stuck on
solutions that could be implemented? goes by where we’re not my way to the office. There
Could my opinion complement the history planning the next im- to our strategic goals are improvements being
o f t u n n e l i n g a n d t h e w i d e s p re a d provement to our website made and money being
innovations in recent years from that and data management through careful spent on the infrastructure
segment of the industry as reported on by systems, or restructuring around me. I should be
the new chairs for DFI’s Tunneling and responsibilities among our planning and well- and am grateful that the
Underground Systems Committee (page growing staff to ensure institution for which I
81). What could I add to DFI Trustee Dave efficiency. We work hard to thought-out systems. work is an essential part of
Paul’s account of the challenges being faced document our evolving the critical infrastructure
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers processes to safeguard reliability of our that is vital to our society’s economic
(page 89), as it relates to water resources products and services; train and educate not development and prosperity.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 9

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SPECIAL
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE Our Nation’s Infrastructure in the Spotlight

On average, Americans make

188 million trips across structurally
deficient bridges each day.
COVER STORY

On the campaign trail, in the halls of state Prepared every four years since 1998,
capitols and in legislative hearing rooms, the Infrastructure Report Card offers the
officials on both sides of the political aisle and at civil engineers’ comprehensive assessment
all levels of government are talking about of America’s 16 major infrastructure
improving America’s infrastructure. President categories: aviation, bridges, dams,
Trump continues to vow to fulfill his campaign drinking water, energy, hazardous waste,
promise to invest in the nation’s roads, bridges, inland waterways, levees, ports, parks &
airports and other infrastructure, and recreation, rail, roads, schools, solid waste,
governors and state legislators are similarly at transit and wastewater. Using a simple
work to fulfill their own campaign promises. A-to-F school report card format, the
A message that the American Society of Civil Infrastructure Report Card examines current
Engineers (ASCE) has been sharing for decades infrastructure conditions and needs,
ASCE releases an Infrastructure Report
is starting to take hold: U.S. infrastructure Card every four years.
assigning grades and making recom-
needs attention and investment. Our mendations to raise the assessed grades.
communities, families and friends face longer commutes, feel the While the 2017 Infrastructure Report Card indicates that some
cost of broken pipes and suffer through increasingly frequent incremental progress has been made toward restoring our nation’s
power outages. infrastructure since the last assessment in 2013, the progress has
not been enough. America’s cumulative GPA is a D+, the same grade
How Bad Is It? as it was in 2013.
In March, ASCE released the 2017 Infrastructure Report Card, giving The 2017 grades ranged from a B for rail to a D- for transit,
the nation an overall grade of “D+” across 16 infrastructure illustrating the clear impact of investment—or lack thereof—on the
categories. It came with a call to action that now was the time to grades. Three categories—parks, solid waste and transit— received a
make a large investment to address the $2 trillion funding deficit to decline in grade, while seven—hazardous waste, inland waterways,
meet the needs of today and ensure our infrastructure is built for levees, ports, rail, schools and wastewater—saw slight improvement.
the future. The 2017 Infrastructure Report Card can be found at Grades for six categories remain unchanged from 2013—aviation,
[Link] bridges, dams, drinking water, energy, and roads.

AUTHOR Emily Feenstra, American Society of Civil Engineers

14 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 The areas of infrastructure that improved benefited from vocal
leadership, thoughtful policymaking and investments that
garnered results.
The grades remain a cause for concern and reflect the fact that
America’s infrastructure bill is long overdue. In addition to
dwindling federal funding, state and local governments often have
limited resources available to change the trajectory of infrastructure
investment. Perhaps, no infrastructure category better exemplifies
these challenges than transit. Primarily a locally-owned and funded
service, transit is often one of the first targets when budgets need to
be trimmed. This mindset when facing tough choices has resulted
in a $90 billion backlog across the nation and inadequate,
unreliable service in many communities.
Transit is not the only infrastructure challenge local
governments are facing, given that they, often, are also the owners
America’s Dams earned a “D” in the 2017 Infrastructure Report
of roads and bridges, which, along with transit, account for the Card. To raise this grade, our nation’s dams require nearly
largest part of the overall investment gap, $1.1 trillion. $45 billion of investment.

Investment Needs for America’s Infrastructure plummeting GDP, lost jobs, and ultimately, reduced disposable
In addition to grading the nation’s infrastructure, ASCE estimates income for every American family.
the investment needed in each infrastructure category to maintain a Even though the U.S. Congress and some states have recently
state of good repair and earn a grade of B. made efforts to invest more in infrastructure, these efforts do not
The most recent analysis reveals the U.S. has only been paying come close to the estimated $2.0 trillion in remaining
about half of its infrastructure bill for some time, and failing to close infrastructure needs. To raise the overall infrastructure grade and
that gap risks rising costs, falling business productivity, maintain our global competitiveness, Congress and the states must
invest an additional $206 billion each year to prevent the economic
consequences to families, business, and the economy.

Economic Impact of ‘D+’ Infrastructure

The economic stakes of America’s infrastructure system are high
because its condition can either help or hurt the productivity of the
economy. In 2016, ASCE produced an economic study, Failure to
Act: Closing the Infrastructure Investment Gap for America’s Economic
Future, to quantify the ramifications of inadequate infrastructure.
The report found that the low grades and infrastructure
disruptions are not only inconveniences in our daily life, they have
real economic impact. Our insufficient infrastructure is a drag on the
economy, because every time goods are stuck in traffic, flights are
cancelled or a water main breaks it sends ripples felt throughout the
economy. Consequently, U.S. businesses will be more inefficient. As
costs rise, business productivity falls, causing GDP to drop, cutting
employment, and, ultimately, reducing personal income.
Failure to Act assesses five sectors of infrastructure to evaluate
the economic impact on business sales, gross domestic product
(GDP), jobs and personal disposable income. Using the LIFT
Economic Model, the report concludes that the underinvestment in
infrastructure is a costly one to the U.S. economy, including:
• $3.9 trillion in losses to the U.S. GDP by 2025
• $7 trillion in lost business sales by 2025
• 2.5 million lost American jobs in 2025
In addition to the macro-level losses, poor infrastructure also hurts
every American’s bank account. The average American household
loses $3,400 a year ($9 a day) due to our insufficient infrastructure.
ASCE’s 2016 study, Failure to Act: Closing the Infrastructure
Investment Gap for America’s Economic Future reports that This underscores infrastructure’s critical role in the nation’s
there is currently a $2 trillion infrastructure investment gap. prosperity, in addition to the public’s health and welfare.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 15
 Economic benefits of infrastructure investment reverberate
throughout every sector of the economy, while economic losses that
come from deferred investment also become worse over time.
Ultimately, to address the issue, increased investment is needed to
narrow the infrastructure funding deficit.

Solutions to Raise the Grades

ASCE believes that solving America’s infrastructure needs is possible
through strategic, sustained investment; bold leadership; thoughtful
planning; and careful preparation for the needs of the future.
Investment
If America is to address the nation’s infrastructure deficiencies
effectively and achieve a system fit for the 21st century, then it must
increase long-term, consistent funding into the systems. As evident
from the $2 trillion investment deficit over 10 years and the
economic impact of the underinvestment, improved infrastructure
requires increased funding. It is possible to close the infrastructure
deficit by increasing investment from all levels of government and the
private sector from 2.5% to 3.5% of GDP.
The Infrastructure Report Card offers direct ways to increase
investment, as well. The first is to increase the federal motor fuels
tax, which goes into the federal Highway Trust Fund to pay for
roads, bridges and transit. This rate has remained at 18.4 cents per
gallon since 1993. Now, 25 years later, inflation has diminished its
purchasing power by about 40 percent. By increasing the rate, the
funding deficit can be filled, ensuring reliable funding for the future.
Another funding challenge is that many infrastructure projects
and programs approved during the legislative process are
ultimately never funded. Consistent funding ensures these projects
are completed expeditiously.
In some categories of infrastructure, namely water and energy,
rate payers are the primary funding source. In many cases, rates
have not been increased for political reasons, causing deficits in the
budget. Ultimately, Americans should be willing to pay rates and
In 2017, America’s infrastructure received an overall “D+,” the fees that reflect the true cost of using, maintaining and improving
same grade it received in the 2013 Infrastructure Report Card. the infrastructure.

Ports earned a “C+” in the 2017 Infrastructure Report Card. Our 926 ports are responsible for 26% of America’s economic activity.

16 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 As a result of both public and private investment, our rail network received the highest grade in the 2017 Infrastructure
Report Card, with a “B”.

In addition to increasing investment, additional safeguards on

infrastructure funding would further address these needs. Often,
Our nation’s infrastructure challenges are
funds designated for infrastructure—most often transportation —are
raided and used for other purposes, adding to the growing backlog of
significant yet solvable if the nation commits
needs. The creation of a trust fund or lockbox ensures the funding is
used for its designated purpose of improving infrastructure. to increased investment, bold leadership,
Leadership & Planning
Smart investment will only be possible with leadership, planning
comprehensive planning and thoughtful
and a clear vision for our nation’s infrastructure. All levels of
government, along with input from business, labor and nonprofit
preparation for the future.
organizations, must prioritize projects that benefit the economy,
public safety and quality of life. Preparation for the Future
Effective planning should include tools that ensure limited By utilizing new approaches, materials and technologies our
funding is used wisely. For example, life cycle cost analysis helps an infrastructure can be built more resiliently, to more quickly recover
infrastructure owner consider all the costs associated with a after a hazard event, and sustainably to improve the “triple bottom
project, including its operation and maintenance, which is often line” with clear economic, social and environmental benefit.
overlooked during the design and building stages. Furthermore, to Technology is changing rapidly; evident from the evolution of
address investing in maintenance, there should be incentives for the cell phone over the past decade. The same is true for those that
state and local governments and the private sector to do so. will transform infrastructure. By considering emerging
There is opportunity for the private sector to play a role in technologies and shifting social and economic trends—such as
infrastructure improvement. To capitalize on this financing source, autonomous vehicles, distributed power generation and storage,
projects that would be attractive to the private sector should be and larger ships—when building infrastructure, it will be better
identified for public-private partnerships. positioned for long-term utility.
The permitting process is another area where planning Preparing for the future can start by improving land use
challenges arise because, oftentimes, there are conflicting directives planning, to consider the balance between the built and natural
from different permitting agencies. The Trump Administration’s environments, along with population trends, to assess better
efforts are a promising step in ensuring that the process is infrastructure needs. Those decisions can be further protected by
streamlined. Ultimately, the U.S. needs a process that has developing active community resiliency programs to establish
safeguards to protect the natural environment, brings priority communications systems and recovery plans that reduce impacts
projects to reality more quickly and secures costs savings while on the local economy after extreme events, such as severe weather
providing greater clarity on regulatory requirements. and seismic events.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 17

 Our nation’s aging bridges
earned a “C+” in the 2017
Infrastructure Report Card.
Almost 4 in 10 of America’s
bridges are 50 years or
older.

Supporting additional research and development into emerging Further, a critical component of any plan to rebuild and
technologies and processes can lead to new ways to extend the life modernize our infrastructure must be to fix the Highway Trust Fund.
of infrastructure, expedite repairs and replacements, and increase This is the best opportunity to provide a long-term, sustainable
cost savings. funding solution for the fund before it reaches a fiscal cliff in 2020.
Our nation’s infrastructure challenges are significant yet While the outlook of an infrastructure package this year is
solvable if the nation commits to increased investment, bold uncertain, infrastructure has been thrust into the forefront of policy
leadership, comprehensive planning and thoughtful preparation conversation for the first time in decades. This, coupled with action
for the future. at the state level, indicates that there is progress, especially in
awareness of the issue and a growing desire to address it.
Making the Most of the Legislative Moment
In anticipation of President Trump’s infrastructure plan, ASCE Now Is the Time to Get Involved
established its own principles for infrastructure investment to Decisions are made by those who show up and are influenced by those
indicate the priorities the organization believes should be reflected who share their opinions. Effectively addressing the nation’s infra-
in major legislation. The President’s plan was released in February structure deficit starts with each American telling their elected leaders
and it now and ultimately is Congress’ responsibility to move that they want better infrastructure. Often, we complain to our
through the legislative process and create an infrastructure package. coworker about our commute or bemoan the power outage on Face-
ASCE’s principles center on four criteria: book, but rarely do we contact those responsible and demand action.
• Investments must provide substantial, long-term benefits to the At [Link] you can dive
public and the economy further into the grades and solutions, then take action by sending
emails to your elected officials with just a few clicks. As experts in
• The cost of a project throughout its entire life span—including the engineering community, your voice can be a powerful one to
designing, building, operating and maintaining the ignite change. The key is using it.
infrastructure—must be taken into account
• Projects should be built sustainably and resiliently Emily Feenstra is the director of Infrastructure Initiatives and Public Affairs at
the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). In that role she leads
• Federal investment should leverage state, local and private infrastructure policy initiatives for the Society, including ASCE’s Infrastructure
investment, not replace these other critical sources of Report Card, the Failure to Act economic study series, and other reports and
infrastructure funding advocacy tools designed to build support for infrastructure investment.

18 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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20 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
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 DFI ACTIVITIES

Learning, Networking and Collaborating in Rome

The university is one of the largest
European universities and one of the oldest
in histor y, founded in 1303. The
conference was held on the university
campus in the heart of the historic center of
Rome overlooking the Colosseum and
directly beside the Basilica of San Pietro in
V i n c o l i , h o m e t o M i c h e l a n g e l o ’s
masterpiece statue of Moses. The sessions
were held in university classrooms during
final exams; a lively student buzz bringing
us back to our college days.

Professor Massimo Grisolia (center), conference chair, at the banquet with colleagues.

The DFI-EFFC International Conference cobble stone pavements, surrounded by 30

on Deep Foundations and Ground booths displaying products and services
Improvement was held on June 5-8 at the including construction and laboratory
Sapienza University of Rome. Conference equipment and tools and geotechnical
chair, Professor Massimo Grisolia, design software. Breaks and breakfasts were
welcomed the attendees to his “magical” held in the cloister, and attendees were seen
Stephan Jefferis, Environmental
Rome and opened the conference with throughout the event networking at
Geotechnics in the U.K, was one of
Professor Antonio D’Andrea, dean of umbrella-covered café tables. many speakers.
faculty of civil and industrial engineering,
Sapienza University.
The theme of the conference was
Urbanization and Infrastructure Develop-
ment: Future Challenges. Maurice Bottiau,
deputy general manager of Franki
Foundations Belgium, DFI Europe
treasurer, and Daniele Vanni, Trevi, co-
chaired the program committee, supported
by committee members, Professor Paolo
Marzano, Sapienza University, and
Gianfranco DiCicco, GDConsulting, DFI
secretary and trustee.
Four hundred attendees from 37
countries participated in the event including
geotechnical engineers, contractors,
designers, owners, suppliers, equipment
manufacturers, researchers, academics and
graduate students. The exhibition hall was
in the cloister, an open-air courtyard with More than 400 attendees attended over 70 technical presentations.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 23

 Several preconference activities were
organized: workshops on safe working plat-
forms and tremie concrete for deep founda-
tions, a panel discussion on continuous
flight auger (CFA) piles and drilled displace-
ment piles, and a meeting of the newly-
formed DFI Project Information Management
Systems (PIMS) Committee. A welcome
reception held in the cloister concluded the
preconference activities and started the
conference networking on a high note.
Jim De Waele, managing director of
Keller, led the working platforms workshop,
and presented the U.K.’s working platform
certificate program that has evolved over the
past two decades. Matt Meyer, Langan
Engineering and Environmental Services,
DFI trustee, supported the workshop by
presenting the U.S. state-of-practice for
working platforms construction and
maintenance. Peggy Hagerty Duffy, ADSC The exhibit area was well attended.

the newly-published Guide to Tremie

Concrete for Deep Foundations, which covers
guidance on fresh concrete characterization
related to performance, the concrete mix
design process and the method used to test
free concrete. Chris Harnan, Ceecom
Consult, and Dan Brown, Ph.D., P.E., [Link],
Dan Brown and Associates, DFI President,
facilitated the session and organized the
following presentations: Tremie Concrete
Guide – Karsten Beckhaus, Ph.D., BAUER
Spezialtiefbau; Support Fluids Study –
Sabine Darson, Ph.D., Soletanche Bachy;
Numerical Modeling of Concrete Flow –
Bartho Admiraal, Vo lker Staal en
Funderingen; and Laboratory Research and
Development – Thomas Kränkel, Technical
Networking in the cloisters at Sapienza University.

technical advisor, Hagerty Engineering,

provided a brief background on ADSC’s
working platforms initiatives and facilitated
the question and answer session.
The CFA workshop was led by Maurice
Bottiau, Franki Belgium; Matt Meyer,
Langan Engineering; and Morgan NeSmith,
Berkel and Company Contractors. It
focused on differences and similarities
between European and U.S. CFA design
and construction practices. The presen-
tations were followed by in-depth dis-
cussion and questions and answers.
The tremie concrete workshop included
presentations on the work conducted by
the EFFC-DFI Working Group to develop Frank Haehnig (center), president of DFI Europe, chats with colleagues at the reception.

24 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

Attendees enjoyed a beautiful evening The conference banquet was held at Palazzo Brancaccio.
at the conference reception.

