Climate Change and Its Impact on Operations

Management of EasyJet

Name: Prem
Student ID: C7248148
Words:
Professor: Victoria Harte
Course: MSc Management
Date of submission:
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................4

1.1 Background and Context..................................................................................................4

1.2 Problem Statement...........................................................................................................5

1.3 Research Rationale...........................................................................................................5

1.4 Research Question............................................................................................................6

1.5 Research Objectives.........................................................................................................6

1.6Research Significance.......................................................................................................6

1.7 Research Structure...........................................................................................................7

Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................8

2.1 Climate Change Is a Major Long-Standing Challenge for Aviation................................8

2.2 Influence of Climate Change on EasyJet and Their Carbon Offsetting...........................9

2.3 Carbon Trading Schemes...............................................................................................10

2.4 Impact of Climate Change on The Aviation Industry....................................................11

2.5 Actions to Cope Up with Climate Change.....................................................................13

Chapter 3: Methodology..........................................................................................................15

3.1 Overview........................................................................................................................15

3.2 Research Philosophy......................................................................................................15

3.3 Theoretical Framework..................................................................................................16

3.4 Research Method............................................................................................................16

3.5 Research Design.............................................................................................................17

3.6 Data Collection Method.................................................................................................17

3.7 Data Analysis Technique...............................................................................................18

3.8 Sampling........................................................................................................................19

3.9 Research Strategy...........................................................................................................19

3.10 Ethical Considerations.................................................................................................19

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 3.11 Summary......................................................................................................................20

Chapter 4: Findings..................................................................................................................20

4.1 Secondary Qualitative Data............................................................................................20

4.2 Primary Quantitative: Survey.........................................................................................23

4.3 Secondary Qualitative: Interview...................................................................................29

Chapter 5: Discussion..............................................................................................................33

Chapter 6: Conclusion, Recommendations and Future Research Scope.................................37

References................................................................................................................................41

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background and Context

For the last couple of decades, business’s impact on climate change has been examined and
regulated, and organisations across all industries are developing practical strategies for
reducing carbon emissions while preserving or strengthening their competitive position in
their respective industries (Alves et al., 2017). The aviation industry both contributes to and
is influenced by climate change. Organizations are under increasing strain as a result of
increasing pressure from a varied array of stakeholders (Lee and Ahn, 2019). Organizations
are focusing on immediate remedies to climate change, with a particular emphasis on cost
savings. The global aviation industry is under immense pressure to reduce its carbon footprint
and adhere to international agreements and standards controlling carbon emission rules,
among other things.

Due to the fact that climate change determines a business’s capabilities and chances to serve
society, operations management in this sector must be strongly integrated with climate
change in order to be effective (Engauet al., 2017). In a similar line, the firm is impacted by
ongoing climate change. EasyJet, a low-cost international airline based in the United
Kingdom, has recognised the operational disruptions caused by unfavourable climate change
and is leading the way in introducing new operating [Link] climate change plans of
the company are inadequate to address the ongoing impacts of climate change on business
and industry. The firm’s goal is to lower its carbon footprint by 31% over the next five years.
For example, the organisation looks into how temperature and humidity affect airline flight
schedules. Unfavourable airline circumstances result in greater airport traffic and a decrease
in overall consumer satisfaction levels (Lee et al., 2020).

Similarly, extreme rainfall, snow, wind speed, and fog all have an effect on the organization’s
capacity to cover large areas and assure safe and dependable aircraft operations. Climate
change is accelerating in the “European Union”, and it is affecting the company’s “services”,
“operational efficiency”, and ‘cost management” techniques. For some firms, the increased
frequency and intensity of hurricanes and tornadoes create worry about sustaining normal
operations (Leamon et al., 2019). In certain locations, large snowfalls create significant
difficulties for airline operations, and the company is compelled to turn away potential
passengers due to the inconvenience.

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Along with this impact, climate change is highly affecting temperature, and all over the
globe, the temperature is increasing at an alarming rate. Europe is especially experiencing
climatic warming at a rapid pace than all over the world. It has been anticipated that in some
continents, the temperature level could increase by 4C-5C by the end of the century (Hasan et
al., 2021). A high increase in temperature is highly impacting upon the performance of
aircraft. For instance, it is reducing lift which has delivered a knock-on impact upon runway
length requirements. Furthermore, airport range and payload will be highly impacted due to
the cause. Therefore, this research study makes an attempt to develop a holistic understanding
of the multifarious effects that the phenomenon of climate change has on the operations
management practices and strategies of airline companies, with special reference to the
specific case of “easyJet” in the European region.

1.2 Problem Statement

The profitability and efficiency of a corporation are inextricably linked to operational

management. The airline sector has an influence on climate change and its operations, and
there is no real-time reaction strategy in place to address the challenges. Additionally, it is the
result of collective efforts to address climate change issues. From an operations management
viewpoint, the fundamental issue is to guarantee that business operations run smoothly and to
manage “customer trust” and “customer satisfaction” (Wright and Nyberg, 2015). Operations
management inside the organisation must assess how climate change is affecting operational
efficiency and what significant enhancements and methods may be incorporated into
procedures to get a better outcome. The organisation must strike a balance between
operational and environmental advantages.

1.3 Research Rationale

Numerous research papers on climate change and the aviation business have been published.
While this study focuses on the impact of climate change on organisations, there is a lack of
clarity on the impact on operations management. Developing strategies to combat climate
change necessitates careful consideration of an organization’s carbon footprint and
greenhouse gas emissions (Dharmasasmitaet al., 2017). Objectives and methods for
satisfying stakeholder demands are lacking. There is also a lack of consistency in the amount
of money being invested in climate change response efforts across various businesses.

Operational management is expected to implement a multi-faceted approach capable of

responding to climate change circumstances throughout various time periods of the year,

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while supporting technical improvements to lower carbon footprints, given existing industry
and organisational constraints (Ritchie et al., 2017). Strategic management is thought to aid
in achieving sustainability despite the incidence of climate change repercussions throughout
the year. The present research intends to contribute towards the development of a
comprehensive understanding of the area of strategic management which can be in turn
utilised for making some practical changes in the scenario. This is the scholar’s rationale
behind carrying out the present research study.

1.4 Research Question

The central question to be addressed through this research work is:

How does climate change impacts directly the operations management practices and
strategies of easyJet in the European region?

1.5 Research Objectives

The chief objectives to be accomplished through this research work are as below:

 To examine the relationship between business operations and climate change

 To investigate the previous ten years of climate change and their impacts on
operations management in the airline business

 To analyse the operational changes required in easyJet for carbon reduction to 31% in
the next five years

 To recommend the practices for strategic alignment of the operations with identified
and assessed climate change impacts

1.6Research Significance

It is critical for the organisation to make appropriate modifications in operations in order to

save money and reduce complications as a result of the harmful influence of the climate on
operations. It also guarantees that answers to current and urgent difficulties are more closely
aligned with the company’s vision and strategic objectives (Karnauskaset al., 2015). An
effective investigation into the potential repercussions and their implications aid in the
preparation of a risk management strategy for the organisation. It is critical to strengthen
management techniques and to include climate change reactions into operations in order to be
successful.

