Table of Contents

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………. 2

Overview…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….. 4

a. Distinguish the types of artificial and natural lighting sources………………………… 4

b. The influence of color rendition…………………..…………………..……..………………..……. 7

c. Appropriate lighting levels for a specific occupancy…………………..…..……….………. 8

Table 1: Interior Illumination Levels…………………..…………………..…………………………… 9

Table 2: System Performance Unit Lighting Power Allowance

Common Activity Areas…………………..…………………..………..…………………..

…… 10

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 16

References………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………… 17

1
Introduction

The 21st century opened the eyes of men to technological advances. The fast-paced

technological advances and discoveries were made inorder to adapt to current trends and

to keep up with the current status quo. With this, technological advances have been leaning

into choosing renewable resources inorder to balance sustainability and efficiency.

According to The Light Source Guide UK, with the global concern over carbon emissions and

global warming, the key driving factor in the development and use of light sources is Energy

Efficiency. Building energy management is one of the major efforts in urban infrastructure

management for achieving energy sustainability (Jazizadeh,Wang 2016).

The building industry is a vital element of any economy but has a significant impact

on the environment. By virtue of its size, construction is one of the largest users of energy,

material resources, and water, and it is a formidable polluter (Akadiri et al, 2012). One of

the efforts of engineers and architects was to introduce new daylight based technologies

into buildings. According to a book by the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation

in Buildings and Community System Programs, daylight strategies and systems have not

always lived up to their promise as energy efficiency strategies that enhance occupant

comfort and performance. One reason is the lack of appropriate, low-cost, high-

performance daylighting systems, simple tools to predict the performance of these

advanced daylight strategies, and techniques to integrate daylight planning into the building

design process. A review of peoples’ reactions to indoor environments suggests that

daylight is desired because it fulfils two very basic human requirements: to be able to see

2
both a task and the space well, and to experience some environmental stimulation [Boyce

1998].

Artificial light sources represent a technological frontier and since their invention, they

offered humanity new points of view. Later, with the arrival of electricity began a new

developmental path, seeking to increase their energy efficiency, lifetime and quality (Botero

et al, 2015). According to an article written by Georges Zissis in 2020, increasingly present in

our activities, lamps and lighting have seen continuous development over the centuries. The

use of electricity has been a revolution in this field. However, all the sources generating

artificial light from electricity always use two basic properties, incandescence and

luminescence, which had already been identified by prehistoric man. Artificial lighting can

make up for the lack of natural light for the environment. It is an artificial light environment

that is artificially created in accordance with the physiological and psychological needs of

people. Although artificial lighting can create a good architectural light environment,

artificial light sources rely on a large amount of conventional energy, which makes

architectural lighting occupy a huge part of building energy consumption. Lighting power

consumes 17% of power the State Grid annually and consumes 1.7 million barrels of oil per

day. In China, the total power consumption of lighting has exceeded 550 billion kilowatt-

hours by 2011 and is increasing at a rate of 10% to 14% each year. (Yuhan Huo,2018).

In order to meet the living means of people wherein sustainability and comfortability is

incorporated, engineers and architects create a macro environment to meet the needs of

people. With the technological advancements, people use a natural lighting and artificial

lighting to construct a building light environment (Yuhan Huo,2018).

3
Overview

a. Distinguish the types of artificial and natural lighting sources

According to an article written by the Ohio State University Extension, natural lighting or

also known as daylighting is used in creating a space in which it efficiently brings natural

light into a building. Natural Light is found in nature which aren’t controllable by people.

According to the human visual function test, the human eye has higher visual effect and

comfort in the natural light than in the artificial light. It is said that natural lighting or

daylighting is used in order to save energy. The regulated entrance of natural light, direct

sunshine, and diffused-skylight into a structure to minimize electric lighting and save energy

is known as daylighting. Daylighting helps create a visually engaging and productive

environment for building occupants by giving a direct link to the dynamic and continually

shifting patterns of external illumination, while saving up to one-third of overall building

energy expenses(Ander,2016). According to the World Building Design Guide, daylighting is

the controlled admission of natural light, direct sunlight and diffused-skylight to reduce

electric lighting and save energy.