University of Munich. The guidelines are Rail Limited; Stefano Trevisani, [Link]., CEO,
available for free download through DFI’s Trevi; Pat Morgan, director USACE Dam
and EFFC’s websites. Safety Production Center; and Dan Brown,
Stefano Trevisani, [Link]., Trevi, delivered Ph.D., P.E., [Link], president, Dan Brown
the opening lecture on the Evolution of an and Associates, DFI president. The panel
Industry, which highlighted changing discussion was broadcast as a live webinar,
attitudes and procedures for allocating and which can be accessed on the conference
managing risk on foundation projects. Four website at [Link].
megaproject lectures — Rome Metro C, Professor Michele Jamiolkowski
Fehmarn Belt, Grand Paris and the Chennai delivered the DFI John Mitchell Lecture on
Metro — and a panel discussion on Geophysics for Geotechnical Design to kick
geotechnical, contractual and communi- off the second day of the conference.
cation risks concluded the opening plenary Giovanni Ruggeri, Dr. Ing, ICOLD Italy, and
session. Megaproject lecturers highlighted David B. Paul, P.E., U.S. Army Corps of
the technology and contractual advance- Engineers, delivered invited lectures on
ment required to successfully execute these Water Infrastructure Challenges in Italy and
challenging and complex projects. Maurice USACE Mega Challenge — Dams and Levee Diamond sponsor representatives
Giuliano Feruglio of Casagrande and
Bottiau, Franki Foundations Belgium, Rehabilitation Worldwide, respectively. Federico Pagliacci of Soilmec.
moderated the session, and panelists Closing off the morning’s events was the
included Andrea Sciotti, P.E., Roma Young Professionals and Students audience. Young professionals are key
Metropolitane; Roger Bailey, asset Mentoring Forum. This forum is a new players in the geo-industry; they are the
management director, Bazalgette Tunnel program that DFI will continue and bridge back to students and universities and
Limited; Henrik Christensen, technical expand. The program included video the promising road toward the future of our
director, Femern A/S; Rajeev Narayan presentations from five young professionals industry. Their input and feedback are
Dwivedi, director (projects), Chennai Metro followed by questions and answers from the critical for employers to understand to
ensure long-term industry stability and
Sikko Doornbos, past president of DFI Europe, and Monika De Vos, secretary of DFI
Europe (seated left) enjoy a break with conference attendees. corporate success. The young professionals’
video presentations are posted on DFI’s
YouTube Channel.
Keynote lectures and panel discussions
covered challenges faced during urban
infrastructure megaprojects and current
technologies and potential solutions
available to overcome these challenges.
Members delivered over 70 verbal presen-
tations and 38 poster presentations over
the two-day event. Topics included deep
foundations techniques and behaviour,
ground improvement (including grouting

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 25

 were able to access the shaft to witness
construction activities, and enjoyed a first-
hand view of the face of the TBM and the
ancillary systems.
Other attendees chose to take a tour of
the Roman Catacombs, underground burial
grounds for Christians and Jews in the
second to fifth century. The visitors saw the
numerous tunnels with niches for wrapped
corpses, which are now preserved else-
Risk Panel: Morgan, Bottiau, Trevisani, Brown, Dwivedi, Sciotti, Bailey and Christensen
where, and many frescos and inscriptions
and deep mixing) and design and networking were enjoyed in the beautiful around the crypts.
modeling. To access the online proceed- lighted garden followed by dinner in the Visit [Link] to view
ings, attendees can log in to MyDFI using luxuriously appointed ballroom. The more photos from the event.
your email address and password. If you group was entertained with glamorous (Photos by Herb Engler and Pier Paolo Carletti.)
don’t know your password or have never electric violin music. Waiters presented
logged in before, choose “forgot password” traditional flaming baked Alaska with a
and you’ll receive an email with the flourish to the delight of all attendees.
information needed. Once logged in On the final conference day, leaders
choose ‘my online proceedings” from the from the Rome Metro C project presented
left-side menu and then select “2018 DFI- the challenges involved in constructing the
EFFC International Conference on Deep section of the metro that traverses the
Foundations and Ground Improvement.” historic center of Rome. Routinely
The conference dinner was held in the encountered archaeological discoveries
Palazzo Brancaccio in Rome, the last have shut down the construction to allow
Roman Patrician Palace built in 1880 in the thorough investigation and retrieval of Theresa Engler, DFI executive director,
heart of the Eternal City. Cocktails and ancient artifacts. The site visit attendees and student Brendan Atarigiya

26 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

FOR STOPPING BY OUR BOOTH

Continue the conversation at: [Link]/superpile

Record Attendance at SuperPile ’18

Several SuperPile speakers: Erik Loehr, Derek Egan, Rick Ellman, Andrew Burns (conference chair), Frank Gummich, Kwabena
Ofori-Awuah, Samuel Conley, Horst Aschenbroich, Jerry DiMaggio, Bernie Hertlein, Marius Wiest.

Over 550 attendees enjoyed SuperPile ’18 The conference featured 45 technical Female Engineers at Moretrench (FEM)
at the New York Marriott Marquis in presentations on all aspects of pile design program aimed at supporting women in the
hustling-bustling New York City’s Time and construction with a focus on incor- company. Moretrench, Menard and others
Square. The three-day annual event, from porating safety and risk practices through- generously supported the event, and the
June 27-29, was hosted in partnership with out project delivery. The exhibit hall proceeds from the event benefit the DFI
ADSC and supported by 10 DFI Technical featured 89 exhibitors showcasing their Educational Trust Women in Deep Foun-
Committees: Augered Cast-in-Place Piles, innovative technologies and services. dations Fund.
Drilled Shafts, Driven Piles, Ground On Wednesday evening, DFI’s WiDF Andrew Burns, P.E., Underpinning &
Improvement, Helical Piles and Tiebacks, Committee hosted a social networking Foundation Skanska, chaired this successful
Marine Foundations, Micropiles, Seismic reception at The Haven Rooftop at the conference and led the program committee.
and Lateral Loads, Testing and Evaluation, Sanctuary Hotel. Johnna Emanuel, E.I.T., He opened the event by emphasizing that
and Women in Deep Foundations (WiDF). Moretrench, presented the company’s spirited discussions present opportunities to

89 exhibitors displayed products and services.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 29

More than 525 people attended the event. Presenter Kevin Johnson of Earth Tech

Panel on concrete specs: Andrew Burns, John Turner, Erick Loehr, Silas Nichols, Matthias Pulsfort, Martin McDermott

“pull back the curtain” and share experi- lecture. The presentation covered various implementing a dedicated safety program in
ences that allow us all to learn, grow and levels of risk, including project, program a contracting company. Bernie Hertlein, GEI
advance the industry. The technical program and enterprise (organizational) risk, and Consultants, reminded the audience to
was specifically organized to allow time for stressed that risks can be both positive and provide safe working conditions for
provocative interaction on risk, safety, new negative. DiMaggio emphasized that risk is a personnel from testing companies to safely
materials and code provisions. Burns noted communication problem, and he noted that access pile locations for foundation testing
the need to supplement the risk process with more commonly used risk registers only activities. Rick Ellman, P.E., Mueser Rut-
lessons learned and resolutions for risks that qualify as risk management if companies are ledge Consulting Engineers, presented the
materialized. Practitioners and academics dedicated to developing and implementing use of real-time monitoring for risk manage-
supported these open discussions with a risk plan that incorporates registers. ment on Virginia’s Department of Transpor-
detailed presentations on case histories and Other morning plenary presentations tation Midtown Tunnel project. Kwabena
research findings that highlighted the latest focused on safety elements including a Ofori-Awuah, P.E., KCI International,
in practices and innovations. presentation by Andy Peterson, P.E., discussed design methods for seismic and
Jerry DiMaggio, P.E., Applied Research Peterson Geotechnical, which overviewed lateral loading, noting that seismicity in the
Associates, delivered the opening keynote the importance and financial implications of New York area should not be overlooked.
30 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
WiDF networking reception

Alfredas Daugiala, Underpinning &

Foundation Skanska, engages a speaker. Maysill Pascal, chair of WiDF

The late morning sessions were presented as a live webinar and

included a presentation on the Florida Department of
Transportation’s research study on thermal integrity profiling, and
Derek Egan, Remedy Geotechnics, presentation on safe working
platforms. The webinar recordings will be posted on DFI’s YouTube
Channel, accessible from the home page at [Link].
The closing plenary session presentations all had local flavor.
John S. Lizzo, P.E., chief geotechnical engineer for the Port Authority
of New York & New Jersey (PANYNJ), closed the conference with a
keynote presentation on a comparison of geotechnical elements of
typical contract vehicles and Public-Private-Partnership (P3)
contracts. The presentation highlighted how PANYNJ assigns
geotechnical risk during construction in each contract format. John
Horvath, professor emeritus, Manhattan College, presented 30 years
of piling history at JFK airport, and David Tullis, P.E., S.E., Skanska
Civil USA, discussed the site history, settlement mitigations and pile
design/construction for LaGuardia Airport’s renovation project.
Parallel tracks on Friday included presentations on structural
steel; environmental (geothermal, corrosion); and micropile,
helical and augered cast-in-place pile projects.
SuperPile ’18 provided a full program of exciting presentations
and healthy sharing of common problems and solutions. By
communicating the successes and exchanging ideas both in the
sessions and during the networking events, we advance the state of
practice. Event photos and access to the conference proceedings are
available at [Link].
Photos by Herb Engler

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 31

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DFI 2018 Outstanding Project Award Winner

181 Fremont Tower

In 1997, DFI established the Outstanding Project Award (OPA) to Francisco. This tall tower is squeezed into a rather limited site
recognize the superior work performed by its members on measuring about 130 ft by 140 ft (40 m by 43 m) and facilitates an
geotechnical, deep excavation and deep foundations related open floor plan by incorporating exterior mega-cross-braces to
projects. During the evaluation process, consideration is given to provide the lateral stability against seismic and wind loading.
the ingenuity of the design, the construction techniques used, how The structural design created a challenge for the building’s
the design achieved the owner’s requirements, and how the project foundations because the seismic loads are concentrated in the
specific geotechnical conditions and challenges were met. This building corners. Drilled shafts with a diameter of 5 and 6 ft (1.5
year’s OPA is being awarded to the team of — Malcolm Drilling and 1.8 m) were constructed as deep as 260 ft (79 m) and socketed
(specialty contractor), Arup (structural and geotechnical engineer) as much as 25 ft (7.6 m) into the Franciscan Complex bedrock. An
and Brierley Associates (support of excavation designer) for the 181 additional challenge was the variability of the bedrock – depth to
Fremont Tower project constructed in the dense urban core of the the bedrock on the east and west ends of the site differed by as
South of Market District in San Francisco, Calif. The award is being much as 14 ft (4.3 m) and the composition of the Franciscan
presented at the DFI Annual Conference on Deep Foundations in Complex is very irregular. In addition, a watertight, stiff temporary
Anaheim, Calif., October 24-27. support of excavation system was required to allow the excavation
The 181 Fremont Tower is a mixed-use high-rise building and construction of a 5-level basement that extends to about 60 ft
consisting of 56 above-ground floors with the roof level at (18.3 m) below the surface without adversely affecting adjacent
approximately 700 ft (213 m) above street level. Atop the roof, structures, including a 27-floor tower to the east, a 3-story masonry
architectural features including a spire tops out at just over 800 ft building to the south, and the deep excavation for the Transbay
(244 m), which makes it the second tallest building in San Transit Center to the north.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 35

Spring Seminars a Success
covered Sand Compaction Piles. Special
thanks to Dr. Ali Maher, P.E., and the CAIT
staff for their cooperation and assistance in
bringing this seminar to the industry.

Seminar Proceedings
Attendees for both events can access the
online proceedings at MyDFI. Log in using
your email address and password. If you
don’t know your password or have never
logged in before, choose "forgot password"
and you’ll receive an email with the
information needed. Once logged in
choose “my online proceedings” from the
left-side menu.

KCI Technologies presented a case study on ACIP piles at the Back River Waste Water
Treatment Plant in Baltimore, Md.

ACIP and DD Piles Short Course

DFI and the Maryland Chapter of ASCE’s Rutgers University. More than 60 people
Geo-Institute (G-I) partnered on a short attended the event, at which recognized
course on augered cast-in-place (ACIP) and experts in deep mixing and compaction
drilled displacement (DD) piles on April 19 technologies covered the use of these
at the Engineers Club in Baltimore, Md. techniques for structural support
Approximately 40 people attended the applications including embankment
short course, which covered topics such as support and slope stabilization.
Development of ACIP and DD Piles and The event featured two keynote
Current Practice as well as ACIP and DD lectures. Professor George Filz, Ph.D., P.E.,
Design Methodologies and QA/QC and Virginia Tech, presented on Soil Mixing,
Integrity Testing. The afternoon consisted and Professor Masaki Kitazume, P.E., JP., Professor Filz of Virginia Tech gives a
of case histories including ACIP Pile Dr. Eng., Tokyo Institute of Technology, keynote lecture.
Foundations at the Back River Waste Water
Treatment Plant in Baltimore – Design
Optimization and Integrity Assessment
Issues, Local Experience with Drilled
Displacement Piles, and Large Diameter
ACIP Piles at DC United Soccer Stadium.
The short course wrapped up with all of the
speakers participating in two panel
discussions on Building Loads and Large
Area Loads.

Deep Mixing and Sand Compaction

Piles Seminar
DFI, in partnership with the Center for
Advanced Infrastructure and Transpor-
tation (CAIT) at Rutgers University, hosted a
one-of-a-kind Deep Mixing and Sand
Compaction Piles Seminar on April 24 at More than 60 people attended the event.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 37

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DFI at the International Bridge Conference

Save the date — This year’s conference was such a success that next year’s conference is already on the calendar.

DFI members joined together to participate dedicated foundations area, which makers, government officials, bridge
in the Engineering Society of Western highlighted products and services designers, construction executives, and
Pennsylvania’s (ESWP’s) 2018 Inter- provided by the foundations industry. The suppliers from throughout the U.S. and
national Bridge Conference (IBC) in partnership will continue in 2019. abroad. Now in its 35th year as an annual
National Harbor, Md., in June. Through the Companies interested in joining the conference, the 2017 participants came
ESWP-DFI partnership, we enhance the foundations area next year are encouraged from 48 states and 17 countries. The 2019
exposure and networking of geotechnical to contact Mary Ellen Bruce Large, DFI International Bridge Conference takes
and foundation companies with the director of technical activities, at place June 10-13, 2019, at Gaylord
structural and bridge engineers and owners melarge@[Link] for more information. National Resort & Convention Center in
who attend this popular annual event. DFI IBC annually attracts over 1,200 bridge National Harbor, Md. More information is
member companies exhibited in the owners and engineers, senior policy available at [Link].

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 41

42 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
There are a lot of interesting lectures, exciting networking organ donor awareness) and the UNCF Walkathon in Houston. He
opportunities and educational technical sessions planned for the is also involved in the “Best Buddies,” program as a board member;
43rd DFI Annual Conference on Deep Foundations in Anaheim, “Best Buddies” integrates people with special needs into society.
Calif. The theme of the conference is Mastering the Challenge: His presentation, “Taking Command: You Can Do That”, will
Engineering for Complex Loading Conditions in the 21st Century. The focus on communications. Lewis is an activist for issues focusing on
conference features technical presentations on innovations and Family, Youth, Education, Wellness and Fitness; he brings his
advancements that address performance-based design and international celebrity to attract audiences and awareness to these
construction of deep foundations subjected to increasingly issues around the world.
challenging structural demands. While the conference organizing Lewis is currently a Track and Field coach at University of Houston.
committee and events staff finalize the last minute details, here are The Hal Hunt lecture is supported by the generous donations of
some not-to-be-missed activities. Get all the details and register at companies and individuals. Net proceeds benefit the DFI
[Link]/annual2018. Educational Trust. To arrange for a sponsorship/donation, visit
[Link]/annual2018 or contact events@[Link].
Carl Lewis: Hal Hunt Lecturer
Carl Lewis, one of the greatest
Olympians of all time, is presenting Conference Underwriters*
the 2018 Hal Hunt Lecture on
Communications. The American Diamond Student Activities
former track and field athlete won 10 Soilmec North America Transportation
Olympic medals, including 9 gold, Kiewit Foundations Co.
Platinum
and 10 World Championship medals, TEI ROCK DRILLS INC Beer Koozie
including 8 gold. Quanta Subsurface
Lewis was a dominant sprinter and long jumper who topped Gold
the world rankings in the 100 m, 200 m and long jump events ICE® - International Lanyards
Construction Equipment, Inc APE
frequently from 1981 to the early 1990s. He set world records in
Liebherr USA, Co.
the 100 m, 4 x 100 m and 4 x 200 m relays, while his world record Pen
in the indoor long jump has stood since 1984. His 65 consecutive Silver ICE® - International
victories in the long jump achieved over a span of 10 years is one of BAUER-Pileco Inc. Construction Equipment, Inc
the sport’s longest undefeated streaks. Over the course of his Kelly Tractor Co
General
athletics career, Lewis broke ten seconds for the 100 meters 15 Bronze ARMADOR Piling Tools
times and 20 seconds for the 200 meters 10 times. Casagrande USA Inc. BOS Solutions, Inc.
His accomplishments have led to numerous accolades, DuroTerra Farrell Design Build
including being voted “World Athlete of the Century” by the Pile Dynamics, Inc./GRL Kiewit Foundations Co.
International Association of Athletics Federations and “Sportsman Engineers, Inc.
Student Activities Program
of the Century” by the International Olympic Committee, YJACK TECHNOLOGY
Schnabel Foundation
SDN BHD
“Olympian of the Century” by Sports Illustrated and “Athlete of the Company
Year” by Track & Field News in 1982, 1983, and 1984. Room Key Matthew R. Glisson, P.E.
As a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador, Lewis devotes a great Liebherr USA, Co.
Women in Deep Foundations
deal of his time and energy to charity. He founded “The Carl Lewis Awards Reception and Networking Reception
Foundation,” which serves as an umbrella for the many charities that Banquet BERKEL
Lewis supports including the College Fund (formerly known as the BAUER-Pileco Inc.
*As of June 18, 2018
United Negro College Fund), The Wendy Marx Foundation (for

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 43

Student Activities Program
The Student Activities Committee is
planning an exciting program for students
who register for the conference. On
Thursday, October 25, there will be a tour
of Gerald Desmond Bridge. The “Cast-in-
Drilled-Hole Grout Delivery System” at the
bridge was the winner of the 2015 C.
William Bermingham Innovation Award. A
Panelist Luncheon is being held on Friday,
October 26. During the panel discussion,
students will get advice from industry
professionals on how to plan their career
paths. The discounted student registration
rate is $100.

Panel Discussion: Performance-

Based Design – Mastering the
Challenge
As performance-based design (PBD) is
increasingly implemented as an alternative to prescriptive code-
based design procedures, PBD poses several challenges and Committee Meetings
questions with respect to foundation engineering. In this panel On Wednesday, October 24, DFI’s technical committees will meet
discussion, structural and geotechnical experts in practice and to discuss issues of industry relevance and discuss projects and
research will provide insights into the meaning, benefits and events for 2019. Conference attendees are encouraged and
challenges of foundation design for projects using PBD. Each panel welcome to join and participate in the meetings. View the schedule
member will give a brief presentation followed by a Q&A session at [Link]/annual2018.
with the audience. Dr. Benjamin Turner, P.E., of Dan Brown and
Associates, will moderate the discussion, which will include the
following topics: Cooperating Organizations*
• Recent and relevant PBD guidance documents.
Academy of Geo-Professionals
• The role of deep foundation designers and builders in the PBD
process as perceived by structural engineers. ABMS-Brazilian Association of Soil Mechanics and
Geotechnical Engineering
• Feedback requirements between geotechnical and structural
designers. ADSC-International Association of Foundation Drilling
California Geotechnical Engineering Association
• Appropriate analysis methods.
Canadian Geotechnical Society
• Examples of successful implementation of PBD for past projects
with deep foundations. Geo-Institute of ASCE
Geoprofessional Business Association
Panelists:
International Society for Micropiles
• Ron Klemencic, P.E., S.E., chairman and CEO of Magnusson
Sociedad Mexicana de Ingenieria Geotecnica
Klemencic and Associates
U.S. Federal Highway Administration
• Farzad Naeim, Ph.D., S.E., Esq., founder and president of
Farzad Naeim
• Sissy Nikolau, Ph.D., P.E., [Link], WSP Media Partners
• Leo Panian, S.E., principal at Tipping Structural Engineers
Helical Pile World
(Berkeley)
Pile Buck Magazine
• Jonathan Stewart , Ph.D., P.E., professor and chair,
Geotechnical Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, Tunnel Business Magazine (Benjamin Media)
*As of June 18, 2018
Engineering Seismology, UCLA

44 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 EGENDS
DFI/DFI Educational Trust
2019 Legends Award
ELIGIBILITY
• An individual Engineer, Contractor or Supplier in the deep foundations industry.
• The nominee can be in an active job position or retired.
• Nominations can be posthumous.
• Nominees do not have to be DFI members.
• Nominees will be considered continuously for future awards.
• Any DFI member can nominate a candidate.