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Aside from these, it has values that enable it to produce values and contributions that are
geared toward the society in the context of climate change management (Ko et al., 2017). It
holds the company accountable for its actions and outcomes, and it motivates the company’s
leadership to make good changes. The research work intends to figure out practical ways in
which businesses, particularly airline companies, can make a positive impact on the
environmental condition and help mitigate the ill-effects of climate change as well as reverse
the same through a more sustainable procedure of conducting their business activities. Herein
lies the significance of carrying out this study.

1.7 Research Structure

The subsequent sections of the current dissertation are as follows: the second chapter of a
dissertation is a literature review. A literature review is a piece of academic writing that
demonstrates the academic literature's knowledge and comprehension of a particular topic in
context. A literature review includes a critical evaluation of all the existing materials based
on the case (Wang, Zhang and Xu, 2020). Because of this, this is called a literature review
instead of a literature report. The primary purpose of the literature review is to summarise and
synthesise the arguments and concepts of existing knowledge on the particular topic. In the
following section, after the literature review comes research methodology, where all the
methods are outlined to give an overview of how the research will be carried out. The
primary purpose of the underlying research methodology is to demonstrate the reasoning
behind the study's approach (Smith, 2019). Furthermore, the procedure outlines the cause
why the chosen method is suitable for meeting the determined objectives and answering all
the research questions in order to make the research successful.

The next section of the literature review is the findings. In the findings, all the principal
outcomes of the research, the suggestion, and indications of the project are presented.
Findings usually denote the result instead of recommendations and conclusions drawn from
it. Hence all the observations, phrases and facts are displayed in the findings section.
Discussion is the next section of the findings. Discussion is among the final parts of a
research paper where the scholar demonstrates, analyse and interprets the entire findings. It
illustrates the significance of that outcome and connects back with the research questions.
The primary purpose of the discussion is to demonstrate the importance of the findings
(BUENO, 2018). The conclusion is the final section of the dissertation's writing, which
summarises the entire work. Based on the whole study, the researcher tried to make some
suggestions and advice to make improvements which are added in the conclusion section.
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Lastly, a future research scope is added along with recommendations where the limitation of
the research is identified in the dissertation.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Climate Change Is a Major Long-Standing Challenge for Aviation

Environmental considerations may have been overlooked in favour of the more pressing issue
of financial viability as the Covid-19 outbreak continues to wreak havoc on airlines and
airfields. However, the current aviation crisis has resulted in an increased focus on
environmental issues, particularly the reduction of carbon emissions. In his view, the
feedback EasyJet received from passengers during the Covid crisis was that the airline’s
surroundings were still the most important part for airlines to focus on (Ryley et al., 2020).
The problem necessitates the use of a wide range of technologies. A less than perfect
justification for EasyJet’s commitment to carbon offset is that the airline is now accessible.

As a short-haul airline, the corporation is excited about the hydrogen and electric aeroplane’s
predicted future success. An aeroplane powered by hydrogen and electric power has long
since been common knowledge. Currently, the corporation is mulling through the logistics of
operating such an aircraft. There are a lot of firms that could be interested in the plan, but the
company has to start moving forward right away. In order to achieve the authoritarian targets
by 2050, aviation has been the major component to create a worldwide framework to reduce
discharge (Bows-Larkin et al., 2016). In addition, aviation is a pioneering industry that is
known for always improving its skills. The commitment to the environment is sincere and
true. The environmental committee must also consider the public and economic benefits of
aviation, which were an essential part of the people’s way of life.

In the last ten to twelve months, the urgency of the climate change issue has grown. While
airport emissions constitute only a minor portion of the total pie, it must be kept in mind. In
addition, the ninety-nine percent of emissions that are airfield significant but do not fit within
them must be considered by everyone. Businesses will have to take a step-by-step approach
when it comes to airports. SAFs may currently be used in planes, but for a new source of
energy like hydrogen, the communications must be generated from the ground up (Williams,
2017). Gasoline, on the other hand, which is more conservative, has less potentials. It may be
used for a variety of purposes, including storing renewable energy, producing clean energy,
and taking peak loads off the grid. At the airfield, it may also be used in autos. Authorities at
airstrips have now seen what it’s like when traffic drops off thanks to Covid.

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Since they’ve had to contemplate the possibility of conjecture, they’ve boosted the climate
programme. Even after Covid-19, authorities will be required to obtain their permission to
recover and develop since climate is still the key point of contention (Terrenoireet al., 2019).
In this decade, the aviation industry must take action to reduce carbon emissions. They can
either tweak the plane or the oil, depending on the situation. As soon as the electric and
hydrogen-powered aeroplanes are introduced, the instant-on sustainable petroleum needs to
be considered. Sustainable avionics factors (SAFs) will take centre stage as the aircraft
industry begins to improve. SAF is now the only answer to the problem of seventy percent of
carbon emissions coming from long-distance travel.

Airports are a part of a larger initiative to reduce the carbon footprint of air travel, and they
hope to achieve carbon net-zero airfields by 2033. In addition to saving money, reducing
carbon emissions often results in lower costs (Baumeister, 2020). It’s not simply about
rearranging airport infrastructure that need to be changed. In addition, the aviation industry
may reduce carbon emissions by respecting third-party ground management procedures.

2.2 Influence of Climate Change on EasyJet and Their Carbon Offsetting

EasyJet’s operations and overall company might be affected by climate change in different
ways. It’s possible that an increasingly unpredictable environment, such as an increase in
tornado frequency and intensity due to climate change, may impact EasyJet’s operations
since it will reduce airport capacity management and ground transportation admittance
(Hasan et al., 2021). In the event of an increase in postponed or cancelled flights, this might
have an adverse effect on EasyJet’s reputation and customer familiarity, which could impact
the capacity of the relevant Issuer and the sponsors to meet their obligations. It has also been
established that weather change can induce changes in wind flow and jet stream disturbances,
which might cause damage and harm to planes and customers, resulting in a negative
influence on EasyJet’s customer satisfaction and maintenance (Dimitriou, 2016).

Consumers’ attitudes on environmental and weather issues might shift, which could lead to
an increased demand for air travel, negative consequences for airlines that aren’t ecologically
conscious, and changes to the rules themselves. There is a chance that this will have a
negative impact on EasyJet’s ability to achieve its promises, as well as the procedures,
money, and output of the airline.