Sources of Natural Lighting

Direct Sunlight from the sun is one the natural sources of lighting. Without the Sun’s light

and heat, the Earth would be a lifeless ball of ice coated rocks. The sun warms our seas, stirs

our atmosphere, generates our weather patterns, and gives energy to the growing green

plants that provide food and oxygen for life on earth (A Meeting with the Universe, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration,1981). External Reflection, another source of natural

lighting is defined by the Green Home Technology Center of Ohio State University as the

light reflecting off of ground surfaces, adjacent buildings, light shelves and wide windows

4
sills. Internal reflection is a source of natural light that is reflection of internal walls, ceilings

and the floor of your home. This also includes high reflective sources such as smooth or

glossy surfaces, light colored finishes and mirrors (Green Home Technology Center of Ohio

State University).

Types of Artificial Lighting

Incandescent

These are a source of electric light that works by incandescence, (i.e. heat-driven light

emissions). An electric current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces

light. The enclosing glass bulb prevents the oxygen in air from reaching the hot filament,

which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

An LED lamp is a type of solid state lighting (SSL) that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the

source of light, rather than electrical filaments are usually clusters of LEDs in a suitable

housing. They come in different shapes such as strips or on a PCB included in a Luminaire.

There are also standard retrofit shapes available such as B22/E27 cap to retrofit

Incandescent lamps or the MR16 retrofit Halogen lamps with a GU10 or GU5.3 bi-pin base.

• Light Emitting Diode (LED)

• LED Modules

5
• Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

Discharge

Gas-discharge lights are a group of counterfeit light sources that produce light by sending an

electrical release through an ionized gas. The personality of the gas release fundamentally

relies upon the recurrence or tweak of the current. Regularly, such lights utilize a latent gas

(argon, neon, krypton furthermore, xenon) or a combination of these gases. Most lights are

loaded up with extra materials, similar to mercury, combination, sodium, and additionally

metal halides. In activity the gas is ionized, and free electrons, sped up by the electrical field

in the cylinder, impact with gas and metal iotas. A few electrons orbiting around the gas and

metal iotas are invigorated by these impacts, carrying them to a higher energy state. At the

point when the electron falls back to its unique state, it emanates a photon, bringing about

noticeable light or bright radiation. Bright radiation is changed over to apparent light by a

fluorescent covering within the light's glass surface for some light kinds.

The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp. Discharge lamps tend

to fall into 2 categories

Low Pressure Discharge

• Fluorescent

• Compact Fluorescent (CFL)

• Low Pressure Sodium

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High Pressure Discharge

• High Intensity Discharge (HID)

• Mercury Vapour

• Metal Halide

• High Pressure Sodium

• Xenon Arc

Induction

In contrast with all other electrical lamps that use electrical connections through the lamp

envelope to transfer power to the lamp, in electrodeless lamps the power needed to

generate light is transferred from the outside of the lamp envelope by means of

(electro)magnetic fields. There are two advantages of eliminating electrodes. The first is

extended bulb life, because the electrodes are usually the limiting factor in bulb life. The

second benefit is the ability to use light generating substances that would react with metal

electrodes in normal lamps.

b. The influence of color rendition

The concept behind color rendering index (CRI) is to provide a relative measurement of how

the color rendition of a light source compares to that of a reference radiator. This index tells

us to what degree colors of an illuminated object are rendered accurately. While color

rendition also influences many subjective perceptual attributes of a space, it is designed to

quantify the color reproduction performance of a light source. Therefore, the numerical

measurement of color rendition has a qualitative indication. White LED light can be created

7
by using either phosphor coated dies or a red, green, blue (RGB) combination. The latter

may even be supplemented by a fourth colour, usually yellow or amber. The spectral power

distributions of these two methods are very different, which means that the use of a

calculated (measured) CRI ranking may not match a visual ranking. The current CRI

calculation method was introduced in 1974 but there have been several research papers

that have questioned it suitability for all types of light sources. A recent review by the CIE

(Commission Internationale d’Eclairage) Technical Committee (Ref: CIE 177:2007) concluded

that a supplementary method is required to better describe the performance of white LEDs.

In the meantime it is worth noting that there are warm white LED sources with CRIs up to

Ra98. Almost all white LEDs designed for general illumination are now exceeding Ra80.