NOMINATION PACKAGE
• A statement of reasons for nomination (500 words or less)
• A brief one-page curriculum vitae of the nominee
• Completed nomination form

SELECTION CRITERIA
• Impact, value and sustainability (contributions they made are still pivotal to
the technological advancements we have today) of achievements
The inaugural Legends
• Legacy
Awards were presented in • Pioneering contributions
2015 to honor • Exceptional industry leader; visionary, mentor
practitioners that have • Technological ingenuity, innovation and/or application of advancements of
design, construction or equipment
made significant • Steadfast professionalism, character and integrity
contributions and • Ingenuity of design and construction techniques
• Broad impact on industry
advancements to the
COMMITTEE
research, design, The DFI President selects a committee chair who consults with the boards of both
construction, DFI and the Trust to select a judging committee of industry leaders as well as an
organizing committee for the Awards Ceremony at the DFI Annual Conference.
manufacturing and use of Members being considered as a recipient are not eligible to serve on the Legends
Committee in the year they are considered for the award.
deep foundations.
AWARD INFORMATION
The next DFI Legends • The award is made to three practitioners, an Engineer, a Contractor and a
Manufacturer/Supplier, every three years.
Awards will be presented • The awards are presented at a DFI Annual Conference in a dedicated awards
in 2019. ceremony.
• The winners receive a bronze medal depicting Leonardo da Vinci, credited with
invention of the steam-powered pile driver, mounted in a display case.
• Recipients are perpetually recognized on the DFI website.

Download a nomination form at [Link]/[Link].

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Upcoming Events
TIONS
N
DA I HPW-DFI Helical Piles-Tiebacks-Anchors

N
U
DFI

ST
EP FO
Tradeshow and Educational Seminar

ITUTE
DE
Hamilton County Fairgrounds
®
in Cincinnati, OH
Tuesday and Wednesday
June 4-5, 2019

Register for the Energy Foundations Seminar taking place September Helical Pile World (HPW) and DFI are teaming up to develop an
18 at the University of Illinois – Chicago. This new seminar sets out event that showcases the helical pile and tieback industry’s
good practice guidelines for designing and installing a ground- dedication to producing high-quality foundation solutions that are
sourced heat pump solution that uses geothermal loops installed safe, reliable and cost effective for a variety of foundation and utility
within energy foundations and structures. Presentations will focus application challenges. The event will include a technical
on the importance and benefits of long-term system management education program, an equipment exposition, and live installation
and operation to ensure that the system delivers the designed heating demonstrations that highlight the products, resources and
and/or cooling loads and is optimized to enhance returns on expertise used to design, install and test helical pile and anchor
investment. Highlights include: elements for structural support and earth retention applications.
If you are interested in getting involved in this event by
• Use of Ground Source Heat Pump Association (GSHP)
volunteering to work on the program committee or committing to
document for design
exhibit, contact Bill Bonekemper at (513) 386-8158 or
• Energy foundations applications bbones@[Link].
• Bridge deck deicing opportunities
• Research results
• GSHP mechanical systems
• Good working practice
For more information or to register visit [Link]/energy18.

N
DA
TIONS
I
DFI-India 2018: November 15-17, 2018
N
U

DFI 8th Conference on Deep Foundation

ST
EP FO

ITUTE
DE

Technologies for Infrastructure

®

Development in India
IGS Ahmedabad Chapter IIT Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India | [Link]/india2018

Registration is open for the 8th Conference on Deep Foundation

Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India taking place
November 15-17 at the Indian Institute of Technology,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. The event begins with a one-day
workshop titled Ground Improvement Techniques — Column
Support Embankments and Soil Mixing followed by a two-day
technical program with keynote lectures and presentations that
showcase proactive solutions that optimize performance of deep
foundation for various infrastructure projects by achieving
enhanced time and cost efficiency, higher quality and safety.
Register to exhibit, sponsor or attend by visiting
[Link]/india2018.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 49

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50 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 specializing in design and construction of

S
International Workshop on Micropiles

International Society for Micropiles

piling, grouting, earth retention, civil
construction, and engineering. Allan Herse,
August 21-24, 2019
CPEng, engineering manager of PCA, is
Sofitel Broadbeach, Gold Coast
chairing the local organizing committee. PCA
Queensland, Australia
currently holds the ISM World Cup of
Call for Abstracts Micropiles title, having won this prestigious
award in 2017 at the 13th IWM in Vancouver,
International Society for Micropiles (ISM) is holding its 14th Inter- BC, Canada. The award-winning project is the Life Extension of
national Workshop on Micropiles (IWM) on August 21-23, 2019, in 132kV Lattice Tower Foundations in Townsville, Australia. The
the Gold Coast of Australia. The workshop includes lectures, project involved retrofitting 26 transmission tower foundations,
discussions and panel sessions on all aspects of micropile technology, many of which were originally installed either just before or just after
supplemented with social events that highlight the host country. World War II. Piles and brackets were installed within the existing
Helen Robinson, P.E., of GEI Consultants, is chairing the grillage foundations, under challenging conditions: no soil
program committee, which comprises members on four continents. information was available, strict geometric tolerances were enforced,
The Call for Abstracts is open until Friday, September 14. Abstracts and no power outages were allowed. The project was completed with
up to 300 words can be submitted through the abstract portal on the a spotless safety record, two weeks ahead of schedule, with a
ISM website at [Link]. Papers are being accepted 25 percent cost savings over concrete foundations.
on all topics related to micropiles: state of practice and research, The third World Cup of Micropiles will also be presented at the
seismic design, applications, innovations, challenging subsurface Australia workshop, which is an international competition to select
conditions (karst, groundwater), historic renovation, load testing, the best micropile project in the world. Submissions are
numerical analysis, micropile/structure connection details, codes encouraged from North America, South and Central America,
and guidance specifications, equipment and material evolutions, Europe, Africa and Central Asia (Russia, Middle East and India)
case histories and lessons learned, durability and design life, land- and Australasia. Please see the ISM website to submit your project
slide prevention/slope stabilization, and construction challenges. for the competition. The deadline is December 31, 2018.
The host sponsor for the workshop is Piling and Civil Australia For more information about the workshop, please visit
(PCA), a ground engineering and civil construction company [Link].

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 51

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disturbance to existing structures.
• Right-handed threaded Grade 75 All-Thread Rebar in #14 – #28 along
with a selection of reducer couplers that can adapt to space together
any larger size bar to any small size.
• Grade 80 to 100 All-Thread Rebar, as well as 150 ksi All-Thread Bar (as
alternative for micropile design application upon request).

Hollow Bar Micropiles:

• Accepted by the FHWA in the Micropile Design and Construction
Guidelines Manual, Hollow Bars are being used increasingly for
micropile applications as the reinforcement bar choice in collapsing soil
conditions because of their increased bond stress resultant from the
simultaneous drilling and grouting operation.
• Using sizes from 32mm – 76mm, these bars offer up to 407 kips of
strength, up to 3.88in2 of cross sectional reinforcement area, and their
selection modulus provides considerable bending resistance.

Multi-Bar Micropiles:
Construction photos courtesy of • Used for attaining ultra-high load carrying capacity. High-rise office
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DFI Journal:
New Issue Available
The most recent edition of the DFI
Journal, a peer-reviewed publi-
cation of high-quality technical
papers, is available.
The combined issue, Volume
11, Number 2–3 is a special Award
issue that includes the following
papers from DFI’s Young Professor
Paper Competition and the
Student Paper Competition.
• “The Effect of Slurry Type on
Drilled Shaft Cover Quality,”
Sarah Mobley, P.E., doctoral student, Kelly Costello, E.I.,
doctoral candidate, and Professor Gray Mullins from the
University of South Florida.
• “On the Modelling of Pore Pressure Developments Below
Cyclically Loaded Offshore Gravity Foundations,” Martijn van
Wijngaarden
• “A New Approach for Evaluating the Ductility, Volumetric
Stiffness and Permeability of Cut-off Wall Backfill Materials,”
Jennifer L. Ostrowsky
• “Modified Design Procedures for Bridge Pile Foundations
Subjected to Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading,” Arash
Khosravifar, Ph.D., P.E., and Jonathan Nasr
• “Soil Plug Behavior of Open-Ended Pipe Piles During
Installation,” Hoyoung Seo and Mintae Kim
• “Physical Modeling of Lime Stone Stabilization in Soft Soils
Around Deep Excavations,” J. P. Panchal, A. M. McNamara and
S. E. Stallebrass
An online subscription to the DFI Journal is included with DFI
membership, and issues can be accessed by signing in to the
member portal — MyDFI. Members and nonmembers can order
printed copies of the 2007-2013 volumes of the Journal from the
‘Publications’ page of [Link]; members at preferential rates.
Subscriptions to the online Jour nal are available at
[Link]/pricing/journal/ydfi20.

Special Issue on Full-Scale Load Testing

DFI Journal is publishing a special issue in 2018 on full-scale load
testing, which is an essential part of successfully designing and
constructing deep foundations.
The deadline for submission is October 1, 2018. Manuscripts
can be submitted at [Link]
More submission information is at [Link]/[Link].

54 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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New Committee Project Fund Publications
Three new publications are available as deliverables from research apply to tremie concrete for
projects supported by the DFI Committee Project Fund and in- deep foundations but may
kind contributions. also be applied for other
The DFI Board of Trustees established the DFI Committee forms of deep foundations
Project Fund in 2011 to fund DFI Technical Committee projects (e.g., continuous flight auger
that advance the state of practice and understanding of deep piling). The guide addresses
foundations and produce a usable deliverable. The fund has design considerations
generated great interest, discussion and activity in the committees. including concrete rheology,
Funding has supported projects proposed by several of DFI’s 24 mix design, reinforcement
technical committees, and deliverables include laboratory/field detailing, concrete cover, and
testing, installation/demonstration programs, analytical tools, good practice rules for
design guides, journal articles, project reports, databases and placement. A review of
surveys. All projects involved significant in-kind contributions or methods to test the as-built
joint funding with allied associations, furthering DFI’s industry- elements is presented together with advice on the identification
wide collaborative efforts. and interpretation of the results.
The following publications are available at no cost at
[Link], under ‘Publications/Project Fund Deliverables’. Influences of Mixture Proportions and Test Conditions on the
Strength and Stiffness of Wet-Mixed Soil and Cement
Guide to Tremie Concrete for Deep Foundations, 2nd Edition DFI Soil Mixing Committee, Roberto Nevárez-Garibaldi, Dale
EFFC and DFI Concrete Task Group Miller and George Filz, Virginia Tech
PDF, 83 pages, Illustrated PDF, 405 pages, Illustrated
The primary purpose of this report is to provide guidance for Establishing a suitable mix design is important to provide the
characterization related to performance, mix design process, and engineering property values necessary for adequate performance of
methods used to test fresh concrete. The principles of this guide a deep mixing support system. The mix design process often
includes a laboratory mixing program to identify suitable binder
types and appropriate mixture proportions. The objectives of this
research were to investigate: (1) the influences of laboratory
procedures and test conditions on measured property values of
cement-treated soil, (2) relationships between engineering
property values, such as the relationship between unconfined
compressive strength and Young’s modulus, and (3) the influence
of mix design proportions on cured strength and on mixture
consistency immediately after mixing.

ACIP Pile Installation, Installation Monitoring, Full-scale Load

Testing and Extraction Program
DFI Augered Cast-In-Place Pile Committee, Dr. Antonio
Marinucci, MBA, P.E., and W. Morgan NeSmith, Jr., P.E.
PDF, 138 pages, Illustrated
DFI’s Augered Cast-In-Place (ACIP) Pile Committee
performed a foundation installation, monitoring, performance
and extraction program for ACIP piles in the fall of 2016. The
purpose of the project was to demonstrate a fully monitored
installation of instrumented 18 in (457 mm) and 24 in (610 mm)
diameter ACIP piles, including automated monitoring equipment
(AME); post-installation thermal integrity profiling (TIP)
measurements; compression, tension, and lateral load testing
(including monitoring of strain gages embedded along the
compression pile shaft); and post-testing extraction of an installed
pile for visual inspection.

56 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 57

[Link] DID YOU KNOW?

DFI Alliances
Did you know that DFI has formed alliances with several ?
organizations to be sure our members have access to the broadest
and most current information, knowledge and events?
You can see the complete list of Alliances by selecting
‘Groups’ from the home page at [Link] and then navigating
to ‘Alliances.’
The two most recent additions to the Alliances roster are both
industry-wide working groups.
The Working Platforms Industry-Wide Working Group is a
forum gathered to improve design and construction practices that
ensure safe working platforms for equipment used to install deep
foundations. The group is co-chaired by Paul Gildea, P.E., Langan,
and Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E., Turner Construction.
The Geo-Industry Risk Working Group is a collaboration of
ADSC, DFI, Geo-Institute, Geotechnical Business Association and
PDCA. While each group continues to pursue its own activities
independently, the groups are also collaborating in this industry-
wide group to increase awareness of associations activities, reduce
duplication of efforts, facilitate collaboration and address risk
practices that improve the industry. The working group is chaired
by Vic Donald, P.E., Terracon.

58 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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 REGIONAL REPORT

DFI of India
DFI of India (DFII) has just celebrated its structure Development in India,
fifth year as a regional chapter. We thank November 15-17, 2018, to Dr. K.S. Rama Krishna
the team at DFI headquarters and the DFII generate awareness about this DFI of India Chair
membership, whose support has made serious issue and to build con- drksramakrishna@[Link]
this possible. sensus among industry stake-
With the full-time office of DFI of India holders about the necessity of
established, we are taking steps to build a developing and incorporating
framework that provides opportunities to a training programs to develop the
larger number of stakeholders to get necessary skills .
involved in DFII activities that benefit the The conference is a platform to present DFII is envisioning conducting a
Indian deep foundations industry and and deliberate case studies and the workshop in September at Chennai with
support the vision and mission of DFII. challenges facing India’s infrastructure panel discussions to hear the view points
projects as related to geotechnical works. and concerns of owners, contractors and
Training Programs Presentations will showcase proactive domain experts about metro rail project
One of the main objectives of DFII is to solutions that optimize performance of implementation in India. Making use of
build the required infrastructure to provide deep foundations on various infrastructure this forum, DFII intends to promote the
training programs in specialized areas to projects by achieving enhanced time and holistic approach in handling the
cater to professionals and workers in the cost efficiency, higher quality and safety. geotechnical scope of metro rail projects
deep foundations industry. The technical program is of interest to that will mitigate risk of many contractual
A working committee is being formed owners, contractors, government repre- issues to a major extent.
to assess the availability and current skill sentatives, designers, consultants and
levels of geotechnical professionals, educators involved in geotechnical design CFA Pile Technology Initiative
engineers, supervisors and rig operators, and construction. You can register for the DFII’s continuous flight auger (CFA) test
and to identify the gaps in skill levels that event at [Link]. pile project implementation is going
are impacting the performance of the smoothly. Thanks to the team effort of the
Indian deep foundations industry. This Metro Rail Projects CFA pile committee members, the design
team will endeavour to assess the needs to DFII had an opportunity to work with and construction document is completed
bridge the current gap and to build the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL), a and is being reviewed by the DFI team in
required skill base to address future needs government organization for developing the U.S. The project is funded through the
with reference to best practices at the global guidelines, training programs and work- DFI Committee Project Fund. DFII is also
level. There will be panel discussions shops that help in mitigating various risks getting good response for its request for in-
during DFI-India 2018: 8th Conference on associated with geotechnical and founda- kind contributions for implementation of
Deep Foundation Technologies for Infra- tion engineering design and construction. this project, and is hopeful to complete the
installation and testing of six piles by the
end of 2018.
DFI of India Website
Join DFI of India
DFI of India has launched an India- DFII is expecting an increased level of
centric version of the DFI website at activities, and encourages more pro-
[Link]. The site features fessionals to join this important forum,
events and news of interest to DFI of participate in different working commit-
India members; a list of DFI of India tees and help the Indian deep foundations
members; and information on the industry. We are grateful to DFI for
regional chapter, its mission, executive collaborating with us over the past five
committee and initiatives. There is also years to help build DFI of India. We are
general DFI info on publications, confident that DFII will evolve as one of the
awards, membership and more. finest professional institutes in India in the
years to come. Join at [Link].