Either the “Gold Standard” or the “Verified Carbon Standard (VCS)” certification is required
for projects in which EasyJet pays a participation fee. This necessitates cooperating with

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firms like “EcoAct” and “First Climate,” whose offsetting criteria are well-known and
recognised across the world. “EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)” or other regulatory
requirements, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization’s “Carbon Offsetting and
Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA),” when appropriate, this is a
supplemental and extra carbon offset programme. All EasyJet flights from November 2019
have been carbon offset to the highest possible standards by supporting forestry and
renewable energy projects that have been verified to meet the strictest requirements in this
industry (easyJet, 2022).

2.3 Carbon Trading Schemes

When a permit holder buys and sells emissions permits, this is known as carbon trading. For
the EU, it has been a key pillar in slowing down climate change. It is the EU Emissions
Trading System, which is the world’s largest carbon trading system (EU ETS). Brazil and
China, despite their challenges and corruption, continue to explore carbon trading as a means
of combating growing emissions (Fern, 2014). “Cap-and-trade” is the model employed in all
existing carbon trading regimes. As part of a “cap and trade” system, a government or
intergovernmental agency establishes an overall legal limit on emissions (the cap) for a
particular period of time, and gives a defined number of permits to those emitting the
emissions. It is imperative that a polluter have sufficient licences to cover the emissions it
produces. One tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) equals one carbon trading permit in
current carbon pricing regimes. This model assumes that pollution licences will be auctioned,
which means that polluters will have to put a price on their emissions right away and will be
rewarded for cutting back on the number of permits they seek (Lockwood, 2017).

In order for emissions trading to operate, an overall cap on the emissions emitted by all
participants must be imposed. Thus, the pricing automatically changes to meet this goal. This
is by far the most significant benefit over a carbon tax with a set amount. Under emission
trading, a polluter who exceeds their limit is forced to acquire the right to emit more. Other
entities can buy carbon emissions rights from the entity that produces less emissions. To put
it another way, the most cost-effective carbon-reduction techniques would be put into use
first. Efforts by governments to achieve their commitments under the Paris Agreement rely
heavily on ETS and carbon prices (Roeser and Jackson, 2018). Businesses in the United
Kingdom have endorsed carbon trading as a critical instrument for combating climate change,
with the assistance of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). However, a trading strategy is
not preferred by all organisations. A carbon tax is a more direct, more transparent, and more
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successful method than the cap-and-trade scheme, ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson stated in
a statement on December 11, 2008. A carbon tax money, he argued, should be utilised to cut
other taxes, so that the tax revenue was not lost (Zhang, Liu and Su, 2017).

Planned or implemented measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases might be

implemented in one or more of the countries in which EasyJet operates. EasyJet might face a
significant financial risk if future carbon payment and/or counterweight prices rise
significantly, the cost of further competent equipment increases significantly, or distribution
of complementary carbon payments by EU emissions trading systems or other relevant
organisations changes (González and Hosoda, 2016). Additionally, EasyJet’s operational
flexibility and costs might be affected by these factors, which could have an adverse effect on
the company’s financial health as well as on the ability of its sponsors to pay their
obligations.

Current and future carbon “cap and trade” schemes all include offset credits in one way or
another. Credits are an additional source of pollution allowances that may be purchased from
nations or companies beyond the cap. The purchaser’s purchase enables the emitter to exceed
the quota on emissions by paying someone else someplace else to lower their emissions
rather than (Tol, 2020). It is vital to keep in mind that offsets do not really lower emissions;
they just replace them. Carbon offsetting is now being practised by private persons, such as
paying a surcharge when booking a flight to offset one’s carbon impact, for instance.

2.4 Impact of Climate Change on The Aviation Industry

The primary acknowledged implications of climate change on aviation include changes in

temperature, precipitation, wind, sea level, and tornado patterns. Additionally, climate change
is expected to lead to an increase in hunger, a decrease in water and electricity availability,
and changes in animal patterns and biodiversity. The results for aviation include a reduction
in aircraft presentation, a shift in the outline of demand, probable injury to communications, a
loss of capacity, and a disruption of the plan (Zaporozhets et al., 2020). Many in the
European aviation industry agree that reducing the impact of climate change on aviation now
or in the near future is a must, according to a tardy 2018 study by EUROCONTROL
However, around half of the population has yet to begin preparing for the consequences of
climate change. Candidates in the aviation industry should take steps to adapt to the
consequences of climate change because of well-established economic, company, and

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governmental reasons (Coffel et al., 2017). Temperature rises are becoming more extreme as
a result of climate change.

When the temperature rises, aviation performance is affected, such as the loss of lift, and this
has an unintended effect on the size of the airfield. There will also have a negative impact on
air freight and collection. For example, heating and cooling requirements and heat damage to
runways and taxiways are only a few of the extra effects of temperature change on
communications (Valdés and Comendador, 2021). Seasonal and regional demand patterns
can also be affected by changes in temperature. Blizzard formation is hesitant, as is the case
with many aspects of climate change, but maybe much more so. There is, however, the
possibility of an increase in the frequency of well-built tornadoes, particularly in the fall and
winter on the “North Atlantic” as well as in “northern and central Europe” (Peeterset al.,
2016). In the Mediterranean, a less tropical-like hurricane may be possible, but its strength
may increase. As a result, aeroplanes will have to be rerouted, resulting in an increase in fuel
glow, damage to communications, and an increase in lightning strikes (with possible
consequences for aircraft preservation and costs).

Sea levels in much of Europe are expected to rise proportionally to the global average over a
longer time span as a result of climate change. Several portions of Europe might see a sea
level rise of almost 0.4 metres by the end of this century if the IPCC’s medium to low
discharge scenario holds true. This might lead to a loss of airfield competency, either
permanently or temporarily, causing network chaos. Airports’ surface transportation
associations might also be affected (Budd and Suau-Sanchez, 2016). There will be additional
costs associated with avoiding the consequences, such as an upgraded sea wall, airport
reorganisation, and the expansion of auxiliary airfields. A long-term rise in sea levels,
however, allowed more time to plan necessary actions.

There is minimal evidence to suggest that climate change is increasing the jet stream’s
potency, location, and shape. Planes flying from North America to Europe benefit from a
tailwind provided by the jet stream, while those travelling in the other direction are buffeted
by the jet stream (Cattaneoet al., 2018). Aircraft are also affected by changes in the jet
stream’s speed and path. Clear air confusion is expected to rise in frequency and intensity
about twice if the North Atlantic jet stream becomes more intense due to climate change. In
addition, it is expected to reduce eastbound travel times, but to increase westbound travel by
a greater percentage. As a result of this, the regular round-trip journey time will be extended;

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the flying duration will be increased; the fuel blaze will be increased; the aircraft will be
discharged; and the costs will rise.

Changes in the direction of current winds and increased vertical wind cutoff are two other
possible wind-related changes as a result of climate change. In addition, the strong wind
momentum may increase in northern parts of central and western Europe, while it is
anticipated to decrease in the southern European regions. (Cattaneoet al., 2018). If storms are
strong enough, other effects of changing wind flows on aviation could include crosswind
effects on airport capability as well as operational commotion. These effects are in addition to
increased turbulence in the clear air and increased unpredictability in transatlantic times and
steering.