While the development of new metrics is being considered it is recommended that white

LEDs are also subjected to visual assessments in the intended application if there is any

doubt about the claimed CRI. The importance of a light source's color rendition is

manifested in every aspect of life and work. Before the emergence of fluorescent lamps the

color reproduction performance of a light source had never been a concern. In industrial

facilities such as textile factories, food processing plants, printing facilities, car painting

workshops and microelectronics assembly lines, high color fidelity lighting allows workers to

see colors accurately for performing precision tasks and quality checks. In hospitality

settings such as hotels, restaurants and bars, the vibrancy of colors helps create spaces that

delight. Retail lighting must have great colors to highlight the premium quality of

merchandise and enhance retail displays for maximum impact. Color rendering is a critical

factor to take into account in museum, gallery and exhibition hall lighting. The quality of

light has a significant impact on visitor engagement. Color rendering is of significant

importance in healthcare work. Quick and accurate identification of subtle differences in

8
color can mean the difference between life and death. High quality light is required in

surgical procedures to create as reliable visual information (such as unadulterated detail and

contrast between adjoining tissues) as possible of the area being operated on. 

c. Appropriate lighting levels for a specific occupancy

Lighting should be designed to enhance both the overall building architecture as well as the

effect of individual spaces within the building.

Area Nominal Illumination Level inLumens/Square Meter (lux)

Office Space

Normal work station space, open or 500

closed offices1

ADP Areas 500

Conference Rooms 300

Training Rooms 500

Internal Corridors 200

Auditoria 150-200

Public Areas

Entrance Lobbies, Atria 200

Elevator Lobbies, Public Corridors 200

Ped. Tunnels and Bridges 200

9
 Stairwells 200

Support Spaces

Toilets 200

Staff Locker Rooms 200

Storage Rooms, Janitors’ Closets 200

Electrical Rooms, Generator Rooms 200

Mechanical Rooms 200

Communications Rooms 200

Maintenance Shops 200

Loading Docks 200

Trash Rooms 200

Specialty Areas

Dining Areas 150-200

Kitchens 500

Outleased Space 500

Physical Fitness Space 500

Child Care Centers 500

Structured Parking, General Space 50

10
 Structured Parking, Intersections 100

Structured Parking, Entrances 500

Table 1: Interior Illumination Levels

UPD UPD Wft2 Note

Area/Activity W/m2

Auditoriums 15.0 1.4 A 1.5 adjustment

factor is applicable

for multi-function

spaces.

Corridor 8.6 0.8 Area factor of 1.0

shall be used for

these spaces.

Classroom/Lecture Hall 19.4 1.8

Elect/Mech Equipment Room

General 7.5 0.7 Area factor of 1.0

Control Rooms 16.1 1.5 shall be used for

11
 these spaces.

Food Service

Fast Food/Cafeteria 8.6 0.8 Base UPD includes

Leisure Dining 15.0 1.4 lighting required

Bar/Lounge 14.0 1.3 for clean-up

Kitchen 15.0 1.4 purpose.

Recreation/Lounge 5.4 0.5

Stairs

Active Traffic 6.5 0.6

Emergency Exit 4.3 0.4

Toilet & Washroom 5.4 0.5

Garage

Auto & Pedestrian 2.7 0.25

Circulation 2.1 0.2

Parking Area

Laboratories 23.7 2.2

Library

Audio Visual 11.8 1.1

Stack Area 16.1 1.5

Card File & Cataloging 8.6 0.8

Reading Area 10.7 1.0

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 Lobby (General)

Reception & Waiting 5.9 0.55

Elevator Lobbies 4.3 0.4

Atrium (Multi-Story)

First 3 Floors 4.3 0.4

Each Additional Floor 1.6 0.15

Locker Room & Shower 6.5 0.6

Office

Enclosed offices of less

than 900 ft2 and all open

plan offices without

partitions or with

partitions lower than 4.5

ft. below ceiling

Reading, Typing and 14.0 1.3 Minimum of 90%

Filing 23.6 2.2 of all work stations

Drafting 19.4 1.8 shall be enclosed

Accounting with partitions of

the height

prescribed.

13
 Open plan offices,

900ft2 or larger, with

medium partitions 3.5 to

4.5 ft. below ceiling

Reading, Typing and 16.1 1.5 Area factor of 1.0

Filing 28.0 2.6 shall be used for

Drafting 22.6 2.1 these spaces.

Accounting

Open plan offices, 900ft2

or larger, with large

partitions higher than 3.5

ft. below ceiling

Reading, Typing and 18.3 1.7 Area factor of 1.0

Filing 32.3 3.0 shall be used for

Drafting 25.8 2.4 these spaces.