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 •61

 introducing the
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 EDUCATIONAL TRUST

A Message from the Trust Chair

The Trust board is proud to present the several students. Elisabeth Tarpey,
2017 Trust Annual Report, which was Jessica Silva and Nathaniel Dan Dragone, Chair
mailed with this print issue of Deep Zipperich received awards from [Link]@[Link]
Foundations magazine and is available the DFI Educational Trust Charles
online at [Link]. J. Berkel Memorial Scholarship
At the end of 2017, the Trust had assets Fund. Kent Eng was the recipient
in excess of $3.4 million, a 12 percent of the Langan/Dennis J. Leary Scholarship Fund, which provides
increase from 2016. During the year, the Memorial Scholarship. DFI scholarships to civil engineering
Trust awarded $173,000 in scholarships, as Trustee Rudy Frizzi presented the awards students attending universities in the
compared to $134,000 in 2016. We thank on behalf of the Trust and Langan. Province of Ontario. The application period
all of our contributors and event sponsors for the scholarship opens in early
for making this possible. September. Two US$2,500 scholarships will
The Trust’s scholarships provide be awarded in 2019. Visit [Link]
significant financial support to our student for more information on the fundraising
recipients so they can realize their dream of dinner and scholarship — or to donate to
completing their undergraduate or the fund.
graduate civil engineering education.
College expenses continue to rise Recent Donations
dramatically and so does the level of debt
Michael Condon Scholarship Fund
students take on in order to meet these
• Liberty Mutual
costs. Without the scholarships, some of
the recipients may not have been able to Women in Deep Foundations Fund
Rudy Frizzi presenting Charles J. Berkel • Various donations
finish their education. We are pleased to be Memorial Scholarships to Elisabeth
able to support and assist these students Tarpey (L) and Jessica Silva (R) Sustaining Members (General) Fund
through the generous support of the deep • Nikki Sjoblom
foundations community. Fine Fundraising Dinner Fred H. Kulhawy Scholarship Fund
We encourage you to help with our The second Manuel Fine Civil Engineering • Magued Iskander
efforts by making a donation to the Trust*, Scholarship Fundraising Dinner is being
both personally and through your company. held September 26 at Le Parc in Toronto, *The DFI Educational Trust is a nonprofit
Any amount you donate will make a Ontario, Canada. Proceeds from the event 501(c)(3) charitable organization.
Your contribution is tax-deductible to
difference. The foundation community is benefit the Manuel Fine Civil Engineering the extent permitted by law.
very generous by its nature. In the U.S.
alone, donations exceed $300 billion
annually to non-profits, and it is interesting
to note that 70 percent of these contribu- Upcoming DFI Educational Trust Events
tions are from individuals. You can make
your donation at [Link]. DFI Educational Trust/ACE Mentor Program
Starting in this issue of the magazine, of New Jersey Annual Golf Outing
we plan to annually feature a donor that August 9, 2018 | Royce Brook Golf Club, Hillsborough, N.J.
has supported the Trust. The first donor
profile (page 67) features Charles J. Berkel: DFI Educational Trust Manuel Fine Civil Engineering
Chairman of the Board of Berkel & Scholarship Fundraising Dinner
Company Contractors (May 10, 1925 - September 26, 2018 | Le Parc, Toronto, Canada
November 4, 2013).
DFI Educational Trust California Golf Outing
Scholarships Awarded October 22, 2018 | Castlewood Country Club, Pleasanton, Calif.
On April 7, at the University of Illinois’
Annual Civil and Environmental Engi- DFI Educational Trust 13th Annual Gala Fundraising Dinner
neering Awards Convocation and Lunch- November 8, 2018 | Terrace On The Park, Corona, N.Y.
eon, the Trust awarded scholarships to
DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 65
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 DONOR PROFILE
MAY 10, 1925 - NOVEMBER 4, 2013

Charles J. Berkel: Chairman of the Board of

Berkel & Company Contractors
Charles J. (Charlie) Berkel started his company in 1959 and grew it
to become one of the largest piling contractors in the U.S. He was a
charter member of DFI, a recipient of the 2007 DFI Distinguished
Service Award and, posthumously, a recipient of the DFI
Educational Trust Legends Award in 2015. Berkel was awarded
Ernst & Young’s Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2008 and also
received an Honorary Doctorate in Industrial Science from the
University of Saint Mary in Leavenworth, Kan.
Undoubtedly, one of Berkel’s greatest legacies will be the result
of the $1,000,000 donation he made to the DFI Educational Trust
Scholarship Program in 2008. Since then, the Charles J. Berkel
Memorial Scholarship Fund has awarded $566,000 in scholarships
through 2018 to deserving civil engineering students throughout
the U.S. Even after distributing these awards, the fund’s balance is
still near that original $1,000,000.
In 2006, the DFI Educational Trust was established as an
independent 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit organization by DFI.
The mission of the Trust is, in part, to support and encourage company grew, he led by example instilling in his employees the
individuals in the fields of study related to the deep foundations values of a strong work ethic, a high-quality product and doing
industry by providing scholarships. This mission resonated with things right the first time. He shared this success by starting a
Berkel when he read about the Trust’s establishment in Deep company ESOP in 1976 with a plan for it to take full ownership of
Foundations magazine. He always felt it was his college education at the company upon his leaving, effectively giving his company to his
the University of Illinois that provided him with the basis for his employees, who helped him build it. Today, Berkel & Company
career achievements, and he wanted to be able to help future Contractors is 100 percent employee owned.
generations have those same opportunities. Berkel was a leader in the Kansas City community, sharing his
After graduating from college in 1946 and serving in the wisdom, time and means with those in need. He served on
military, Berkel worked as a field engineer for Intrusion-Prepakt, numerous boards including: University of Saint Mary; Brotherhood
which specialized in pressure grouting and preplaced concrete Bank and Trust; Providence Hospital; St. Joseph Care Center; United
aggregate concrete repair work. In some soil conditions, it was Way of Wyandotte County; Wyandotte Mental Health; national,
necessary to use an auger to reach the required pressure grouting state and local chambers of commerce; Villa Saint Francis; and the
depth, where, in these cases, a grout pipe was driven beside the National Agricultural Hall of Fame Center. In addition, Berkel was a
auger and grout was then pumped as the auger and grout pipe were member of Deep Foundations Institute, American Society of Civil
withdrawn. This was the origin of the modern day Augered Cast- Engineers, American Railway Bridge and Building Association,
In-Place (ACIP) pile installation process. Raymond Patterson of Sierra Club of Kansas City, Knights of Columbus, Knights of the
Intrusion-Prepakt filed for a patent on this process in 1951, and the Holy Sepulcher, Knights of Malta and Sacred Heart Parish.
patent was granted in 1956. The process was then modified when a In 2008, Berkel made a bold decision to dramatically support
suitable hollow stem auger was developed that allowed for grouting the newly-established charitable arm of the DFI with its first large
through the auger. Berkel was the field engineer for Intrusion- scholarship fund donation. Following in his footsteps, many other
Prepakt on the first commercial ACIP pile project ever done, which outstanding scholarship programs have since been established
was in Columbus, Ohio. through the Educational Trust. In 2018, the DFI Educational Trust
In 1951, Berkel was transferred to Kansas City as a regional is budgeted to award $190,000 in scholarships and $80,000 of that
manager for Intrusion-Prepakt. He started his own company out of amount is from the Charles J. Berkel Memorial Scholarship Fund.
the basement of his house under a licensing agreement with He leaves behind quite a legacy overall, with his scholarship
Intrusion-Prepakt in 1959. Berkel then coined the term Auger fund being one of his greatest lasting legacies for the deep
Pressure Grouted (APG) pile for his company to use. As the foundations industry.

AUTHOR Tracy Brettmann – Vice Chair of the DFI Educational Trust

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 67

 MEMBER PROFILE

John Rice: Seepage Is His Forte

When John Rice entered Humboldt State erosion — there are a lot of unknowns.” In
University in his native California, he didn’t fact, seepage and piping failure modes are
really know what he wanted to study. He most common, requiring structural
took a geology course he really liked and modifications such as installing seepage
decided to begin his career there, but when cutoffs for remediation. Paul says Rice is
he graduated in 1984 the economy was “able to convey technical concepts in terms
such that it was not a good time for job others can readily understand, plus he has a
hunting. So he went on to Utah State strong background in analyzing and
University (USU) in Logan, Utah, where he solving complex tech issues.”
earned an M.S. in civil engineering with an Brian H. Greene, of Gannett Fleming in
emphasis in geotechnical engineering. Pittsburgh, Pa., is another Rice fan. He
After working in geotechnical engineer- notes that Rice is director of the Earth
ing for 16 years, first at Kleinfelder and then Structures Lab within the civil and Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT).
at Woodward-Clyde Consultants, he earned environmental engineering department at The project included a series of eight
his Ph.D. at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Va., USU, which is heavily involved in the saddle dams associated with one of the
where he worked with Michael Duncan, performance of cutoff walls in earthen largest dams and reservoirs in the country.
distinguished professor emeritus. embankments. “Clearly,” says Greene, Rice They had a seepage and slope stability
Duncan tells about his unusual is a current “leader in research on the problem that they were unsure how to
connection with Rice. He says he was behavior of seepage cutoff walls.” manage. He is in the process of assembling
caught off guard some years back when a group of US experts to return to Thailand
Rice approached him about pursuing a Fulbright Award to provide guidance and training to
Ph.D. under his advisement. Duncan noted Rice will work in the Netherlands next year improve the capabilities of the local dam
Rice’s age, which was 43, saying Rice was a under a four-month Fulbright Grant, and is engineers. In July, he and his team are
successful consultant. He told Rice “if you very busy putting together a ”patchwork proposing to conduct a training workshop
switch to academia, you won’t get quilt” of grants and funds for work on that for EGAT employees to help them under-
anywhere, and you’ll be working for people nation’s extensive levee system. He will also stand the risk assessment analysis methods
who are 20 years younger than you.” But collaborate with some of the top his team proposes.
Rice persisted, says Duncan and thrived. researchers on seepage and internal erosion After the Fulbright commitment, Rice
Today he is “one of the preeminent U.S. in the Netherlands. will also spend some time in Greece, where
researchers in the area of internal erosion” Seepage is his forte, says Rice. One his wife’s father has a house. She is a
in dams, according to David Paul, special memorable project he worked on in his landscape architect herself and hopes to
assistant for Dam Safety, U.S. Army Corps early days involved spending 16 days in learn more about land use and social
of Engineers (USACE). Among other Thailand working with the Electricity policies when they are in the Netherlands.
attributes, Paul cites Rice’s experience in
dam and levee assessment combined with Rice and his USU students
his research skills and his understanding of
the profession’s needs. Paul says Rice has a
special perspective, and his work on the
USACE’s new manual under development,
“Seepage Control Cutoffs for Dams and
Levees” is exemplary.

Seepage and Erosion

Paul cites the many problems in rough
cutoffs in Kentucky, saying “they are
unique and hard to quantify limestone
bedrock problems with seepage and

AUTHOR Virginia Fairweather

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 69

The Deep Foundations World
Rice is very active in the industry. Duncan introduced Rice to the
United States Society on Dams (USSD), where he is on the Levee
and Construction Committees and the board of directors. Paul was
the catalyst for getting Rice involved in DFI where he is a member of
the DFI Seepage Control Technical Committee.
Rice likes working with DFI Trustee Gianfranco Di Cicco and
other institute members. He says they “help keep him in tune with
the deep foundations world, and he can bring this information back
to his students at USU.”
Rice teaches a graduate-level course in ground improvement at
USU. He enjoys situations where he can talk first hand with
contractors, and see how USACE works, for example, on cutoff walls.
He points out that local projects, such as the terminal expansion at
the Salt Lake City airport, offer additional teaching opportunities.
Rice sees teaching and research at the University as his main
priority, saying “you can overdo extra work outside.” Rice thinks
that doing too much freelance work can make one ineffective as a
teacher and researcher. USU limits such work to three days per
month. On the other hand, Rice feels that being active in outside
consulting is important to stay up to date on the state of the practice
and allows him to keep his teaching and research relevant to
current practice.
Clearly, John Rice is a fortunate man. He is deeply involved in
his field and in being so, helps solve problems that can deeply
impact large populations.

70 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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 FEATURE ARTICLE
Standardizing
Foundation Design
for Electric
Transmission
Structures

SPECIAL
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE Transmission line in protected wetland

Unlike the commercial building and focused on improvements in design half of design professionals quantitatively
transportation industries, the electric models, site characterization, exploration assess risk in their design process.
transmission industry does not have a strategies, and testing to reduce uncertainty
unified code that explicitly covers design and variance in analysis. Transmission line State of the Practice
and construction of the various foundation engineers realized that safety and reliability Recent industry surveys performed by EPRI
types used to support electrical structures; advancements in design based on (DiGioia, 2010) and by DFI (Kandaris and
there is no overarching professional group probabilistic approaches, with a focus on Davidow, 2015) attempt to quantify the
that leads this effort. Guideline documents the unique nature of transmission lines, state of the practice in terms of design
developed by other industries describe could better control risk and cost. methodology. These surveys examined the
general design methodology for foundation Some transmission line professionals current design practices of electric
types used in the electric power industry, took advantage of these advancements, transmission and overhead line design
but practices vary significantly from utility particularly where research led to improved engineers working for U.S. engineering
to utility. For this reason, DFI established the software and models. Yet by 1995, after two firms and utilities. Among the broader
Electric Power Systems Foundations Work- decades of extensive research, the industry survey results, the EPRI study found that
ing Group in 2013, and upgraded the work- had made little progress in changing design two-thirds of responders were still using
ing group to technical committee status in habits. Most designers were still charac- traditional deterministic (i.e., safety factor)
2018 after significant growth in member- terizing sites via deterministic methods, approaches for design of transmission line
ship and plans for continual activity. using loads that may or may not relate to a foundations, with safety factors ranging
consistent probability of occurrence, and upwards of 4.0, depending on the structure
Previous Standardization Attempts applying a traditional global factor of safety type, foundation type and design model.
Nearly 40 years ago, the Electric Power approach (Phoon, et al., 1995). The follow- The DFI survey a few years later showed
Research Institute (EPRI) embarked on a ing two decades have seen even greater about 50% of electric transmission
major research effort to optimize reliability developments in software and reliability- foundation professionals using traditional
and economics of electric transmission based analysis methods, but old habits seem methods, and just under 40% using
structure foundation design. Strategies to die hard as recent surveys show less than probabilistic design approaches.

AUTHORS Peter Kandaris, P.E., DiGioia Gray & Associates, and Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., [Link]., Quanta Subsurface

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 73

 Probability-based design methods have
enjoyed greater acceptance for deep
foundation design in other industries, such
as for buildings, bridges, and similar public
works where the load and resistance factor
design (LRFD) approach is prescribed in
federal, state and regional design
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y,
specifications and standards in the electric
power industry do not readily address
foundation engineering for transmission
line structures. Kulhawy and Hirany
(2010) note that transmission lines are
unique in that they are linearized systems
that traverse great distances over
potentially highly-variable conditions. This
is added to the fact that there is no single
controlling authority on loading conditions
or design; there exists no universally
accepted approach for determining
transmission line loading; and there are no
overarching methods to evaluate these
loads as they are transferred to foundations
or foundation service performance
requirements (CIGRE, 2002).

Existing Guide Documents

Some professional societies have authored
guide documents attempting to present a
m o re c o m p re h e n s i v e a p p ro a c h t o
transmission line foundation design. The
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) and American Society of
Civil Engineers (ASCE) produced a Guide
for Transmission Structure Foundation
Design and Testing in 1985 (reaffirmed in
2007). This general reference identifies
sources of design loads and load
combinations from transmission structures
typically applied to design foundations. It
notes that foundations should be designed Drilled shaft construction for tubular steel pole

to resist maximum designed loads relative

to the structure they support. However, the than the structure to prevent foundation typically being deterministically selected
unique nature of both individual and failure prior to structure loss. Currently, with values ranging from 2 to 6 in (51 to
combined steady-state and transient loads there is not a consistent method to ensure 152 mm), and pier allowable angular
could cause foundation performance uniform load increases for foundations as rotation ranging from 1.0 to 2.5 degrees.
(deflection, settlement, uplift or rotation) opposed to structure capacities. The DFI survey found about half of the
to control foundation design. In addition, As an example, in evaluating industry respondents evaluated pier deflection and
typical practice is to envelope worst case inconsistency in design inputs, both rotation using factored loads, another one-
foundation loading components – shear, surveys queried designers on the use and quarter evaluated these performance
axial and overturning moment – across all limits on laterally loaded foundation parameters at service loads, and the
loading combinations into a worst-case performance parameters (i.e., deflection remainder either did not know the load
foundation loading condition. In practice, and rotation) for reinforced concrete drilled source or used other load criteria. When
most utilities deterministically require that shaft design. Both surveys found that the asked to describe the process for
loads applied to foundations be greater allowable deflection at the top of shaft as determining performance parameter limits,

74 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

answers varied widely, with designers using aspects of design, including subsurface Load-Deformation Response
in-house standards, looking at past investigations, foundation design process The goal of the engineer is to design a
performance of foundations, obtaining and design of foundations for all types of foundation that performs as expected under
values from published literature or transmission line structures. In response, the anticipated range of applied loads. At a
obtaining recommendations from local EPRI produced a transmission structure conceptual level, the mechanics of materials
geotechnical consultants. foundation design guide in 2012 with dictates a relationship between stress and
Kalaga and Yenumula (2016) point out suggested standard design processes for strain as a function of soil-structure
the importance of understanding the monopoles, H-Frame and lattice tower interaction. The nonlinear nature of the
effects of angular rotation at ground level foundations within the framework of a load-deformation response for typical
on transmission line structure Reliability-Based Design (RBD) format transmission line foundation types is well
performance. Even small angular rotations (EPRI, 2012). documented from full scale testing,
can induce large displacement at the top of laboratory scale tests, and most foundation
these tall transmission structures, leading Improving Design Methodology design models in both axial and lateral load
to possible reductions in horizontal or It is clear that there is little consistency in modes (Davidson, 1982; Kulhawy et al.,
vertical conductor clearances, poor the approach to transmission foundation 1983; DiGioia and Rojas-Gonzalez, 1994).
aesthetic appearance, and additional design among designers, consultants and The relationship offers an opportunity to
stresses on the pole structure. The authors utilities. Load factors (primarily safety examine various load levels and
note there are no universal standards for factors) and performance factors used by performance at those levels in terms of
deflection or rotation limits on designers vary greatly. Foundation design settlement, deflection or rotation. Using
transmission structure foundations, methodologies are not consistent. Methods either Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or
leaving designers to use their best to integrate structure load factors used for RBD approaches, foundation dimensions
judgment. Complicating the analysis foundation design with reinforced concrete are typically sized to reach some ultimate
further for the average practitioner, recent code factors differ or are not used at all limit of applied resistance capacity. This
parametric studies on the effect of ( K a n d a r i s a n d D a v i d o w, 2 0 1 5 ) . value is well above the factored applied load,
combined pole-foundation deflection Foundation design loads are developed by accounts for variability in soil properties,
found this type of analysis to be difficult, enveloping worst case loading conditions and results in large foundation movements
requiring the use of multiple software that do not occur simultaneously, and as plastic motion has likely been achieved
models (Bowland et al., 2015). strength and serviceability design checks and foundation failure is imminent.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s are not consistently evaluated at separate Alternately, foundation movement at
Rural Development department provides loading levels. The consensus among factored maximum applied loads tends to be
guidance for the design and construction of transmission line design professionals is in the elastic-plastic transition range, while
rural utility services. Their specifications that there is a need to develop a guideline service (unfactored) applied loads are
allow designers the option to specify design document with recommendations expected to be within the elastic range of
foundation rotation either as a maximum for a uniform analysis and design approach foundation movement, where normal
for all load cases or as a certain value for for deep foundations. deformation is mostly recoverable.
each load case. Alternatively, the engineer
can opt to simply specify a fixed base with
no allowable movement at any load value.
The standard does recognize the need for
varying performance parameters, matching
types and probability of loads with
foundation response, and also requires the
designer to include such effects in
calculations as the final deflected pole
stresses but gives no guidance on how to
approach the problem (USDA RDUP, 2016).
With all the confusion, it is not
surprising that many utilities and their
consultants develop internal design
manuals. The DFI survey indicated that
nearly 60% do this in response to the lack of
uniform guidance or to consolidate learned
knowledge. Both the DFI and EPRI survey
results showed current design practices vary
widely, and that these variations apply to all Nonlinear load (resistance) to performance relationship