2.5 Actions to Cope Up with Climate Change

Approximately 2.5 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions were attributed to
aviation in 2019. Carbon Monitor, an international watchdog, reports that the sector’s carbon
emissions plummeted by a historic 48 percent last year, following decades of practically
constant strong expansion. When individuals resume their pre-pandemic activities, global
energy consumption will rise, which will lead to an increase in emissions (Nugent, 2021).
When the European Union announces that it would let vaccinated travellers into the country
this summer, airline executives in the United States and other countries with high vaccination
rates predict a spike in air travel this year. A global travel ban implemented during the
COVID-19 epidemic resulted in government bailouts and job losses at several airlines, while
others went bankrupt. But there was one bright spot: a significant reduction in the sector’s
carbon emissions for a brief period of time (Nižetić, 2020). The aviation industry now faces a
severe challenge: “Is it conceivable for airlines to restore their companies while cutting their
emissions long term?” as the post-pandemic lockdowns begin.

Educating workers on how to use meteorological data and how to deal with emergencies will
be necessary for businesses, and this knowledge will need to be shared with other firms.
Onboard weather recognition expertise will be better used. Cold and heating demands must
be measured in airport workstation plans and surface material requirements need to be
measured in the landing strip or the runway design. The company must get used to the
timetable, both on a regular basis and throughout the day (for example to ensure that superior
aircraft can leave at cooler times) (Dimitriou, 2016). In addition to the precautions that may
be taken now, more research is required in all places where climate change may adversely

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affect aviation. This is especially true in the areas of modifying present wind flows and
technology for the detection of apparent air turbulence.

Climate change’s impact on aviation is still a subject of debate. It is clear that the
environment is changing, and this will unquestionably have a huge impact on the aviation
industry. In order to lessen its impact on climate change, the company has a strategy in place,
but more might be done (Williams, 2017). However, it has made less progress in the past
several years in proving the impact of climate change on aviation. Aircraft employees,
airports, air steering service providers, aircraft manufacturers, and air traffic controllers are
just a few of the businesses that will need to be involved in the clarification process.

Sustainable Fuel

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is the recommended method for the industry to escape its
current emissions crisis. The Air Transport Action Group, a trade organisation, estimates that
SAF may reduce aviation emissions by up to 80% if utilised more broadly. As nations roll out
COVID-19 recovery packages and climate plans, it has been the subject of a frenzy of
lobbying effort, investment, and policy considerations (Yilmaz and Atmanli, 2017).

Behavioural Change

Additionally, the effort to reduce emissions will most certainly be bolstered by an emphasis
on individual accountability. Europe’s short-haul air travel market has already been affected
by the “flight shame” movement promoted by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg
before to the outbreak. Rutherford argues that the huge shift in views that began in 2019 has
not gone away, and that political pressures will continue to increase as the business recovers
from COVID (Kambet al., 2021).

Emboldened Government

The aviation industry has previously maintained that the business was too transnational to be
governed by any one country before the epidemic. Environmentalists have blasted a global
deal to offset future gains in sector 2020 emissions as being too weak to make a difference as
the most significant piece of emissions legislation (Altman, 2020). Since airlines have
accrued “staggering” levels of debt in the previous year, states that bail them out will have an
increasingly active involvement in the industry, offering chances for governments to
cooperate with airlines on pledges to reduce emissions (Nugent, 2021). Even as the European
Union emerges as one of the world’s leading climate change advocates, EU leaders are

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considering eliminating a tax exemption on jet fuel for international flights that exists in part
because of the difficulties of coordinating taxes between state governments.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Overview

The term research methodology is associated with the discussion of the particular methods
which will be chosen for a research paper. The correct choice of research methodology will
help the research to determine the success and overall quality of the research study (Misra,
1989). This part will discuss various parts of research methods, such are research philosophy,
theoretical framework, research method, research design, data collection method, data
analysis techniques, sampling, research ethics etc. long with a conceptual understanding of
these methods will be demonstrated, and a justification behind choosing this method will also
be included in this section. 

3.2 Research Philosophy 

Research philosophy deals with the nature, source and development of knowledge. In simple
words, research philosophy is basically a belief regarding the ways in which data will, be
collected, analysed, and utilised. Choosing the right research philosophy is necessary as it
deals with the specific way of developing knowledge. It is crucial to address as there are
many different assumptions regarding the nature of truth, knowledge and philosophy, which
assists in understanding the assumptions (Nayak and Singh, 2021). Furthermore, this choice
will also leave an impact on the purpose, methodology, design and other methods of the
research. There are four types of research philosophy such include pragmatic, positivism,
interpretivism and realism. Pragmatic researchers deal with transforming the issue via
investigating complicated, interrelated aspects for the purpose of having a better
understanding of the situation. The concept of positive claims that the social world can be
comprehended in an objective manner.

On the other hand, interpretivism research philosophy admits that the social world can be
interpreted in a subjective manner, and the realism research philosophy depends upon the
idea of independence of reality from the human mind. Based on the nature of the research, the
interpretivism research philosophy has been chosen. Through the application of this research,
the researcher will be able to ensure that all the responses are valid and close to the truth
(Rinjit, 2020). Along with this, this approach will benefit the research to accept differences
among the people and emphasise the meaning. This approach also includes various methods

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for reflecting different aspects of the problem. Hence choosing this research philosophy will
benefit the research to meet the aim efficiently via taking advantage of the research approach.

3.3 Theoretical Framework

The research approach is the plan and procedures which will be undertaken during the
research. This spans from the steps and broad assumptions to all the methods of data
collection, analysis and interpretation. Generally, the research approach is the general plan
and procedure for the conduction of the research. Choosing the right research approach can
help the researcher to develop a systematic path in terms of conducting the study and
reporting the findings. The research approaches can be divided into three categories such
include deductive, inductive and abductive approaches (Kumar, 2018). The deductive
approach emphasises testing the validity of the assumptions like theories and hypothesises. 

On the other hand, the inductive approach deal with contributes to the emergence of new
theories and generalisations. Furthermore, abductive research begins with surprising factor
puzzles, and the research process is entirely devoted to explanations. For the conduction of
the research, the researcher has chosen the deductive approach. Through the application of
the deductive approach, the researcher will be able to explain the causal relationship among
concepts and variables and also be able to measure the concepts quantitatively (Pandey and
Pandey, 2021). There will also be the possibility to generalise the research findings to a
certain extent. Lastly, the researcher will be able to conduct the research quickly as well. 