Accounting

Common Activity Areas

Conference/Meeting 14.0 1.3 A 1.5 adjustment

Room 22.6 2.1 factor is applicable

Computer/Office 10.7 1.0 for multi-function

Equipment 19.4 1.8 spaces.

Filing, Inactive

14
 Mail Room

Shop (Non-Industrial)

Machinery 26.9 2.5

Electrical/Electronic 26.9 2.5

Painting 17.2 1.6

Carpentry 24.7 2.3

Welding 12.9 1.2

Storage and Warehouse

Inactive Storage 2.1 0.2

Active Storage, Bulky 3.2 0.3

Active Storage, Fine 9.7 0.9

Material Handling 10.7 1.0

Unlisted Spaces 2.1 0.2

Table 2: System Performance Unit Lighting Power Allowance Common Activity Areas

Fixture Ballasts. Ballasts should have a sound rating of “A” for 430 MA lamps, “B” for 800

MA lamps and “C” for 1500 MA lamps. Electronic ballasts should be used wherever possible.

Exit Signs. Exit signs shall be of the LED type, have an EnergyStar rating, and meet the

requirements of NFPA 101.

Lobbies, Atria, Tunnels and Public Corridors

Special lighting design concepts are encouraged in these spaces. The lighting design should

be an integral part of the architecture.Wall fixtures or combination wall and ceiling fixtures

15
may be considered in corridors and tunnels to help break the monotony of a long, plain

space. 

Mechanical and Electrical Spaces

Lighting in equipment rooms or closets needs to be provided by industrial-type fluorescent

fixtures. 

Dining Areas and Serveries

Ample daylight is the illumination of choice in dining areas, assisted by fluorescent fixtures.

Limited compact fluorescent lighting for accents is acceptable if comparable architectural

effect to incandescent lighting can be achieved.

Structured Parking. Fixtures for parking areas may be fluorescent strip fixtures with wire

guards or diffusers. Care must be taken in locating fixtures to maintain the required vehicle

clearance. Enclosed fluorescent or HID fixtures should be considered for above-grade

parking structures.

High Bay Lighting. Lighting in shop, supply, or warehouse areas with ceilings above 4900

mm (16 feet) should be color-improved high-pressure sodium. In areas where color

rendition is known to be of particular importance, metal halide should be used.

Exterior Lighting

Exterior luminaries must comply with local zoning laws. Lighting levels for exterior spaces

should be the values indicated by the IES Lighting Handbook. Flood lighting should only be

provided if specified in the building program. Exterior lighting of a historic structure should

be designed to blend with and support the new architectural characteristics that contribute

to the structure’s character.

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Parking and Roadway Lighting. Parking and roadway lighting should be an HID source and

should not exceed a 10 to 1 maximum to minimum ratio and a 4 to 1 average to minimum

ratio.

Entrances. Lighting fixtures should be provided at all entrances and exits of major buildings.

These exterior lighting fixtures shall be connected to the emergency lighting circuit.

Loading Docks. Exterior door lighting should be provided at loading docks. Fixtures for

illumination of the interior of trailers should be provided at each truck position.

Controls. Exterior lighting circuits should be controlled by photocell and a time clock

controller to include both all-night and part-night lighting circuits.

17
Conclusion

In conclusion, this paper has defined natural lighting or also known as daylight as

naturally occurring which cannot be controlled by men. The main source of this daylight

comes from the sun. Artificial Lighting on the other hand is divided into five categories

namely: incandescent, Light Emitting Diode, Discharge, Fluorescent and Induction. The

importance of color rendition discerns in our everyday life. Color rendition plays a vital role

in almost every industry which even includes surgery rooms in hospitals. Since light is

essential for the buildings aesthetics and it is simply the main source of life. As seen in table

1 and table 2, these are the appropriate lighting for a specific occupancy.

18
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Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE 13.3-1995. 1995. Method of Measuring and

Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources. Vienna

"Daylighting" by Gregg D. Ander of the FAIA Southern California Edison; updated by the U.S.

Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) - An in-depth view of

the application of these natural lighting arrangements and technologies.

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John Mardaljevic, Prof. Marilyne Andersen, Nicolas Roy and Dr. Jens Christoffersen ,School

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