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 75

 As previously noted, the industry that for every 1 degree of pier rotation, the • NCHRP 489 (Ghosn et al., 2003) –
surveys indicate inconsistency in how top of the pier laterally deflects from 3.5 to Probabilistic method of assessing vari-
transmission line designers select 4% of the pier diameter. able load factors for combined dead,
performance parameters or the load level In other civil design sectors, service traffic, wind, collision and earthquake
associated with those parameters. These limit states are well defined and the loads on bridge structures. Probabilistic
parameters should not be arbitrary but associated working loads are based on foundation scour depth factors are also
should relate to performance at a specified e i t h e r c o d e s o r e x p e r i e n c e . Wi t h given for various extreme event load cases.
load or resistance condition. It is easy to transmission line foundation design, there
• AASHTO LRFD Highway Bridge
understand how improperly applied is no controlling code to follow. Few design
Specifications (AASHTO, 2012) – Prob-
performance parameters could result in models present service load evaluations.
abilistic method of assessing variable
highly-conservative designs if everyday Unfactored transmission line structure
load factors for combined loads from
service limits are assigned at maximum service loads are rarely, if ever, calculated by
components/attachments, traffic and
factored applied loads, or worse, at structure designers or vendors.
other live loads, wind on bridges, water
ultimate resistance capacity.
on piers, ice on piers, collisions and
Most engineers have well-developed Compatible Load Factors
earthquakes.
concepts of deformation for service and Although the utility industry has not
design conditions, as these are in ranges of directly addressed the issues of using a The NCHRP report presents analysis of
movement that would be expected. probabilistic-based method to assess target reliabilities for pier scour, combined
However, when asked to provided combined structure and environmental maximum wind and scour, and combined
performance parameters for models at loads on foundations, guide documents maximum ground motion and scour.
ultimate capacity, most still respond with developed by other agencies and pro-
limits they would desire at those lower load fessional organizations can be used to Moving Forward
values. It is not intuitive to define better understand how these can be There is a demonstrated need to provide a
deformations at failure. incorporated with transmission line unified approach or comprehensive set of
Studies of laterally loaded, short, rigid foundation design. These documents state-of-the-practice guidelines that assess
drilled pier transmission line foundations include load factors that vary depending on risk and account for variability in loads and
tested by EPRI for development of its lateral specified strength, extreme event and soil resistances for the design of electric
load model explored theses load-deflection service load cases. transmission line foundations. The
and load-rotation relationships (Davidson, industry lacks consistent standards for
• ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10 (ASCE, 2010)
1982; Kandaris et al., 2012). The earlier design approach (i.e., allowable strength
– Probabilistic method of assessing
study determined that ultimate shaft and reliability), compatible load and
variable load factors for combined
resistance (capacity) is reasonably defined resistance factors, reliability level, and
dead, live, roof, wind and earthquake
at the point where a pier rotates to an angle performance parameters.
loads on structures.
of about 2 degrees. The latter study found D F I ’s E l e c t r i c P o w e r S y s t e m s
Foundations Committee intends to lay the
groundwork for these future guidelines and
is presently preparing a state-of-the-practice
white paper that summarizes current
industry practices, and evaluates existing
foundation types, electric system codes and
civil engineering standards. Future
foundation design guidelines resulting from
this effort will be prepared by this group to:
• Establish a consistent approach to ASD
and RBD methods for all transmission
line foundation types.
• Determine consistent reliability levels
for load and resistance probability
distributions.
• Incorporate resistance factors consis-
tent with RBD methods using a target
reliability index consistent with the risk
associated with this type of facility.
Relationship of load and resistance probability to performance criteria

76 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 • Develop standards for foundation
QA/QC programs consistent with
various foundation construction
techniques and field testing programs.
Dictating a single set of guidelines or
methodologies is challenging due to the
diversity in design approaches, load cases,
environmental conditions and design
philosophies utilized by various utilities.
Thus, recommendations of future guide-
lines must present best practices and sound
reasoning that can be adapted to the vari-
able nature of the electric power industry.

Helical pile foundation installation

Peter Kandaris, P.E., is co-chair of the DFI Electric
• Emphasize the importance of following • Provide recommendations for compat- Power Systems Foundations Committee and a
a consistent design process, as detailed ible probabilistic load factors and load senior consultant at DiGioia Gray & Associates. He
in IEEE-691, using probabilistic cases for evaluation of transmission has more than 35 years of experience in the
methods to better select geotechnical foundations subject to nonstructural investigation, design and construction of deep
foundation systems for electric power projects.
investigation sites and determine environmental events, such as flowing
geotechnical design parameters. water and ground motion. More re-
Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E., [Link]., is co-chair of the
search is needed to assess the probability DFI Electric Power Systems Foundations Committee
• Address uniform ultimate and service
of simultaneous occurrence of multiple and senior vice president of engineering at Quanta
limit states that are consistent with
extreme load events. Approaches used Subsurface. He oversees all electric transmission
nonlinear load-deformation responses
by the highway transportation industry foundation design.
observed with transmission line
provide a useful framework for estab-
structure foundations.
lishing compatible load factors.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 77

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 SPECIAL
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE
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constructed to serve North American environment. Because of their success, The underground construction industry
society, which began with water tunnels to these subway systems were expanded and has faced many technological changes
serve the drinking water needs of cities to other cities soon built their own beginning in the mid 1950s with the
water tunnels to serve the construction of underground transportation systems. With introduction of wheeled tunnel boring
canals. With the invention of the railroad the advent of the automobile, more tunnels machines for cutting through soft rock, the
and its meteoric expansion, the need for were soon needed to facilitate vehicular introduction of multi-boom hydraulic face
tunnels grew as the railroads expanded movement across North America.
their service across North America. By
1850, more than 16 railroad tunnels had 72nd Street Station and Tunnels, New York City MTA
been constructed. One of the most
important infrastructure programs in our
history is the Transcontinental Railroad Act
signed into law by Abraham Lincoln on
May 6, 1862. Connecting the east and west
United States would not have been possible
without the 15 tunnels built in the Sierra
Nevada mountain range.
The need for tunnels grew in the post-
Civil War economic expansion period as
the railroads flourished. Cities built
tunnels to bring fresh water into the city
and to safely transport wastewater to plants
for treatment. At the turn of the 20th
century, Boston and then New York City
built tunnels for their subway systems to

AUTHORS David R. Klug, David R. Klug and Associates, and James Morrison, P.E., COWI

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 81

 Rio Piedras Station, Puerto Rico for Tren Urbano

drills for conventional tunnel and cavern Innovations occurred in the tunnel application equipment, and new
excavation, and the introduction of earth support marketplace with the introduction developments in final lining concrete and
pressure balance tunnel boring machines of one-pass precast concrete segmental forming equipment. Major innovations
for soft ground applications that precludes tunnel linings for soft ground applications also occurred in supportive excavation
the need for workers to build tunnels using replacing cast iron tubbings, rock bolts, methods and procedures that allowed the
very harmful compressed air procedures. high performance shotcrete and shotcrete tunnel designers to place tunnels where
they were needed while providing safe and
East Central Interceptor Sewer Tunnel, Los Angeles for the LABOE
proven supportive excavation systems
constructed for worker safety and project
cost controls.
In 2017, the Underground Construc-
tion Association (UCA) of the Society for
Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME)
published a book titled The History of
Tunneling in the United States, which details
the history of tunneling beginning with the
first tunnels, as noted above, to the current
tunneling programs underway in urban
areas. The book provides details about
railroad tunnels, transit tunnels, highway
tunnels, water tunnels and wastewater
tunnels, in addition to a chapter dedicated
to innovations in tunneling that describes
how technology has changed the industry.
This book highlights the many societal

82 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 Above: Arrowhead Tunnel precast segments, San Bernardino, Calif., for the MWD
Below: Narragansett CSO Tunnel, Providence, R.I.

benefits that are and have been derived

from the tunneling industry. Additional
details about the book and purchasing
information can be found in the SME Store
at [Link].

Ongoing and Proposed Major

Tunnel Programs
Presently, there are more than $25 billion of
ongoing and planned major tunnel
p ro g r a m s a c ro s s N o r t h A m e r i c a ,
representing more than 380 mi (610 km) of
underground construction work. The
projects include major Combined Storm Angeles, an expansion of the subway Second Avenue Subway line, and the New
Overflow (CSO) programs in many cities program is underway with additional York City Department of Environmental
throughout the U.S. and Canada. Major sections being planned to accommodate Protection (NYCDEP) is planning a major
transit upgrades and expansions are the upcoming 2028 Olympics trans- CSO project near Flushing Bay.
underway in or planned for New York, portation requirements. Tunnel construction represents a
Seattle, Washington D.C., Dallas, Toronto The proposed Amtrak Gateway Tunnel growing and vibrant segment of today’s
and Vancouver. Project in New York is a multibillion-dollar construction economy. Tunneling projects
The California WaterFix project in railroad tunnel program to tunnel under the integrate not only tunneling but also other
central California is an extensive water Hudson River. In addition, the New York aspects of deep foundations and specialty
distribution program being proposed that Metropolitan Transportation Authority construction practices to create the infra-
will present many industry challenges (MTA), with a daily ridership of about structure of tomorrow. These projects create
because of its size and complexity. In Los 8,600,000, is designing Phase II of the and require continuing advancement in

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 83

methods and materials in a broad spectrum geology, (3) design of the tunnel’s cross- to create a committee that allows all people
of technology and opportunities. The section and (4) evaluating the best access from the industry to participate in task
challenges ahead require us to recruit and route for the corridor. The students groups pertaining to their area of expertise
train new talent to continue to allow this received input from industry experts and or interest that promote and share new
industry to thrive. used actual geotechnical information ideas and technologies that solve problems
obtained from different sources, including and meet the challenges of the industry.
Innovation Through Industry- actual core samples and data from the U.S. The task groups are being formed to
Academia Engagement Army Corps of Engineers. include not only senior industry people but
As part of their capstone design project, a also young people who have an interest in a
group of undergraduate seniors at Michigan New DFI Tunnel and Underground particular aspect of the industry and want
Technological University (MTU) have been Systems Technical Committee to contribute and learn.
working on developing a potential and The challenges for the tunnel industry are If you have a specific tunnel industry
feasible solution to protect the gas, oil and to continue to develop the technology and subject that you would like addressed or if
electrical lines beneath the Straits of personnel to design and build these you are interested in being the chair a
Mackinac while also protecting the Great complex construction projects that are specific task group, please contact either of
Lakes from an environmental disaster. The demanded by a modern society. The role of the authors, who are both the co-chairs of
project entails learning about tunnel design the new DFI Tunnel and Underground the Tunnel and Underground Systems
and construction, geo-socio-enviro- Systems Technical Committee is to assist in Technical Committee.
political concerns, and evaluating how to the development and promotion of these David R. Klug is president of David R. Klug and
construct a tunnel beneath the straits. technologies and people. Our objective is Associates and co-chair of DFI’s Tunnel and Under-
ground Systems Technical Committee. Klug provides
international and national manufacturer represen-
tative services to the underground heavy civil and
mine construction industries. He has more than 40
years of industry involvement in many of the major
tunnel programs constructed in the U.S. and Canada.
James Morrison, P.E., is a vice president of COWI,
co-chair of DFI’s Tunnel and Underground Systems
Technical Committee and past president of DFI. He
has more than 35 years of civil engineering
experience. His career has covered a broad spectrum
of large and complex underground and heavy
construction working on bridges, dams, hydroelectric
generating plants, highways, deep excavations,
transportation and water/sewer tunneling projects.
Four recent MTU students with industry advisor Jim Morrison (fourth from right) and
lawmakers after presenting their design project. Washington, DC Metro

As Professor Michael T. Drewyor, P.E.,

P.S., explains, the capstone project entails
designing a conceptual tunnel that would
carry Enbridge’s Line 5, TransCanada’s
natural gas line and American Transmission
Company’s six electrical lines currently
crossing the straits, while incorporating
space for future utility lines within the
tunnel. As an added design consideration,
the tunnel would be supplied with rails
running through the center, which would
allow maintenance vehicles to pass through
and could also allow emergency access
between Michigan’s two peninsulas should
the Mackinac Bridge need to be closed.
The MTU students worked in four
teams to develop solutions to the challenge
– (1) above-ground buildings, permitting
and land acquisition, (2) the straits’
84 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
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SPECIAL
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE
FEATURE ARTICLE

Challenges for the

U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers’ Water
Resources
Infrastructure
Portfolio
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Portfolio
Over the past century, the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers (USACE) has built a vast generation, port and harbor maintenance, Funding for USACE water resources
network of water management water supply, hurricane and storm damage infrastructure comes primarily from the
infrastructure that includes approximately reduction, and recreation. Each of these federal government, in the form of annual
715 dams, more than 14,000 mi (22,530 missions differs significantly in terms of appropriations for operation, maintenance
km) of levees, 240 lock chambers, over enabling legislation, taxation and revenue and minor rehabilitation, and periodic
12,000 mi (19,300 km) of river navigation sources, clients, and relations with the legislation for new construction under the
channels and control structures, harbors private sector. Its distinctive and diverse Water Resources Development Act
and ports and other facilities. Since the water infrastructure, specific roles in the (WRDA). The first WRDA was in 1974, and
mid-1980s, federal funding for new project national economy, and clientele and history there have been nine subsequent WRDA
construction and major rehabilitation has make USACE a unique organization. Many bills. Currently, the WRDA 2018 bill is
declined steadily. As a result, much of the potential solutions to operation, being debated in Congress. USACE, the
nation’s water resources infrastructure is maintenance and rehabilitation challenges executive branch and the U.S. Congress all
now deteriorating and wearing out faster are, therefore, specific to USACE. play important and distinct roles in the
than it is being replaced. Historically, the
construction of new infrastructure USACE divisions and districts

dominated the USACE water resources

budget and activities. Today, national water
needs and priorities are increasingly
shifting to operations.
The USACE has been serving as the
U.S. Army’s engineer for 243 years. It has
approximately 35,000 employees working
in 43 district offices and 9 divisions in the
U.S. and in more than 100 countries
around the world. The USACE’s first
mission area was to help ensure
navigability on the nation’s rivers. In the
1920s and 1930s, the mission areas
broadened to include flood control. Over
the years, mission areas have further
diversified to include responsibilities for
ecosystem restoration, hydropower

AUTHOR David B. Paul, P.E., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 89

WRDA process. The Corps of Engineers
conducts studies of potential projects,
including benefit-cost analysis and
engineering and environmental
evaluations. Completed reports are
reviewed by the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB), which conducts its own
benefit-cost assessment. Subject to
approval by OMB, project proposals are
forwarded to Congress for possible WRDA
authorization.
According to the American Society of
Civil Engineers’ (ASCE) 2017 Infrastructure
Report Card, which is published every four
years, infrastructure in the U.S. has
received a grade of D+. The report card
estimates that the U.S. needs to spend some
$4.5 trillion by 2025 to improve the state of
the country’s roads, bridges, dams,
airports, schools and more.

Risk Informed Management of

USACE Portfolio
In 2006, USACE adopted a risk informed
framework for managing its dam and levee
portfolio. The risk management
framework for dams has been developed in
policy Engineer Regulation 1111-2-1156,
and similar policy is being developed for
levees. Risk assessments within the dam
and levee safety program provide a
systematic, evidence-based approach for
estimating and describing the likelihood USACE dam safety risk management framework
and consequences of existing and future The USACE dam inventory includes percent of the inventory had actionable
risk associated with the dams and levees. some of the largest earth and concrete dams dam safety issues. Since 2009, detailed
The risk assessments consider what can go in the U.S. USACE has completed evaluations have been completed on about
wrong, the consequences if it happens and screening level assessments of the dam 75 percent of the inventory, and it is
how likely it is to happen. portfolio, which identified that about 50 estimated that the cost to rehabilitate the
highest risk structures is approximately
ASCE 2017 Infrastructure Report Card $20 billion.
Fundamental to the risk informed
process is the development of Tolerable
Risk Guidelines (TRGs), which address
tolerable individual and societal risk. The
Individual Risk (IR) Threshold is
established as 1/10,000. If the total
probability of failure is less than 1/10,000,
individual risk could be considered to be
tolerable — probability of failure is used as
a proxy for individual risk as IR is always
lower than probability of failure. Risks
could still be tolerable if risks exceed
1/10,000 if evacuation considerations
would reduce individual risk. The Societal
Risk Threshold was established as 1/1,000.

90 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 condition (inspection), and • More than 60 percent of farm exports
Relevant statistics of the USACE dam inventory
the flood risk associated with move on inland waterways to
Embankment dams 86 percent each levee (risk assessment). downstream ports.
Concrete dams 7 percent The most common risk
• Nearly 80 million tons of grain move by
Combination dams 7 percent driver is overtopping, which
barge annually.
Median height 93 ft (28.4 m) impacts 40 percent of the levee
Mean height 112 ft (34.1 m) portfolio. Seepage through or • One barge can carry as much freight as
Average age 60 yrs beneath the levee is the second 15 rail cars or 60 trucks, and reduce
High hazard dams 77 percent most common risk driver traffic congestion and air pollution.
Total storage capacity 331 million acre-ft impacting about 20 percent of • Average age of our navigation locks is
(40.8 million hectare-m) the portfolio. The estimated over 60 years.
cost to address risk in the
USACE levee portfolio is anticipated to cost • Federal funding has remained flat in
about $20 billion. nominal terms and declined in real
A f-N plot is used to graphically terms.
delineate the probability of failure versus To address this significant infrastructure
the average number of fatalities (loss of life) issue, USACE has adopted an Asset
of all dams and levees in the USACE Management Infrastructure Strategy to
portfolio. Over half of the dams and about assess, identify and prioritize maintenance
25 percent of the levees in the USACE resources on critical components. In addi-
portfolio will likely require modification to tion, research efforts are focused on:
meet Tolerable Risk Guidelines (TRGs) for
• Enhancing the ability to assess the
Dworshack Dam, Idaho – One of the probability of failure and life safety.
largest concrete dams in the U.S. condition of assets to better inform
maintenance management and
Navigation Portfolio
prioritization.
Many of the USACE’s 250 locks and dams
on the 27 inland river systems have • Reducing repair costs by detecting
exceeded their economic design life of 50 problems before failures occur and by
years. Pertinent facts of the USACE naviga- better predicting remaining service life.
tion system are summarized as follows: • Developing new and innovative low-
• 99.6 percent of U.S. overseas trade cost repair solutions with greater
volume moves through coastal durability.
channels maintained by USACE. • Improving designs for project safety,
• The U.S. marine transportation efficiency and reliability.
Fort Peck Dam, Montana – One of the industry supports about $2 trillion in
largest embankment dams in the U.S.
commerce. Future Actions
If the total annualized life loss is less than
One of the top priorities of the current
1/1,000, societal risk should be tolerable. FEMA Federal Guidelines
presidential administration is to rebuild
All of the federal agencies that own, operate
and modernize the nation’s infrastructure.
or regulate dams developed and adopted
The administration’s goal is to seek and
the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety Risk
secure long-term reforms on how
Management – FEMA P-1025/January 2015.
infrastructure projects are regulated,
The levee portfolio consists of 2,200
funded, delivered and maintained. By
levee systems. Over 1,200 levee sponsors
streamlining project delivery and removing
operate and maintain approximately
barriers, the administration hopes to
2,000 of these levee systems, spanning
incentivize and expedite the delivery of our
about 70 percent of the length of the entire
nation’s infrastructure. The president has
portfolio. The remaining 200 levee
proposed a $200 billion federal
systems are operated and maintained by
commitment to stimulate at least $1.5
USACE. USACE has currently completed
trillion in new infrastructure investment.
levee risk characterizations for about 75
While much of the public and
percent of the portfolio. This effort has
congressional interest regarding the
provided a more comprehensive
administration’s Infrastructure Initiative
understanding than previously known:
has been focused on the legislative
where the levees are (inventory), their

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 91

 protections provided by law. The intent of
the administration’s One Agency, One
Decision proposal is to reduce the environ-
mental review and permitting process to no
more than a two-year timeframe to
accelerate infrastructure delivery.
USACE also recognizes the importance
of stakeholder engagement and support in
the effort to implement change and
improve the nation’s water resources
infrastructure. USACE plans to gain
stakeholder feedback on advancing
infrastructure initiatives and to get ideas on
how to remove impediments that prevent
successful implementation of projects.
USACE fully supports innovative
Counties in the U.S. that have levees approaches and changes that will result in
improvements in the delivery of our
principles, the administration is also USACE is committed to working with
Nation’s infrastructure needs. The Infra-
addressing infrastructure delivery through federal, state and local agencies to
structure Initiative is an opportunity for
a range of policy and regulatory changes. implement efficiencies in existing
USACE to apply new financing approaches
The primary focus of USACE, as related permitting and environmental review
and streamline business processes that will
to the Infrastructure Initiative, is on five processes. Permitting efficiencies are
enable needed change to meet current and
areas that would directly involve civil intended to enhance the delivery of timely
future needs of the nation.
works missions: decisions while maintaining environmental
• Water Resources – remove barriers and USACE dam and levee safety portfolio represented in a f-N plot (probability of
create innovative delivery models failure versus loss of life)

• Inland Waterways – promote oppor-

tunities for nonfederal investments
• Incentives – incentivize nonfederal
investments through grants
• Water Infrastructure Finance and
Innovation Act (WIFIA) – incentivize
nonfederal investments through low-
cost federal loans
• Permitting – streamline permitting
processes
The infrastructure legislative
principles, as part of the Infrastructure
Initiative, support the administration’s goal
to seek and secure long-term reforms on
how infrastructure projects are regulated,
funded, delivered and maintained. The
principles are not legislation but are
intended to form the basis for a
comprehensive infrastructure bill.