3.4 Research Method

The strategies, methods, techniques and processes followed in the collection of data or
evidence for the purpose of analysis with the aim of bringing out new data or developing a
better comprehension of the topic is called research method. The process of choosing a
research method depends upon the type of data research wants to collect in order to answer
the determined research questions. There are mainly three types of research methods which
are qualitative, quantitative, quantitative and mixed method. Quantitative research utilises
numbers in order to test a hypothesis and make assumptions via using measured amounts, and
it describes a via utilising figures (Boeren, 2018). The utilisation of numbers benefits the
researcher to use advanced and powerful statistical tests to ensure the results which have a
statistical relationship. 

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The qualitative research method emphasises naturalistic inquiry, which seeks in-depth
comprehension of the social phenomena in the natural setting. It emphasises why instead of
what of the social phenomena. The mixed-method combines both the elements of qualitative
and quantitative research for the purpose of answering research questions (Sahin and Öztürk,
2019). Based on the objectives and nature of the research, the researcher has selected the
mixed method for fulfilling the purpose. The application of this research method will benefit
the researchers to attain a complete picture than a qualitative study and standalone qualitative
as it combines the advantages of both methods. Furthermore, the application of the mixed
method will enable the research to answer the research questions sufficiently due to its nature
of credibility, contextualisation, and generalizability. 

3.5 Research Design 

Research design is the overall strategy which is utilised for carrying out the research, which
denoted the logical and succinct plan for tackling determining research questions via
collection, analysis, interpretation, and discussion of data. Through the help of research
design, a researcher is able to hone the methods of research which are suitable for the subject
matter and establish the study for success (Sileyew, 2019). The main advantage behind the
selection of the right research design is that it offers reliability, accuracy, consistency and
legitimacy to the research. Basically, the research design is categorised into 5 different types
such are descriptive, correlational, and experimental. Diagnostic and explanatory research
design.

In descriptive design, the researcher focus on describing a situation r case under the research
study. This is a theory-based research design, which is developed through gathering,
analysing and displaying the gathered data. Experimental research design emphasises upon
creation of an interrelationship between cause and effect of a circumstance. In correlational
research design, the researcher builds a relationship between the two most closely connected
variables. It is non-experimental research. In order to conduct this type of research, the
researcher requires two or more groups. The researcher tries to find the underlying cause to
analyse and evaluate the cause of a particular topic. Through this method, researchers are able
to learn more about the aspects which develop troublesome situations. Lastly, the explanatory
research design is used to explore ideas and thoughts on a topic to further explore the
frameworks (Diaz-Kope, Miller-Stevens and Henley, 2019). This research will be conducted
following the explanatory research design, which will benefit the researcher to demonstrate

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unexplored factors of a topic and details regarding the how what, and why of a research
question. 

3.6 Data Collection Method 

The systematic approach for collecting information accurately from multiple sources for
offering insights and answers, such as examining a hypothesis or analysing an outcome, is
called the data collection method. The action of choosing data collection is of great
significance as it ensures how the researcher will collect the data and how it will be used, and
what the explanations will be generated, which is entirely determined by the data collection
method. The data collection method is categorised into two categories such include, including
primary data collection and secondary data collection method. In primary data collection, the
data is not used in the past and is collected from first hand experienced people (Sileyew,
2019). The primary data collection method is further divided into two categories, primary
quantitative and primary qualitative. The secondary data collection method looks for existing
information, which is collected by someone other than the actual user, which means that the
information is already available. Sources of secondary data include articles, magazines,
books, newspapers, journals etc.

For collecting data in order to meet the purpose of the research, the researcher will be opting
for primary qualitative, primary qualitative and secondary qualitative data collection
methods. As primary qualitative, the researcher will conduct a survey; as primary qualitative,
an interview will be conducted, and as secondary qualitative, content analysis will be drawn
for the research. Doing a survey will benefit the present researcher's perspective of a large
population at a low cost. Conducting an interview will benefit in getting a better
understanding of the behaviour and perspective of the subject matter. Lastly, content analysis
enables the researcher to conduct the study within less time and money, and the researcher
will enable to get better clarification from the existing literature on the topic (Putri and
Saputra, 2021). Hence, the application of these methods will enrich the quality of the
outcome of the research. 

3.7 Data Analysis Technique

Data analysis is the procedure of systemic application of statistical and logical techniques for
demonstrating and illustrating, and evaluating data for the purpose of supporting decision
making and extracting perspectives (Akinyode and Khan, 2018). The data analysis technique
helps a researcher to make an informed decision, and it will also help the researcher to derive

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useful knowledge of the chosen topic. There are several kinds of analysis methods like
regression analysis, statistical analysis, thematic analysis, discourse analysis and narrative
analysis. Among these, the researcher has chosen content analysis considering all the benefits
which can be helpful for the study. This analysis technique will help the researcher to acquire
a systematic procedure, and it is a relatively cheap process (Harrelson, Covey von Pingel and
Williamson, 2020). 

3.8 Sampling 

Sampling is the procedure of selecting a subset of the population who are interested in the
research study. In research, a sample is basically a group, items or objects which are chosen
from a large population. It is one of the crucial tasks in research which determine the
accuracy of the result of the research (Aksakal, Bilecen and Schmidt, 2019). If anything
wrong happens with the sample, it will be reflected directly in the final outcome. The selected
sample should be representative of the population in order to make sure that the researcher
can generalise the findings from the research sample to the population as in a whole. 

Sampling can be categorised into four categories such include simple random sampling,
cluster sampling, stratified sampling and systematic sampling (Bhardwaj, 2019). Among all
these sampling types, the researcher has decided to use simple random sampling as it is
simple and is free from bias. This is very simple to use and assessing sampling error is easy
through this method. The researcher will conduct a survey among 150 people who have been
elected through random sampling techniques, and interviews among 5 managers will be taken
to collect data. 

3.9 Research Strategy 

The research strategy discusses all the step by step procedures undertaken by the researcher
to meet the research objective. Firstly, the researcher will conduct a secondary analysis by
taking information from various secondary sources, which include books, journals,
newspapers, articles etc. (Bobrovskij, 2018). After that, the survey will be conducted through
Google form among the 150 participants who have been selected through simple random
sampling techniques. After gathering data from the survey, the scholar will conduct an
interview among 5 interviewees who are managers of Easy Jet and has been selected
randomly, who will ask four questions through email. Lastly, gathering all the data, the
scholar will analyse these data through the content analysis technique in order to meet the
research aim. 

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3.10 Ethical Considerations

A collection of values and principles, which need to be maintained while doing any human
affairs, is called ethical considerations. In research, these principles ensure that the researcher
uses all these practices to impart authentic knowledge and truth and prevent any error. During
the interview, transparency and honesty will be maintained by the researcher. In addition to
this, the researcher should also explain the purpose of the research to the interviewee
(d'Aquin et al., 2018). While conducting the interview, the researcher will ensure by taking
actions which will make the interviewee feel comfortable, and confidentiality of the
information will be maintained. 

During the survey, the researcher will be approached to participate, and informed consent
will be taken and ensure voluntary participation and anonymity of the participants (Sileyew,
2019). Furthermore, the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents will be maintained.
When it comes to secondary analysis, the researcher will ensure that all the content which
will be taken in the research will be attained from reliable sources and will have free access. 

3.11 Summary

This part of the methodology has demonstrated all the methods which will be undertaken to
make the research successful. Long with this, the justification behind the selection of the
method has also been highlighted in this section. Firstly in the methodology section, research
philosophy, inductive research philosophy, and research approach deductive approach has
been selected. The mixed-method will be the research method, and explanatory research
design is the selected research design for the study. Furthermore, as a data collection method,
the researcher will opt for primary qualitative, primary qualitative and secondary qualitative
data collection methods. As primary qualitative, the researcher will conduct a survey; as
primary qualitative, the interview will be conducted, and as secondary analysis as secondary
qualitative, content analysis will be drawn by the researcher. In order to analyse data, content
analysis will be done, and for sampling, the researcher has chosen simple random sampling
through which 150 participants for the survey has also chosen 5 participants for conducting
the interview. 

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Chapter 4: Findings
4.1 Secondary Qualitative Data

3% of the global emission is caused by air travel, and it is considered the fastest-growing
source of greenhouse gases as per the report of the International Council on Clean
Transportation. There is no denying that the airline industry depends heavily upon single-use
plastic, with more than 5 million tonnes of cabin waste made in a single year as per IATA. In
the year 2019, when young environmentalist Greta Thunberg decided to cross the Atlantic
Ocean on a sailboat to reach COP25 in Chile helped to raise awareness to the rest of the
world. Currently, the entire aviation industry is taking a significant step towards making its
practices environmentally sustainable (Anwar, 2020).

“Air New Zealand” has implemented a variety of efforts on their planes to decrease single-
use plastics. They have pledged to eliminate around “55 million plastic” products from their
aeroplanes (Baxter, 2020). To commemorate Plastic Free July, this airline has eliminated
single plastic water bottles from its luxury business and economic class seats. The airline
organization expects to save 46000 bottles of garbage every year as a result of this
programme, as well as cut carbon emissions by more than “300,000 kilos” every year by
lowering the weight of the aircraft.

Individual plastic sauce sachets have been withdrawn from business superior compartments
on Hong Kong and mainland North American routes and will be removed entirely from the
global network “by the end of October” (Baxter, 2020). Consumers will be offered sauce in
reusable plates instead of plastic sachets, which is expected to save “200,000 plastic packets”
from going to landfills every year. In addition, starting in October, the airline plans to use
plant-based coffee cups rather than plastic on all of its global and domestic routes. “Plastic
cups”, on the other hand, will be made reusable starting in September. By the completion of
the year, 44.5 cups will have been substituted.

SAS has already announced to finish its duty-free sales inflight from this autumn which will
help to reduce the overall weight of the aircraft. As a result, help the airline organization
reduce fuel and lessen carbon emission. Currently, SAS has focused on two areas to improve
its sustainability: one is to improve its fuel efficiency and make innovation and alternative
fuels, and the second is to make sustainable products and services (Baxter, 2021). In addition
to this, SAS flights will introduce a number of changes to reduce the weight of their aircraft.

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The airline company has recently announced that they will also offer modern solutions to the
passengers for receiving and buying goods in association with the journey.

According to Karl Sandlund, EVP Commercial, the airline organization is to lessen by 25%
emission by the year 2030. In this case, sustainable travelling is crucial, and each step of
reducing weight will help the firm lessen fuel consumption. As a sustainable initiative, SAS
has included fuel-efficient aircraft, which will contribute to reducing emissions and taking
initiatives to enhance high-quality biofuel. In this regard, SAS has made a partnership with
Airbus to build electric and hybrid aircraft (Sochneva, 2021). The biggest sustainability
initiative by the organization is about to be undertaken by SAS is the modernization of its
fleet with fuel effective Airbus A320neo.

Hi Fly, a Portuguese charter airline, announced in January that it had completed the world’s
first single-use plastic-free flights. On a sequence of full traveller flight tests to and from
Brazil, the aviation company has replaced plastic cutlery with bamboo, while bowls, spoons,
salt and pepper shakers, bedding, dish wrapping, independent butter pots, soft drink
containers, and toothbrushes were supplemented with biodegradable options constructed from
renewable materials. The planet’s first “single-use plastic-free flight”, on an “Airbus A340”,
flew travellers from “Lisbon to Natal, Brazil,” and was followed by three more 100 per cent
single-use plastic-free test flights, as well as a series of 12 lowered plastic journeys among
“Lisbon and Porto to Fortaleza, Recife, Maceió, and Salvador” (Thanawarananta et al.,
2019).

The whole trail of 16 plastic helped the organization in saving 1500 kg weight of plastics.
Basically, plant-based eco alternatives were used in catering disposables made of lower,
renewable, recycled materials, which can be easily composted along with food waste. After
the flight, all the excess food waste and packing were gathered and delivered to a licenced
waste management operator, where they go towards energy production. The airline institution
has vowed to reduce their single-use plastic items by the end of the year.

Dubai International airport took the opportunity to join the Plastic Free July Movement by
teaming up with Disney Middle East in order to increase awareness of recycling and the
necessity of eliminating single-use of plastic. In this regard, the organization has displayed to
the passengers how to transform recyclable materials into toys via making their own “Forky”
(De Jong, Hoppe and Noori, 2019). According to the airport, the airport authority will take
further actions to support the activity of eliminating single-use of plastics.

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Singapore Airlines has taken initiatives towards sustainability via lessening food wastage on
board. The organization has cut down the use of plastics for their inflight items and grown the
use of sustainable ingredients in inflight foods. Customer surveys, data analytics, and
employee feedback are presently used by SIA, and it collaborates with its suppliers to prevent
food waste following trips (Raynes and Tsui, 2019). The airline has also indicated that it
intends to streamline data collecting and expand its use of artificial intelligence and machine
learning to accurately identify consumer consumption behaviour and minimize onboard
wastage of food.

In a move to create awareness about plastic debris, Etihad Airways declared to be the first
aircraft in the United Arab Emirates to run a flight without any single-use plastics on board.
The aircraft from Abu Dhabi to Brisbane arrived on Earth Day 2019, April 22nd. According
to the airline, over 95% of single-use plastic items have been used in Etihad’s aircraft
lounges. Etihad saved nearly 50 kg of plastic from being dumped after removing it from the
Earth Day flight. Passengers on the plane were greeted to substitute products from Etihad’s
present amenity provider, Buzz, which included sustainable amenity packages, award-
winning eco-thread quilts produced from recycled plastic containers, tablet toothpaste, and
consumable cups, as well as eco-plush toys for youngsters (Boerner, 2022). The historic
flight is part of Etihad’s continued commitment to sustainability, which includes a target to
cut single-use plastic waste by 80% by the end of 2022, not only in-flight but throughout the
overall company.