David B. Paul, P.E., is special assistant for dam safety at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Washington, D.C., and is currently the Dam Safety Officer for the Mosul
Dam Task Force. He has over 41 years of experience as a national specialist on critical infrastructure design, dam design, levee design, construction engineering,
engineering risk assessments, and dam and levee safety modifications performed as part of USACE Dam Safety management activities. Paul is a DFI trustee, and is
serving on the United States Society of Dams (USSD) Committees on Construction and Embankment Dams and represents USSD on the ICOLD Embankment Dams
committee.
92 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
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 SPECIAL
ISSUE: INFRASTRUCTURE
FEATURE ARTICLE

Innovative Foundations for a Caustic Environment —

The Salt Lake Railroad Causeway
A Historical Perspective decision changed the U.S.
Railroads in North America have made a landscape and how Americans and
lasting impression on various aspects of freight would travel across the
U.S. history. These impacts range from country, even to this day, all from the
geography to business practices and to early connection of the Transcontinental
advancements in civil and structural Railroad. This legislation also
engineering. One significant impact is in the provided for land grants for the Postcard
geographical development of the western potential railways right of way and of Southern Pacific
U.S., where the distance between towns was granted payment to the railroads for the Railroad’s trestle crossing and
Midlake Station (photo credit: National
essentially determined by how long a steam construction of the rail lines: from $16,000 Register of Historic Places)
engine could travel before needing to stop to $48,000 per mile for track constructed on
and fill up with water and coal needed to level ground or in the mountains (in 1860s significant in the history of the great
fuel the boilers. Other impressions by the money), respectively. In today’s valuation, American railroads as the Golden Spike,
railroads include the battle of the forces of the payment of construction on level ground the Salt Lake Causeway has had a storied
mother nature against the will of early or in the mountains would range from about history in U.S. transportation for more than
pioneers and railroad engineers. $436,000 to $1,307,000, respectively. a century.
As the U.S. grew into a developed Two rail companies were authorized to
industrial country, the need for reliable east- complete the construction of the Trans- The Great Salt Lake Trestle
to-west transportation across the country continental Railway: Union Pacific and The Southern Pacific Railroad, which later
was becoming more and more apparent. Central Pacific lines. Construction began in became part of Union Pacific, constructed
Congress commissioned several topo- 1863 and was concluded on May 10, 1869, the original Great Salt Lake Crossing
graphical surveys of the American West when the Golden Spike was driven into a between 1902 and 1903. The Crossing
during the 1850s. Then, in 1862, Congress tie at Promontor y Point in Utah. consisted of a railroad trestle about 12 mi
passed the Pacific Rail Acts, which Promontory Point lies just east of the Great (19 km) long that connected two
designated the 32nd parallel as the initial Salt Lake Causeway, which runs from causeways constructed atop rockfill that
transcontinental rail route. This pivotal Ogden to Lucin, Utah. While not quite as extended partially into the lake from both

AUTHORS Jeffrey Hill, P.E., Hayward Baker, and Carol A. Ravano, P.E., McMillen Jacobs Associates

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 97

the western and eastern shores. Initially,
Southern Pacific aimed to construct a
causeway across the lake using rockfill;
however, the material deposited beneath
the water line kept settling away as quickly
as it could be placed. After numerous
unsuccessful attempts to construct a rock-
fill causeway, the trestle was finally con-
structed by using timbers obtained from
the clearing of 2 sq mi (5 sq km) of forest or
about 38,000 trees.
The scope of work required to complete
this project in 1902 was a testament to the
rail engineers as well as the workers needed
to physically construct the bridge. At that
time, standard wood piling, about 40 to
50 ft (12 to 15 m) in length, was installed
with steam or drop hammers. Because of New causeway, circa 1950 (photo credit: National Register of Historic Places)
the poor geotechnical conditions within
the lake bed, Southern Pacific sought and
found extra-long piles, which were of such Engineers recognized the need to
length that the piling extended across three dredge the lake bed to remove the
flat cars during transport. existing mud down to a layer of
As railway travel in the U.S. became competent salt, resulting in a
more popular, the Great Salt Lake was dredge volume of mud of about 15
considered a tourist destination. Of course, million cu yd (11.5 million cu m).
every tourist location along one of the A total of about 45.5 million cu yd
major rail routes in the U.S. required a (34.8 million cu m) of rock and soil
tourist stop. Midlake Station was con- were excavated, transported and
structed in the middle of the lake, which deposited into the lake to complete
could be accessed from the trestle. the filling for the new causeway.
Southern Pacific continued to operate To prevent the embankment (Above) Waves crash against the causeway
(Below) Train cars used to retain the rockfill
and travel over the causeway until about from functioning like a dam, which (photos courtesy David Warnock)
1956, when it was determined that main- would prevent water and salt flows
tenance of the trestle was deemed unfeasible between the north and south sides
and uneconomic to sustain. A new plan was of the lake, the causeway was
needed to traverse the lake and for the intentionally built to be permeable.
trestle, as the results of a survey of the To enhance the flow further, two
structure predicted a short remaining life culverts were constructed through
until replacement of the substructure would the causeway, which allowed small
be required. In addition to repairs and/or boats, wildlife and water to move
replacement of superstructure components, and flow freely back and forth
the wooden piling was also found to be in a through the structure.
condition that warranted being replaced to During the 1980s, settlement of
keep the structure in service. the causeway along with a rising
lake level combined with periodic storm Pacific lined the causeway with old box cars
surges jeopardized rail traffic atop the that were filled with riprap.
Replacement of the Trestle causeway and impended the movement of
In 1956, Southern Pacific completed an salt and water through the causeway. Time to Build a Bridge
ambitious program of filling in the Therefore, it was determined that the Working with third-party community
remaining 12 mi (19 km) to connect the causeway would need to be lifted, which groups and the Army Corps of Engineers,
two partial causeways from the western and would result in even greater settlement but Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) staff and
eastern shores. The new route would be off- would allow the causeway to continue to be consultants set out to find a solution that
set from the existing trestle about 1,500 ft a viable route for the railroad. To raise the would balance the needs of industry, which
(457 m) to prevent damage to the existing level of the causeway and to prevent loss of relied on both the causeway and the Great
trestle, which was just barely still in service. the rockfill into the lake bottom, Southern Salt Lake, with the UPRR’s operational
98 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
needs. The group determined that a bridge selected and designed to support the new the use of traditional open-hole drilling
would provide the best balance between structure; however, conventional pile techniques would likely result in cave in or
the needs of the two groups. Water driving techniques would not be able movement of the rock into the borehole,
modeling completed by the Utah install the piles to the required tip which could then trap or pin the tooling
Department of Natural Resources became elevations because of the boulder fill in the within the borehole. The risk of leaving
critical in determining the length of the lake bed. The size of the rock elements tooling in a hole could result in a
structure to be constructed. The group within the boulder fill varied from about detrimental impact to railroad operations,
collaborated to determine that the structure 2 in (51 mm) to several feet in diameter. In depending on the location and orientation
would need to be about 180 ft (55 m) long. addition, it was later discovered that of the drill rig. After working with UPRR
To maximize efficiency and utilize as many railroad cars were present within the and other Class I railroads, the contractor
standard UPRR bridge specifications as subsurface, which also prevented understood the paramount concern
possible, the bridge was designed to have conventional pile installation. Installing expressed by the railroads regarding open,
six spans, each of about 29 ft 10 in (9.1 m) the foundations through the causeway uncased drill holes, which eliminated this
in length. The spans would be supported without causing damage to the steel piling technique as an option to construct the
on driven piling, which would be founded became another challenge, as damage to foundations. In addition, the use of
in the lake bed. Each steel pipe pile would the pile could result in premature corrosion permanent casing in the upper zone within
be 24 in (610 mm) in diameter and would of the element. the rockfill, prior to installing piles deeper
be driven to a total resistance of at least Conventional drilling techniques gen- for support of the structure, would affect
120-ton (1,070 kN). The lengths of the erally used to construct drilled shafts or for the hydraulic properties of the waterway
pipe piles ranged from about 110 to 145 ft predrilling for driven piling could not be and would result in not only an eyesore but
(33.5 to 44.2 m), and were driven from utilized because of the porous nature of the also difficulty in excavating the causeway to
grade. Subsequently, the causeway was causeway. Any drilling fluids, whether open the channel to water flow. Ultimately,
excavated and eventually breached, as part traditional bentonite or newer polymers, none of the proposed solutions were ideal
of the construction sequence. would be ineffective and a waste of money because the resulting over-excavation could
because the drilling fluid would be lost due affect the causeway, the lake or the mainline
Conventional Drilling Won’t Do to flow through the large open spaces in the railroad track that was still in service.
Once a design had been determined and an rockfill. Furthermore, the loss of drilling Drilling the foundations using a casing
installation plan in place, UPRR wanted to fluid through the rockfill would likely find oscillator seemed to be the only suitable
ensure that the new bridge would last as its way out into the lake. solution. As such, the equipment and
long as possible, given the saline Because of the various sizes of rock used tooling were mobilized to the site, and the
environment within which the new bridge to construct the causeway, through which oscillator worked well to advance the
would be constructed. Steel pipe piles were the new foundations needed to be installed, casing through the rockfill and into the

Pile driving at the site

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 79

underlying mud. As the casing was Tough Site Access
advanced, traditional rock tooling was used The causeway is effec-
to drill and/or clean out the soil/rock from tively a 28 mi (45 km)
within the casing. At the conclusion of the long tunnel, with access
drilling operations at each deep foundation from the east near
location, a clean, open, stable hole was Ogden or access from
provided through the rockfill by using the the west. When travel-
temporary casing. Then, a pile was lowered ing around the lake to
to the bottom of the cased hole, was set for gain access to the work
verticality and horizontal positioning, was area, the drive required
braced, and then clean sand was placed the better part of an Aerial view of causeway’s difficult site access
within the annulus between the inside afternoon from the time
diameter of the casing and the outside one leaves Ogden to the time one arrives at Summary
diameter of the pipe pile. The sand served the desert-like remote location on the Few sections of track in the western U.S.
to both protect the pile and to keep it in itswestern shore of the Salt Lake. A trip from have had as rich a railroad and engineering
target location. At the end of this sequence the east to the bridge site also required more history as the Great Salt Lake Causeway. The
of operations at each location, the than an hour’s drive across the rock topped causeway itself is a case history of railroad
temporary casing was extracted, which causeway, which also increased one’s odds engineering vs. the incredible strength of
allowed the predrilling to continue to other of getting a flat tire. As an anecdotal story, a Mother Nature. Working on projects such as
piling locations. This sequencing allowed lowboy truck once brought a drill rig in this allow modern construction and railroad
the driving of the steel pipe piling to the from the east and shuttled the drill to the engineers to take a moment to reflect on the
target depths to be completed more site of the bridge. After the drill was difficulty of the original construction of the
efficiently and more safely. unloaded, the truck and trailer had to be transcontinental railroads in an age before
lifted off the causeway with a modernized equipment. There is no ques-
crane and physically turned 180 tion that this project was a fascinating one
degrees, as no room was with which to be involved. As with any great
available for the permit-length project, there were a variety of challenges to
trailer to turn around! overcome, including the weather and
The other difficulty of remote site. And, of course, the team had to
working on the causeway was drill through 100 years of material that had
dealing with the natural been placed within the causeway to keep the
elements of a jobsite that made trains running on a stretch of railroad that
it seem the work was occurring was trying to be reclaimed by the Great Salt
Abandoned rail cars penetrated by drill tooling that on another planet. The wind Lake. The collaboration between the project
had to be “cut away” during excavation
never stopped blowing across stakeholders to deliver a solution that met
This order of operations also proved to the lake, and, on some days, the same large the needs of such diverse parties demon-
be a very efficient means of accurately waves that threatened the original causeway strated that there can be a successful balance
locating the pile foundations. That is, had required a shutdown of field operations due between the environment and the needs of
pile driving through rock and boulders been to safety concerns. The blowing wind the modern railroad. Additional information
possible, “walking” of the piles out of the created salt foam that would cover any about the causeway and the breach can be
correct positioning and verticality would exposed equipment, whether a pump or a found at [Link]
have likely occurred. In general, the drill rig, and was adversely affected by the watch?v=uhRV8QBUUY0.
contractor used the oscillator to advance the saline environment.
casing through approximately 70 ft (21 m)
of rockfill comprising the causeway within
the lake. While drilling, workers encoun- Jeff Hill, P.E., is the director of business development for Hayward Baker (HBI). He received a B.S. degree in
tered abandoned wood ties, old rails and civil engineering from the University of Illinois - Urbana Champaign, and is in his 17th year in specialty
even railroad cars. In theory, the causeway’s geotechnical construction and engineering. He is licensed as a registered professional engineer in Missouri,
rockfill would have extended about 50 ft Illinois and Arkansas. Hill is a member of DFI, ADSC and AREMA, including AREMA Committee member
(15 m) from the surface; however, the Chapter 1: Subgrade & 8: Foundations and Concrete Structures.
additional depth indicated the amount of Carol A. Ravano, P.E., is a senior associate and company-wide manager of the McMillen Jacobs Associates
settlement the causeway experienced over Railroad Engineering and CM Group. She has 25 years of geotechnical and civil engineering experience, and
time, as well as the amount of maintenance specializes in the design and management of railroad geotechnical and tunnel rehabilitation projects, many of
which have been constructed under live track conditions.
undertaken by Southern Pacific and then
UPRR to upkeep the track at grade.

100 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 101

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TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES

Technical Activities Update

DFI Technical Committees are tackling technical projects, DFI technical activities. Please contact me at
collaborating with other groups, and organizing events that melarge@[Link] to get involved. We are
educate and increase awareness of new technologies. Read the always seeking new members, ideas and suggestions…and we
reports below and watch this space for the most current updates on always welcome constructive criticism to improve our offerings.

COMMITTEE CHAIR MORGAN NESMITH, P.E.

Augered Cast-in-Place (ACIP) Pile Committee

The Augered Cast-In-Place (ACIP) Pile Committee planned and fall of 2016, and the program was completed
performed a foundation installation, monitoring, performance and in November and December of 2016.
extraction program for ACIP piles in the fall of 2016 at a program The information obtained during the
site in Okahumpka, Fla. The purpose of the project was to program is available in the report, ACIP Pile
demonstrate a fully monitored installation of instrumented 18 in Installation, Installation Monitoring, Full-scale
and 24 in (approximately 450 mm and 600 mm) diameter ACIP Load Testing and Extraction Program, which is available at
piles, including automated monitoring equipment; post- [Link] under ‘Publications/Project Fund Deliverables’ In
installation thermal integrity profiling; compression, tension and addition, USF has produced a report for FDOT with specific focus
lateral load testing (including monitoring of strain gages embedded on the extensive thermal integrity profiling performed during the
along the compression pile shaft); and post-testing extraction of an program. Presentations on both the overall program and the
installed pile for visual inspection. The DFI Committee Project thermal integrity profiling results were presented at SuperPile ’18
Fund provided initial funding with additional funds and in-kind in New York City at the end of June.
pledges collected from industry partners. In the summer of 2016, The goal of the program is to advance the development of
the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) joined the documentation; installation, monitoring and testing methods; and
program, along with its research partners at the University of South reporting procedures to allow for both the use of ACIP piles for
Florida (USF). Program details were finalized in the summer and structural support of bridges and the inclusion of ACIP piles in DOT
and other agency specifications in the state of Florida and
elsewhere. The ACIP Pile Committee is also assisting FDOT with the
development of an ACIP Piles for Bridges section for inclusion in the
FDOT Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction.
Finally, the following are recognized for their financial or in-
kind support of the project:
• Argos Concrete
• Bauer Foundation Corp.
• Berkel and Company Contractors
• Cajun Deep Foundations
• Farrell Design-Build
• Florida Department of Transportation
• Goettle
• HJ Foundations
• Langan Engineering and Environmental Services
• Loadtest USA
• Malcolm Drilling Company
• Moretrench
• Nicholson Construction Company
• Pile Dynamics
• Skyline Steel
• Specrete-IP
• Terracon Consultants
• University of South Florida

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 105

 CO-CHAIRS ED LACZYNSKI, P.E., AND JEFF SEGAR, P.E.

Joint ADSC-DFI Anchored Earth Retention Committee

DFI and ADSC have formed a joint committee The committee continues to look for research ideas and is
called the Anchored Earth Retention Commit- committed to being heavily involved in reviewing and commenting
tee. This newly-formed committee is a combi- on specifications and guidelines.
nation of DFI’s Tiebacks and Soil Nail The joint committee would like to take the opportunity to
Committee and ADSC’s Anchored Earth Reten- thank all contributing members and looks forward to an exciting
tion Committee, which both having similar future of collaboration.
membership and research goals. The new joint
committee is committed to the mission of COMMITTEE CHAIR TONY AMIS
supporting and improving the ground anchor
industry and other related technologies. The
co-chairs of this committee are Jeff Segar, P.E.,
Energy Foundations Committee
with Braun Intertec, for the ADSC side, and Ed Laczynski, P.E., with Sustainable, resilience, carbon reduction, net-
Wagman for DFI. The committee continues to be assisted by Vaughn zero, renewable energy. These are words and
Godet with Berkel as the DFI committee vice chair and Tom Richards phrases that are increasingly being used to
with Nicholson as the committee’s DFI trustee liaison. The ADSC side describe the requirements of new construction
continues to be assisted by Pete Speier with Williams Form today, coupled with the goals of federal and
Engineering Corp. as the ADSC committee vice chair. state requirements to reduce carbon emissions
The joint committee is excited to finish existing research, begin by 2050. The only answer in achieving these
new research and plan future educational events. Currently the goals is a move away from using the traditional molecular solutions
committee is finishing a study on green and purple epoxy coating, such as gas, coal and oil to provide heating and electricity to a
developing guidance on use of load factors for passive anchors in cleaner electron world, that uses solar photovoltaics, wind turbines
slope stability applications, and in the beginning stages of and hydropower for electricity generation combined with battery
preparing a temporary soil nail guide based on the new storage and powering heat pump technology to deliver both heating
FHWA GEC 7. Additionally, the committee is planning for another and cooling solutions to buildings. Only when these technologies
seminar around August of 2019 in Minneapolis, Minn. are combined do we start to get close to a net-zero building.

DFI Technical Committee Chairs Energy Foundations Seismic and Lateral Loads
Tony Amis Kwabena Ofori-Awuah, P.E.
Anchored Earth Retention GI Energy KCI Technologies
Ed Laczynski, P.E.
G.A.& F.C. Wagman Guney Olgun, Ph.D. Slurry Wall
Virginia Tech Giovanni Bonita, Ph.D., P.E., P.G.
Jeff Segar, P.E. Ground Improvement GEI Consultants
Braun Intertec Tanner Blackburn, Ph.D., P.E. Soil Mixing
Augered Cast-in-Place Pile Hayward Baker David Miller, P.E.
Morgan NeSmith, P.E. Helical Piles and Tiebacks ADM Consulting
Berkel and Company Contractors Gary Seider, P.E. Subsurface Characterization
BIM/Digitalisation (DFI Europe) Hubbell Power Systems/Chance for Deep Foundations
Jason Boddy Manufacturers, Suppliers Victor Donald, P.E.
Arup and Service Providers Terracon
Codes and Standards Mark Bryant, EIT Sustainability
Daniel Stevenson, P.E. MacLean Power Systems Civil Division Currently Unchaired
Berkel and Company Contractors Marine Foundations Testing and Evaluation
Deep Foundations for Rick Ellman, P.E. Gerald Verbeek
Landslides/Slope Stabilization Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers Allnamics Pile Testing Experts
Chris Ramsey, P.E. Micropile Tunneling and
Amec Foster Wheeler Steve Davidow, P.E., S.E. Underground Systems
Environmental & Infrastructure Quanta Subsurface James Morrison, P.E.
Drilled Shaft ILF-USA
Paul Axtell, P.E., [Link] Terence P. Holman, Ph.D., P.E.
Dan Brown and Associates Turner Construction Company David R. Klug
Project Information David R. Klug and Associates
Driven Pile
Management Systems Women in Deep Foundations
Ben Vance, P.E. Massimo Mucci
Strata Maysill Pascal, P.E.
Bencor Global USW, a Menard Group USA Company
Electric Power Systems Foundations
Seepage Control
Peter Kandaris, P.E. Michael Kynett, P.E.
DiGioia Gray & Associates U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Steve Davidow. P.E., S.E.
Quanta Subsurface

106 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 Heat pump technology offers significant advantages over The Energy Foundations Seminar will set out good practice
conventional heating and cooling equipment, in that it is three to guidelines for designing and installing a ground sourced heat pump
four times more energy efficient. It reduces the requirements for solution that uses geothermal loops installed within energy
having both boilers in the basement and chillers on the roof, foundations and structures. It will highlight the importance and
thereby increasing available rental space for developers and benefits of providing long term management and operation of such
ultimately delivering a far more economic and reliable heating and systems, to ensure that the system delivers the designed heating
cooling solution that is clean and green. and/or cooling loads and can be optimized to enhance returns on

Traditionally, the U.S. has seen heat pumps connected to investment to make a project more attractive. Keynote speakers
geothermal loops installed within purpose drilled 300-500 ft from Shell New Energies will highlight the importance of this
(91-152 m) boreholes installed around the perimeter of a building; emerging renewable solution associated with the very foundations
but there are a multitude of other options that can be used in a the building relies on. For more information go to
similar way, such as installing geothermal loops into lakes and [Link]/energy18. The Energy Foundations Committee
rivers, or alternatively simply using the very foundations that are hopes to see you there.
being formed anyway to support the building. The benefits of using
the building foundations are numerous. First, additional
equipment for installing purpose drilled boreholes is not needed,
saving the costs of safe working platforms and spoil disposal, which
could be very costly if the site is contaminated. Second, there are
significant construction schedule benefits, and third an energy pile
solution will not sterilize adjacent land for possible future
expansion in the way a standalone borehole solution will.
In Europe, using energy foundations is fairly common,
geothermal loops have been installed in all of the central London
stations for the new Crossrail project and supporting railway depot,
even the new London Bridge Station utilizes energy foundations for
heating and cooling the commercial areas of the station. In France,
the Paris Metro is currently designing most of its stations to
incorporate energy foundations to deliver heating and cooling to
site developments. In California, probably the world’s second
largest energy foundation project is currently being completed,
which will deliver all the heating and a significant amount of
cooling to a campus building currently under construction.
The DFI Energy Foundations Committee is raising the profile of
the exciting opportunities energy foundations provide by
organizing a seminar on September 18, 2019, at the University of
Illinois, Chicago. The seminar is open to all developers,
contractors, geotechnical engineers, and mechanical engineers and
will address practical construction aspects of designing, installing
and operating a ground sourced heat pump solution connected to
energy foundations.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 107

New Chair of Women in Deep Foundations Committee
Maysill Pascal, P.E., senior regional area before moving to Haley and Aldrich in
engineer/sales manager for USW, a Menard New Jersey and then to Golder Associates,
Group USA Company, is the new chair of where she worked in several offices
the DFI Women in Deep Foundations including New Jersey, Atlanta, Melbourne
(WiDF) Committee. She succeeds Helen (AUS) and Houston. Pascal is a licensed
Robinson, P.E., senior project manager, GEI engineer in 10 states. She graduated from
Consultants. WiDF is a group of women Manhattan College with a B.S. in civil
and men who are advocates for retaining engineering and from Virginia Tech, with an
women in the deep foundations industry. M.S. in geotechnical engineering.
The goal of the committee is to foster greater Pascal is passionate about increasing
success and interest of professional women the number of women in STEM fields, and
in the industry by promoting networking has been involved in DFI’s WiDF Com-
events, endorsing outreach and building mittee from its inception. Additionally, she
mentoring relationships. has taken part in activities such as Future
Prior to joining Menard in 2015, Pascal City, Math Counts, volunteering with
had over 13 years of geotechnical con- Golder Trust and tutoring refugee students.
sulting experience on projects across the She is a director of The Grace Foundation
United States as well as Canada, Australia established to give back to preschool-aged
and the Caribbean. She started her career children, and is a member of the Charles Learn more about the DFI Women in
working with Mueser Rutledge Consulting Via Jr. Department of Civil and Environ- Deep Foundations Committee at
Engineers in the New York metropolitan mental Engineering Alumni board at [Link], under ‘Groups.’
Virginia Tech.

108 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 Flange Web Pile Wall Section Moment
Section Width Height Thickness Thickness Weight Weight Modulus of Inertia
in in in in lb/ft lb/ft2 in3/ft in4/ft

NZ 14 30.31 13.39 0.375 0.375 55 21.77 25.65 171.7

NZ 19 27.56 16.14 0.375 0.375 55 24.05 35.08 283.1
NZ 20 27.56 16.16 0.394 0.394 57 24.82 36.24 292.8
NZ 21 27.56 16.20 0.433 0.433 61 26.56 38.69 313.4
NZ 26 27.56 17.32 0.500 0.500 71 30.99 48.50 419.9
NZ 28 27.56 17.38 0.560 0.560 78 33.96 52.62 457.4
NZ 38 27.56 19.69 0.689 0.500 86 37.45 70.84 697.3

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© 2018 Skyline Steel, LLC. Skyline Steel is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nucor Corporation, the largest producer of steel in the United States.
 GUEST EDITORIAL

Better Infrastructure – How Much and From Where?

What comes to mind when you think of or about 3.9% during that time.
hear about “infrastructure?” Do you think For the five divisions that Dr. Antonio Marinucci, MBA, P.E.
of roadways and bridges? For those in comprise infrastructure (i.e., Managing Director, V2C Strategists
Executive Editor, Deep Foundations
urban centers, this may include transportation buildings,
underground or elevated mass transit power systems, highway and
systems. Perhaps, the term also includes street structures, sewage and
waterways in addition to paved surfaces? waste disposal, and water to about $3 billion for dams, ports
Does the term conjure up strong emotions supply systems), the total and harbors along with other
of gridlock and long delays to get to where value of put-in-place construction in the projects. In March, the U.S. Congress
you would like? Maybe it’s all of the above U.S. for 2017 was approximately $262.5 passed a new spending bill, which will
and more, along with memories of repair billion. The various portions of the keep the government funded through
work and traffic cones. Whatever infrastructure sector are expected to September 2018, which included about
association you likely have to the term, experience little growth (up to about 5%) in $21 billion for infrastructure spending for
most of us will likely concede that the spending from 2017 to 2021. water infrastructure projects by the Army
infrastructure system needs a lot of As highlighted in this issue’s cover story, Corps and Bureau of Reclamation such as
improvement, and the sooner the better. “Our Nation’s Infrastructure in the clean drinking water, sanitary waste
Even though it may be contrary to what Spotlight,” the ASCE 2017 Infrastructure disposal systems, etc.
we feel each time we leave our respective Report Card indicated that an investment of It’s a great start, but there is still a large
homes, considerable expenditures are about $2 trillion is needed to bridge the shortfall that needs to be addressed
made annually in various sectors to funding deficit across the 16 infrastructure somehow and sometime soon. So, from
maintain or improve our infrastructure categories that make up the five divisions. where will the needed funds come?
system. The U.S. construction marketplace From where will this funding influx come? Historically, infrastructure projects used for
is divided into 10 divisions. According to Apart from the Power sector (about 90% and by the public are sponsored using funds
the FMI 2018 U.S. Construction Market privately funded), the other four divisions allocated by federal, state and/or local
Outlook Overview (2018), the total value are predominantly subsidized using public governments via usage taxes (e.g., tolls, gas
of put-in-place construction in the U.S. for funding (i.e., authorizations from the tax, etc.) and/or bonds. Infrastructure
2017 was approximately $1.23 trillion, government). Recently, lawmakers in the projects and structures with predominantly
and is forecasted to reach about $1.43 U.S. House of Representatives approved a private ownership (e.g., power and energy
trillion by 2021, resulting in an average bill (H.R. 408-2: Water Resources systems) are sponsored using funds
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of Development Act) that would authorize up provided by a single owner, an ownership
group and/or banking institution. Because of
$140 various funding shortfalls, hesitancy to
Transportation Total Data Source: U.S. Federal Reserve Economic Data provide large capital to projects, and to
([Link]
$120
Power Total mitigate uncertainty within the marketplace,
Highway/Street Total many entities (e.g., transportation agencies,
Total Construction Spending ($Billion)

$100 Sewage/Waste Disposal Total education institutions, hospitals, etc.) are

Water Supply Total turning to alternative project delivery to
generate the requisite funds while
$80
attempting to minimize risk (or at least
transfer it to the appropriate party/ies) and
$60
accelerate the project schedule.
Project/contract delivery methods are
$40
expanding from design-bid-build (DBB)
and simple design-build (DB) to include
$20 alternatives to the traditional funding
mechanism. Examples of alternative project
$0 delivery mechanisms include private-public
2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

partnerships (P3), progressive DB,

engineering-procurement-construction

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 111

(EPC), integrated project delivery (IPD) cialized skills for both office and field sections at a rate of 5.5 seconds each” on a
methods, and construction manager/general personnel that may occur as baby boomers Pennsylvania bridge deck. In a February 7
contractor (CMGC) agreements. In 2018, retire. Some firms have been reluctant to article, ENR reported that gas utilities in
according to the Design-Build Institute of onboard new staff, leading to more New York were using robots to inspect
America (DBIA), nearly all states (with the reliance and increased stress on the pipeline and fill leaking joints.
exception of a handful) have a mechanism in existing staff, which is resulting in The one thing that seems to hold the
place for the authorization of design-build decreases in production and effectiveness. test of time is that challenges and obstacles,
projects; however, there are a greater Conversely, other firms have been especially by the engineering/construction
number of states that do not have state laws changing job descriptions and career community, seem to be faced with a
established authorizing P3s. As a result, the development due to the increase in need measured response but are overcome
traditional client on these projects is for more training and leadership devel- nonetheless, and usually for the betterment
changing; instead of one owner or a opment, a re-engagement of the work- of all. We now rely more heavily on large
partnership, clients can be a group from force, adding flexibility in the work place, powerful equipment rather than sending
P3s/IPDs, holding companies, etc. and flexibility with career development to workers down a pressurized shaft. Video
Correspondingly, the levels of risk, especially satisfy worker interests. equipped drones have allowed the
for the contractor, are increasing due to the On the other hand, engineering monitoring of perilous and potentially
tight demands made by the financial backer; ingenuity has introduced and integrated unstable slopes and rock faces without
however, funds are being made available for automation, artificial intelligence and other requiring surveyors to scale steep faces.
a variety of needed projects. innovations into the construction market- Technology, ingenuity, grit, and future
As such, it appears that even more com- place (e.g., drones, robots, cloud-based innovations will yield solutions to over-
plex work is being accomplished with less systems, etc.), which have alleviated some come our current shortfalls in our infra-
project time, as time equates to money. of the need for field labor and adminis- structure systems and funding sources.
There has been extensive debate recently trative functions. How far will it go? On Above all, it is incumbent on us all to be
on the potential skilled talent shortage, on November 15, 2017, ENR published an knowledgeable, provide value, be aware,
the difficulty finding talent, and on the article that described how a “prototype and, most of all, be engaged!
difficulty developing talent with spe- robot tied more than 24,000 rebar inter-

Dr. Antonio Marinucci is managing director of V2C Strategists, LLC; Executive Editor, Deep Foundations Magazine; and Adjunct Professor at NYU. He is a member of
various DFI Technical Committees, including the ACIP/DD Pile, Ground Improvement and Micropile Committees.

112 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 L E G A L LY SPEAKING

Slander of Title: When Your Mechanic’s Lien Bites Back

Mechanic’s liens are a necessary and mechanic’s liens is absolutely
common, albeit unfortunate, part of privileged and thus cannot form Brian Wood
construction contracting. While most the basis of claim for slander of Attorney Of Counsel
Smith, Currie and Hancock
contractors and subcontractors working on title. In those jurisdictions, a
private construction projects are likely contractor with doubts or
aware of their rights to file mechanic’s lien as questions about the timeliness
a means of securing and collecting payment, or validity of a lien can file reasonable inquiry regarding
many may not be aware that an invalid lien without fear of liability should facts dispositive of the question
can expose the lien claimant to liability. the lien later be deemed of whether there could be a
Mechanic’s liens allow a contractor or invalid. In other jurisdic- valid mechanics lien filed.”
subcontractor that has not been paid to tions, such as Maryland and
Given the widely In that case, the material
make a claim against, and take a security Florida, mechanic’s liens are vendor failed to verify
interest in, the title of the property on which
varying laws
a ff o rd e d a c o n d i t i o n a l whether it had mechanic’s
the contractor has performed work or has privilege. In those juris- lien rights by determining
furnished materials to improve that dictions, the contractor is
regarding slander whether the materials were
property. A mechanic’s lien is a powerful protected from liability, used as part of improvement
tool, as the lien attaches to and affects the provided the lien was filed in
of title, contractors of a property. The vendor
title to property prior to the contractor good faith and/or was not also failed to determine the
proving entitlement to payment, putting filed maliciously. Still other
and subcontractors date on which materials were
pressure on the owner to make payment or jurisdictions, such as New shipped. It was the failure to
force a contractor to make payment to its Jersey and Georgia, treat
filing mechanic’s take steps to determine lien
rights, not the invalid lien
subcontractors. For this reason, courts statements in the lien filings liens should always itself, that created liability for
determining the validity of a lien require that as absolutely privileged, but
the contractor strictly comply with the only if a suit to enforce the make reasonable the supplier.
statutory procedures for preserving, lien is later filed. Given the widely varying
perfecting, and foreclosing upon lien rights. The definition of efforts to verify the laws regarding slander of
Similarly, because the lien affects the owner’s “malice”—for the purposes of title, contractors and sub-
title to its property, a contractor can be liable slander of title—varies details of contractors filing mech-anic’s
for placing an improper lien on the property. widely by jurisdiction. While liens should always make
Most jurisdictions provide a cause of some jurisdictions require mechanic’s lien reasonable efforts to verify
action to an owner against anyone making proof of ill will, lack of good the details of mech-anic’s lien
false and malicious written or spoken faith, or otherwise bad intent, claims… claims, including dates of last
public statements disparaging or clouding many jurisdictions consider a work, amounts claimed,
the owner’s title to property and causing the claim on title of property malicious if made property description, etc. While mistakes
owner harm. This is commonly referred to with knowledge of the invalidity of the claim and good faith disputes over lien claims are
as “slander of title.” Under certain or reckless disregard as to the validity of the generally not bases for slander of title
circumstances, a wrongful lien can be claim. States applying this standard include actions, disregard as to validity of the lien is
deemed slander of title. Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, in many jurisdictions. Failure to take
As a general rule, mechanic’s lien New York, Tennessee, Colorado, Kansas, reasonable steps to verify lien details may be
claimants are protected from liability for Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi and Rhode deemed reckless disregard. Also, con-
the filing of erroneous liens by a judicially- Island. Courts have held that malice tractors are cautioned against making
recognized privilege applying to writings includes the failure to determine the validity extraneous statements about the filing of a
and statements made in the course of a of a mechanic’s lien before filing. In Display mechanic’s lien during the course of
judicial proceeding. The extent of the Fixtures Co., a Div. of Stein Industries, Inc. v. discussions about payment, as statements
privilege recognized by courts varies by R.L. Hatcher, Inc., the Court of Appeals of indicating negative intent or disregard
jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, such as Indiana held that “[m]alice could be inferred about the validity of the lien could later be
California and Virginia, the filing of from [the supplier’s] failure to make used to prove slander of title.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 115

THE LEADING SUPPLIER
OF POLYMER SLURRY FOR...