Impakter has previously reported on this: there seem to be a number of businesses, many of
which are related to significant airline operators, that are working diligently on these ideas.
Aviation is being electrified in the same way as automobiles are but at a slower speed. In the
future, hybrid and electric aircraft may be capable of replacing “normal” aircraft for short-
haul flights. Biofuels generated from biomass like algae, jatropha, and camelina can lower
aviation’s carbon emissions by up to 80% (Ansell and Haran, 2020). Nevertheless, the Green
Energy European Directive requires biofuel producers to move away from food-based fuel
and concentrate purely on trash by-products. Biofuel can be a credible source, including for
longer journeys, as the Boeing 777 Eco Demonstrator demonstrates, but considerably more
capital is necessary to drop the cost per litre of biofuels.

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4.2 Primary Quantitative: Survey

Fig.1: Age
The first question asked in the survey inquired about the age group to which the participants
belonged. Based on the responses obtained, it becomes evident that 17.3% of the respondents
were of 18-28 years of age; 27.3% were 28-38 years old; 34% of them were 38-48 years old;
15.3% were 48-58 years old, and the remaining 6% of the respondents were above 58 years
old. This data evinces that in terms of age, the population of the respondent group was quite
varied, which in turn implies that the opinions obtained were not tainted by the biases and
prejudices of a certain segment of the population belonging to a particular age group.

Fig.2: Job Experience

The second question of the survey revealed the durations of the respondents’ job experiences.
The responses obtained suggest that 16% of the respondent group had an experience of 2-6
years; 34% of the participants had an experience of 6-10 years; 30% of them had a 10-14

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years experience of in their jobs, 9.3% of them had 14-18 years of experience and the rest of
them, that is, 10.7% of the group had a job experience of more than 18 years. This again
suggests that even in regards to the job experience, the population was quite varied, which
suggests that the responses of any particular segment having a certain duration of
professional experience have not dominated the discourse.

Fig.3: Department
The third question of the survey inquired about the department to which the participants
belonged, and in this case, it was found that 22.7% of them were from the operating
department; 43.3% of them belonged to the R&D department; 24% of them were from the
marketing department, and the remaining 10% were from the department(s) other than these
three. It is observable that people from the various field so workers, have been involved in the
survey process and also that the opinions of people belonging to different departments have
substantiated and broadened the scope of the data generated through the survey process.

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 Fig.4: Company’s Initiative for Reducing Carbon Emission
The fourth survey question enquired if the employees believed that the company has indeed
taken initiatives to reduce carbon emissions in their business activities. In this case, 17.3% of
the participants stated that they strongly agreed with this statement, and a staggering 50% of
them agreed the same. 14% of the participants chose to stay neutral; 12.7% disagreed with
the statement, and 6% of them strongly disagreed with the statement. This implies that the
majority opinion is that the company has indeed taken steps towards this end.

Fig.5: Innovations for Reducing Carbon

The fifth survey question intended to know if the employees agreed with the statement that
the executives of easyJet have deployed any innovative means to reduce the company’s
carbon emissions. In this case, a majority of 58.7% answered the positive; 24.7% were unsure

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about their opinion, and 16.7% said that they did not think so. This clearly shows that the
majority opinion is positive.

Fig.6: Possibility of Successful Carbon Emission Reduction

The sixth of the survey questions is intended to know if the employees agree with the idea
that easyJet will get success in the next five years in its carbon reduction initiatives. In this
case, also, the company seems to have received favorable opinions, in that 30% of the
participants strongly agreed with the idea, and 45.3% of them agreed on the same. 6.7% of
the responses were neutral, 14% disagreed with the idea, and a miniscule segment of 4%
strongly disagreed with it.

Fig.7: Tactics for Reducing Carbon Emission

The seventh survey question was about the employees’ opinions as to the different kinds of
tactics that have been used by the company executives to reduce carbon emissions. From the

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responses obtained, it becomes clear that 26.7% of the employees thought that it was the
tactic of using fuels made from cooking oil, sugar cane, and biomass that the company has
employed to reduce its carbon footprint; 32% of the employees believed that it was the use of
engines made up of lighter materials and added gears; 26.7% of the population considered
that the tactic that as used was the implementation of newer shapes and smaller vertical tail;
8.7% of the population considered that it was 3D printing, and the remaining 6% selected the
option “others.” Hence, it is apparent that the employees have diverse views and ideas as to
what the company’s steps towards carbon emission mitigation are.

Fig.8: Advancement of Executives

From the responses to the eighth question of the survey process, it is apparent that 33.3% of
the employees believed that the executives had fetched advancements in dealing with the
challenge of climate change; 44% agreed to the fact. 10 % of the population chose to stay
neutral in this case; 9.3% of them disagreed, and 6.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed
with the idea. Hence, the general idea among the employees is that the executives have
actually witnessed advancements in their efforts.

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 Fig.9: Strategies and Business Development

The ninth survey question enquired about the opinions of the employees as to whether they
believed that the strategic approaches to be taken by the company are appropriate as per their
views. In this regard, it was found that 30.7% of the participants strongly agreed with the
idea, and another large segment of 42% agreed with the same. 9.3% of them maintained a
neutral stance, 11.3% disagreed, and the remaining 6.7% of the participant employees
strongly disagreed with the idea. This shows that the positive opinions seem to dominate in
this case.

Fig.10: Possible effectiveness of strategies

The last survey question enquired if the employees agreed that the implemented strategic
approach would help the company meet the target of 31% carbon reduction. In this case,
32.7% of the respondents strongly agreed, suggesting a positive response, and another 44.7%
agreed the same. 11.3% stayed neutral; 9.3% disagreed, and the minority of 2% strongly

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disagreed with the statement. Therefore, the general perception, as per the gathered data, is
that the company’s approaches are most likely to yield positive results and let it accomplish
its set objective.

4.3 Secondary Qualitative: Interview

Q1. How your business has impacted due to the uncertain changes in climate?

Interviewee 1: Generally, the temperature change significantly affects the infrastructure,

aircraft performance and demand patters within my organisation. Due to the uncertain
changes in climate, several time we have been obliged to stop our aircraft performance.

Interviewee 2:Yes, he is right, sometimes the changes in rain and snowfall patterns could
increase the rate of delays and cancellations. Thereby, a large number of passengers
critically suffers through. Moreover, in England, understand the rainfall pattern is little
difficult; due to this, we have faced numerous problems and for this we have been obliged to
delay and/or cancel the flights sometimes.

Interviewee 3:Actually, during the aircraft running time, strong storms increase the rate of
disruption of our business operation. Sometimes the strong storms are expected; however,
sometimes it is unexpected and then we face major difficulties to continue our aircraft
performance.

Interviewee 4:Yeah, if you think from other perspective, it will be clear that the rising sea
levels also prominently hamper our business by reducing the airport capacity and causing
the network disruption. In this way, due to the network disruption, I become failed to
effectively communicate with the pilots.