DRILLED SHAFTS

DIAPHRAGM WALLS

MINERAL CORING

[Link] | 735 Broad St. Suite 300 Chattanooga, TN 37402 | 423.266.6964

Morris-Shea Bridge Company

609 South 20th Street, Irondale, AL 35210

205.956.9518 | estimating@[Link] | [Link]
 PEOPLE & COMPANIES

Brannin James Beeks, 43, with Weeks Marine, died on April 26 resulting Services (MES), a Tampa-based contractor
from a tragic accident on a construction site. He is survived by his wife, Dr. providing industrial services, will operate
Susan Mary Wang, and three young children. independently within Keller doing business
Beeks’ passion about deep foundations, shoring, environmental and as Moretrench Industrial. The acquisition
marine construction took him around the world. He was the lead of Moretrench further strengthens
engineer/project manager on projects in the Pacific Northwest and Puerto Keller/HBI’s product range, geographic
Rico, and, more recently, on the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, Pa., footprint and sector diversity. Moretrench
Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge in Connecticut, Jefferson Memorial Seawall in Washington, and Hayward Baker have successfully joint
D.C., and the Goethals Bridge in New York City. He had recently spearheaded a new ventured on several large and high-profile
endeavor and was instrumental in creating North American Aggregates for Weeks Marine. projects. Similarly MES and Hayward Baker
Beeks attended Washington State University, where he graduated with a B.S. degree in have successfully partnered on challenging
biological systems engineering and was a member of the Alpha Kappa Lambda Fraternity. projects in Florida.
Later, he became a licensed professional engineer and then earned an Executive MBA from
the Stern School of Business at New York University. Hayward Baker (HBI) opened a new office
He will be deeply missed by all who knew his strength of character, sense of humor, location in Cleveland, Ohio, which is
resourcefulness and mental toughness. The family prefers contributions to be made to readily accessible to Northeast Ohio and
either the Klickitat Valley Education Trust ([Link]) or also to Columbus, Detroit and Cincinnati.
the Washington State University Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine-Medical Education The office supports customers and projects
Founders Fund ([Link] in Ohio and Michigan, and is led by Will
Lueck, project manager, with oversight
Thomas Benedict Sturges, III, professional engineer and chairman of from Ray Franz, Midwest vice president.
Pennsylvania Drilling Company (PennDrill Manufacturing), died in June at The opening of the Cleveland office
age 73, from complications of a brain tumor. He is survived by his wife, represents a commitment to serving Ohio’s
Barbara, children, Melissa and Caleb, and two grandchildren. expanding infrastructure efforts and
Sturges attended the Kiski School and graduated from Bucknell market conditions. Lueck received a B.S.
University with a degree in civil engineering. He worked for the Newport degree in construction management from
News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company then moved back to Pittsburgh to join the Bradley University, and has been employed
family business, started in 1900. He eventually became chairman, expanded PennDrill by HBI for seven years. The new office is
Manufacturing and added another manufacturing facility in Winchester, Va. located at 600 Superior Avenue East, Suite
Sturges worked to improve the lives of people and the environment. He was deeply 1300, Cleveland, OH 44114.
involved in the boards of The Early Learning Institute and Conservation Consultants. He
was a member and leader of many professional organizations, including the National Axiom Foundations
Drillers Association, American Society of Civil Engineers, Pittsburgh Geological Society, announced that Jonathan
Association of Engineering Geologists and DFI. He was also an annual contributor and Bennett, P.E., [Link],
participant of DFI’s Educational Trust Pennsylvania golf outing. joined the specialty geo-
The family suggests memorial contributions to the Carnegie Science Center, where technical contractor as
Sturges served as a volunteer for the Pittsburgh Regional Science Fair. Mail checks to: Mid-Atlantic regional man-
Carnegie-Donations, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15231. ager. He is spearheading pursuits in the
Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S., and focus-
Keller and Hayward Baker (Keller/HBI) the east coast of the U.S., and will operate as ing on helping customers solve their geo-
have acquired Moretrench, a geotechnical a division within Hayward Baker. In technical construction challenges. Bennett
contractor operating predominantly along addition, Moretrench Environmental has more than 25 years of experience, pri-
marily on design-build geotechnical con-
struction and business development. He has
an M.S. degree in engineering and tech-
nology management from George Washing-
ton University, M.S. and B.S. degrees in civil
engineering from West Virginia University,
and is a licensed professional engineer in
Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Penn-
sylvania. He was inducted into the ASCE
Academy of Geo-Professionals in 2009.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 119

 Subsurface Constructors accomplish that through its education Black oversees technical support, parts
opened a new satellite outreach including construction site tours sales, service plans, repairs and service
office in Minneapolis, and scholarships for engineering students. sales. He was previously quality control
Minn. Gary Hahn, P.E., Mazzo has sup-ported these programs, supervisor and has been in both the field
was recently hired as the dedicating much of his time and talents over and production for the past five years.
business development the years.
manager of the North Central Region, ALLU launched its new ALLU Mobile
covering primarily Minnesota, Wisconsin, Bhuvnesh J. (B.J.) Application, which provides an intelligent
North and South Dakota. With a business Parekh, P.E., LSRP, has digital solution for customers to get
development manager and geotechnical/ joined GZA as a senior accurate and timely information regarding
structural engineer in this region, consultant in its Fairfield, safe operation at job sites and use of their
Subsurface can better support engineers, N.J. office. He is focusing ALLU equipment. The mobile app will
contractors and owners in the decision- on environmental engi- retrieve relevant data to customers’ specific
making process for soft soil construction neering and remediation. Parekh has more equipment, such as a description of the
projects. After graduating from the than 20 years of extensive experience in product — including frame and drums —
University of Minnesota, Hahn worked in management, environmental consulting, and information about the matching base
geotechnical consulting and special soil and groundwater remediation, machine. The app notes specific appli-
inspections and construction materials engineering and construction management. cations for the model, and provides access
testing for nearly four years in Milwaukee, He graduated from Bombay University with to relevant pictures and videos, as well as
Wis., and Minneapolis, Minn. From 2013 a B.S. degree in chemistry and received M.S. operational, installation, troubleshooting
until early 2018, Hahn worked as a degrees in environmental science and and safety guides.
structural design engineer and project bioresources engineering from Rutgers
manager in Minneapolis. University. Parekh is a licensed professional
engineer and a licensed site remediation
The following DFI members were inducted professional in New Jersey.
into The Moles during its Members’ Dinner
on May 7: Les Chernauskas of Geosciences CZM Foundation Equip-
Testing & Research, Bernie Hertlein of GEI ment announced the
Consultants, Fred Rhyner of Mueser appointments of William
Rutledge Consulting Engineers and Steve Johnson as service mana-
Hinterneder. Also during the dinner, long- ger and Ward Black as
time DFI and Moles member Tony Mazzo, parts and service represen-
president of Urban Foundation/ tative. Johnson, who has
Engineering, received the Ralph Atwater been with CZM for six During its in-house exhibition in April, the
Moles Service Award. The award recognizes years, most recently as a BAUER Maschinen Group welcomed
a member’s outstanding support of Moles product support manager, more than 1,800 visitors from all over the
programs, many of which are dedicated to oversees technical support, world on an exciting journey through time:
encouraging students to seek careers in the rental fleet support, war- yesterday, today and tomorrow. Prof.
heavy construction industry. The Moles ranty support and machine mobilization. Thomas Bauer welcomed the guests and
discussed the political circumstances and
Moles New Members market environment in which the
company currently finds itself, saying that
despite a lot of trouble spots, the global
economy has demonstrated constant
growth. Over 35 equipment exhibits were
showcased this year. New machines
presented for the first time included the
new BG 15 H ValueLine, the BT 50 base
carrier, the MC 76, the BG 23 H
PremiumLine, the BG 33 H PremiumLine,
and the BG 45 with a drilling depth of 36 m
(118 ft) using the continuous flight auger
drilling method. The drilling simulator and
the virtual reality technology were met with
lively interest. BAUER Maschinen,

120 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 Geokon has been certified under ISO improvement, along with a broad spectrum
9001:2015 from both ANSIANAB in the of grout materials (cementitious, chemical,
U.S. and UKAS in Great Britain. The and cellular). UT Austin will host the 40th
recertification audit began in February 2018 course March 4-8, 2019. For details visit
and concluded in May. “We are excited to be [Link].
awarded the ISO 9001:2015 certification
and feel it demonstrates our company’s The American Council of Engineering
commitment to ensuring the highest quality Companies of Massachusetts (ACEC/MA)
in our instrumentation, as well as our core named Arup the winner of the 2018 Gold
philosophy to continuously improve our Engineering Excellence Award for work on
Schlumberger and NEORig took visitors on products, services, and processes,” said Northeastern University’s Interdisciplinary
an impressive virtual tour to explore an oil Geokon Director Jack Taylor. Geokon’s Science and Engineering Complex. By
and gas drilling rig. More than 1,000 calibration program also complies with using advanced energy modeling software
visitors attended live equipment demon- ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 and all primary and building information modeling in the
strations on the training grounds in the calibration standards are traceable to the early phases of the design process and
nearby machinery plant in Aresing. U.S. Department of Commerce National holding workshops with Payette and
Institutes of Standards and Technology, and Northeastern, Arup empowered its client
Equipment Corporation of America are calibrated by laboratories with ISO/IEC to make more informed design decisions
(ECA) held its first-ever BAUER OT-B 17025 accreditation. and reach performance and sustainability
Drilling Rig Operator’s Training from May
7-11 at its Coraopolis, Pa. headquarters. UT short course
The course comes in the wake of the 100-
year-old company being designated a
Regional Training Center for BAUER
Foundation Equipment. ECA trainers Joe
Kinworthy and Jason Church (pictured)
tapped into 45 collective years of drilling
rig experience to help operators from
several respected foundation drilling
contractors improve safety and produc-
tivity. The course focused on such topics as
drilling rig stability, safe operation, ground
conditions, safe working platforms, The University of Texas at Austin’s goals. These goals required innovative
productivity and new technology. ECA can Cockrell School of Engineering hosted the solutions including an optimized building
host a customized training session or bring 39th annual short course on Grouting façade, cascade air system and chilled beam
the program directly to interested Fundamentals & Current Practice in technology. Those solutions helped the
companies. Contact Dave Schell at February. Professionals from around the new complex surpass the Massachusetts
(301)599-1300 or dschell@[Link] world attended the event to learn about the Stretch Energy Code, to achieve 33%
for more information. latest practices in geotechnical grouting energy-cost savings over code and 75%
materials, methods and applications. The energy savings compared to typical
course faculty included experts from laboratory performance.
sevend countries, many of whom are active
members on the ASCE G-I Grouting The American Council of Engineering
Committee. The 2018 course included 70 Companies of Massachusetts (ACEC/MA)
delegates representing engineering design awarded Geocomp Corporation a 2018
firms, specialty geotechnical contractors, Silver Engineering Excellence Award for its
hydropower facility owners, equipment work on seismic assessment projects
manufacturers and material suppliers. An overseen by the Tennessee Valley Authority
integral part of this course is the half-day (TVA). The 2018 awards were announced at
field demonstration that facilitates direct the recent ACEC/MA Engineering
hands-on learning, and included high Excellence and Awards Gala. In 2015, the
shear mixing, QC testing of fluid grout, slab EPA issued the “Coal Combustion Residuals
jacking, penetration of microfine cements, Rule” to address risks associated with
tube-a-manchette grouting, methods for failures of surface impoundments and land-
nondestructive quantification of ground fills used to dispose of CCR generated by

DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 121

coal-fired power plants. TVA retained Geo- Tennessee Valley Authority’s seismic assessment project
comp to perform comprehensive seismic
assessments after initial evaluations
indicated six TVA surface impoundment
facilities in Tennessee and Kentucky would
not comply with the CCR Rule for seismic
stability. Using best practices, Geocomp’s
assessments resulted in all six facilities
complying with the CCR Rule, helping TVA
to avoid potential remediation costs exceed-
ing $1 million or power plant shutdowns.

The American Council of Engineering

Companies of Massachusetts (ACEC/MA)
awarded Gannett Fleming and Plaza
Construction a 2018 Silver Engineering
Excellence Award for their work on the
Springfield Railcar Assembly Facility project
that transformed a 40-acre brownfield into
the home of a cutting-edge manufacturing
facility. Among the innovative technologies
used in the design and construction of the
project were the use of rapid impact
compaction (RIC) for in-place ground
improvement, the installation of an oblique
and curved 2,240 ft (682 m) long outdoor
test track for completed rail cars, and the
incorporation of sustainable design
concepts including the use of 55% local
building materials, use of natural light, and
onsite storm water management.

Tectonic Engineering & Surveying

Consultants won four 2018 Engineering
Excellence Awards from the American
Council of Engineering Companies of New
York (ACEC/NY). Tectonic won the Gold
Award in the category of Structural Systems
(Buildings) for its Special Inspection
services for the new Public Safety Answering
Center II in the Bronx, a 450,000-square
foot blast-resistant structure, for New York
City Department of Design and Construc-
tion. Tectonic also received three Silver
Awards in the Structural Systems (Buildings)
category for its Quality Assurance/Quality
Control Inspection services on the Phase 1
construction of the new Kosciuszko Bridge
in New York City; in Studies, Research and
Consulting Engineering services category
for Bridging the Gap and Saving Two
Historic Bridges through an Environmental
and Historic Review in Babylon, N.Y.; and in
the Environmental category for Boundary
Surveys – Aqueduct and Watershed Lands
in Wanaque, N.J.
122 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018
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DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018 • 125

 AD INDEX CALENDAR

ACIPCO - Spiral Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Pieresearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,72 Soilmec North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

American Piledriving Equipment Inc. . . . . . . 4 Pile Dynamics Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Specrete-IP Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
BAUER-Pileco Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 PVE Equipment USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Star Iron Works, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Berkel & Company Contractors Inc. . . . . . . . 11 QSP Packers LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Steven M. Hain Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Bermingham Foundation Solutions Limited . . 57 Reed Concrete Pumps & Stressbar Systems International LLC. . . . . . 108
BSP International Foundations Ltd. . . . . . . . 86 Shotcrete Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Subsurface Constructors, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Cajun Deep Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 ROC Equipment LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Tectonic Engineering &
Casagrande USA Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Samuel Roll Form Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Surveying Consultants P.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Center Rock Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Skyline Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,55,109 TEI Rock Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Champion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Slabjack Foundation, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Watson Drill Rigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ChemGrout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Williams Form Engineering Corp. . . . . . . . . 53
COMACCHIO S.R.L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Consolidated Pipe & Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Con-Tech Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Crux Subsurface, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 DFI Events
Cyntech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
CZM Foundation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . 103
DBM Contractors, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
September 2018
DRILLTOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 18 Energy Foundations Seminar
DuroTerra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 University of Illinios
DYWIDAG-Systems International, USA, Inc. . . 95
Chicago, Ill.
Edgerton Forge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Equipment Corporation of America . . . . 38,39
Foundation Technologies, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . 59 October 2018
Fraste Spa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 24-27 DFI 43rd Annual Conference on Deep Foundations
Fudo Construction, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Hilton Anaheim
Gannett Fleming, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Geokon Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Anaheim, Calif.
GFA International, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
GMS Piling Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 November 2018
Goettle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 15-17 India 2018: 8th Conference on Deep Foundation
Great Lakes Environmental & Infrastructure. . . 2 Technologies for Infrastructure Development in India
GRL Engineers Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Grout Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
IIT Gandhinagar
Hammer and Steel, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Gujarat, India
Hardman Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hennessy International, Inc. . . . . . . . . . 12,77 2019 Events – Save the Date
Hubbell Power Systems (Chance®) . . . . . . . . 28
DFI Middle East 4th Conference on Deep Foundations:
ICE®-International Construction
Equipment, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Design, Applications and Value Engineering (in partnership
IDEAL Manufacturing, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 with Roads & Transport Authority in Dubai)
International Drilling Equipment . . . . . . 46,47 January 14-16, 2019
JD Fields Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,63 The Big 5 Heavy, Dubai World Trade Center
Jeffrey Machine Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Dubai, UAE
Jiangsu Shunli Cold-Formed Steel
Industrial Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 SuperPile ’19
KB International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 May 1-3, 2019
Kelly Tractor Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Sheraton Seattle Hotel
Keystone Drill Services, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Seattle, Wash.
Kiewit Foundation Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Langan Engineering & DFI-HPW Helical Pile Trade Show
Environmental Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 June 4-5, 2019
L.B. Foster Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Hamilton County Fairgrounds
L. G. Barcus and Sons, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Cincinnati, Ohio
Liebherr USA, Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Loadtest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 SSI: Stabilize, Support and Improve 2019
Luoyang Sinorock Engineering August 6-8, 2019
Material Co., Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,94 The Renaissance Minneapolis Hotel, The Depot
Mabey, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Minneapolis, Minn.
Midwest Diversified Technologies
Incorporated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 th
44 Annual Conference on Deep Foundations
Mait SPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 October 14-18, 2019
Matrix Construction Products . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Hilton Chicago
McKinney Drilling Company, LLC. . . . . . . . . 50
Michels Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chicago, Ill.
Moretrench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Morris-Shea Bridge Co.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Mueser Rutledge Consulting DFI Events: Go to [Link]/[Link] for up-to-date information
Engineers (MRCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Industry Events: See a complete list at [Link]/[Link]
Olin Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

126 • DEEP FOUNDATIONS • JULY/AUG 2018

 DA
TIONS
I
Deep Foundations
N
Institute

N
U

DFI ST
EP FO

326 Lafayette Avenue

ITUTE
Hawthorne, NJ 07506 USA
DE

Phone: (973) 423-4030

® Fax: (973) 423-4031

Our Nations’
Infrastructure
in the Spotlight

Standardizing Foundation
Design for Electric
Transmission Structures

North American
Tunneling –
A Vibrant Industry

Challenges for USACE’s

Water Resources
Infrastructure Portfolio

Innovative Foundation
for Salt Lake
Railroad Causeway
 TIONS
DA I
N
N
U

DFI
ST
EP FO

ITUTE
DE

ARE YOU A MANUFACTURER,

SUPPLIER OR SERVICE PROVIDER
Join DFI to know what’s going on in the industry, so you can
provide contractors and engineers with products and equipment
that solve their problems and make them more productive.
• Build relationships with professionals in the deep foundations industry.
• Participate in technical committees and learn about trends that effect the
development of products and services.
• Participate in the development of national standards, specifications and design guides.
• Join the DFI Manufacturers, Suppliers and Service Providers Committee,
established to provide opportunities to increase networking and technical activities.
• Showcase your products and services at DFI conferences and seminars worldwide.
• Position yourself and your firm as experts by presenting papers at seminars and
conferences or publishing articles in DFI publications.

LEARN MORE ABOUT DFI MEMBERSHIP AT [Link]