Interviewee 5:Furthermore, the changing patterns of wind sometimes increase turbulence

and become the most hampering cause of disruption and effectively hamper and affect the
journey. In this way, my company has been obliged to get several threats due to the uncertain
change of climate.

Q2. Excepting the threat of climate change, what kinds of challenges you are facing?

Interviewee 1:Mmm… if you asked the challenges excepting only climate change, then I can
easily say that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly hampered the entire
aviation industry… and within this, my company has been obliged to stop its business
operation in the market.

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Interviewee 2:Yes, as per his saying, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic most
effectively hampered our entire organisational business operation by stopping or pausing the
aircrafts travel. Due to the protocol of lockdown by WHO throughout the world, our business
has been strongly hampered and lost its consistency and profitability.

Interviewee 3:Also, we faced the issues due to the increasing rate of carbon emissions. The
carbon emission prominently hampered the environmental balance. Therefore, we also take
several initiatives for reducing the carbon emission during our organisational business
operation.

Interviewee 4:Actually, except all of these threats, airline infrastructure is also a most
important threat that we have been obliged to consider during our organisational business
operation. Also… sometimes our passengers are not being satisfied with our services.
Therefore, we get little reduction in our consumer engagement rate.

Interviewee 5:An increasing rate of competitiveness both in the domestic and international
market, we sometime become down to compete with them. Generally, due to having some
little lacking within our service packages, sometimes we have obliged to provide effective
service with a low cost to our customers like our competitors; therefore, we need to consider
different kinds effective and resilient approach for developing our organisational
competitiveness.

Q3. What kinds of approaches and strategies you have implemented for tackling the
challenges?

Interviewee 1:Generally, we have taken several steps for developing our HR management
system. In this way, we will be able to retain and engage most talented and efficient staffs
within our organisational business operation process in the domestic and international
market.

Interviewee 2:Actually, by implementing different kinds of innovative approaches and

advance technological features within our aircrafts, we can significantly reduce and handle
the upcoming uncertain threats. For this aspect, you consider our approaches like creatively
and innovatively make engines with lighter material, added gear. And 3D printing lightens
plane parts also help to reduce the cost of manufacturing to reduce the service cost for
competing with our competitors efficiently and successfully.

Interviewee 3:For your information, we also have initiated to make give our planes newer
shapes and smaller vertical tail also has been implemented. Through this, it can travel
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quickly than the existing speed to reduce the time or travelling. Moreover, by making the
interior more attractive and effective, we have been able to meet with our consumer’s
comfort zone.

Interviewee 4:Moreover, by enhancing the capability fuel storage, we have been able to run
our flights a long range with one time fuelling. In this way, we can reduce the expense of
fuels to reduce the service charges.

Interviewee 5:By taking sufficient steps to run our aircrafts efficiently we have little been
able to reduce the threat for uncertainty and through maintaining the hygiene, we have been
able to safely run our flights by reducing the possibility of covid.

[Link] to you, why the implementation of sustainable approaches is important to

tackle the uncertain challenges like climate change?

Interviewee 1:If we do not implement the effective approaches to tackle the uncertain
challenges regarding climate change, we will get extensive amount of loss within our
business.

Interviewee 2:We all know that the implementation of sustainable approaches is really very
important to tackle uncertain challenges… and therefore, by using different effective and
resilient sustainable approaches we will be able to proficiently enhance our consumer
engagement rate competitiveness and business consistency.

Interviewee 3:Moreover, by using the sustainable approaches, we will be able to reduce the
possibility of delays and cancellations.

Interviewee 4:Actually, by utilising and incorporating different sustainable strategic

approaches, we will be able to reduce the carbon emission rate, which percentage we have
targeted to reduce within five years.

Interviewee 5:Generally, by employing different sustainable strategic approaches, our

organisation will be able to efficiently develop the organisational green supply chain
management system and undertake different initiatives for maintaining the environmental
balance.

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Chapter 5: Discussion
The discussion to be presented in this section will critically analyse the corpus of gathered
content in a systematic manner in order to ascertain if the set objectives of the research study
have been accomplished. The first objective of this study was to examine the relationship
between business operations and climate change, and the second objective was to investigate
the previous ten years of climate change and their impacts on operations management in the
airline business. In this regard, the survey and interview data offer important insights. In the
fourth survey question, employees were asked if they thought the organisation had taken
initiatives to minimise carbon emissions from its business operations, and the results were
mixed. In this case, 17.3% of participants strongly agreed with this assertion, and a surprising
50% of individuals strongly agreed with this statement. Only 14% of participants chose to
stay neutral, while 12.7% objected and 6.3% strongly disagreed with the message being
made. In other words, a large majority of respondents think the organisation has already
begun moving in this direction.

Survey respondents were also asked whether they agreed with the premise that easyJet's
leadership had adopted creative approaches to reduce the company's carbon footprint. In this
case, 58% of respondents said they agreed; 24.7 percent were unsure; and 16.7 percent said
they didn't believe it. This is a clear indication that the majority of people feel this way. Apart
from this, temperature change has a significant impact on my organization's infrastructure,
aircraft performance, and demand patterns, according to the first interviewee. Management
has had to briefly cease their aircraft's performance many times due to the unpredictability of
climate change. Changes in rain and snowfall patterns might lead to an increase in delays and
cancellations, according to the second responder. Because of this, a large number of people
are left with life-changing injuries. As a result, they have had to postpone or cancel flights on
occasion due to difficulties in comprehending the rainfall patterns in England. Violent storms,
says interviewee 3, increase the frequency of easyJet commercial operations being disrupted
during the operational duration of the aircraft. Despite the fact that violent storms are
predicted from time to time, they might arise unexpectedly, offering a substantial challenge to
the control of an aircraft. According to the final respondent, increasing sea levels have a
substantial influence on easyJet's operations by reducing airport capacity and disrupting the
airline's network. Due to the interruption of the network, the management was unable to
effectively connect with the pilots. Changes in wind patterns might aggravate turbulence,

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according to one responder, resulting in a flight being disrupted and affected by it. As a result
of climate change, the company has been forced to deal with a variety of threats. The
evidence shows that the first and second objectives have been achieved. It is important to
note that similar information about the company’s strategies to cope with climate change
issues has been found in the works of authors such as Hasan et al., (2021) and Dimitriou
(2016).

The second objective of the study was to look at how climate change has affected airline
operations management over the last decade. The amassed volume of primary data is crucial
in this regard, as well. Several steps have been taken to construct our human resources
management system, according to the interviewee. The best and brightest personnel will be
attracted and retained by easyJet as it expands its operations both domestically and
internationally. Second-party sources claim that the company can considerably reduce and
control imminent and unforeseen threats by incorporating various sorts of new procedures
and modern technological features into the aircraft. Developing engines with lighter materials
and adding gear may be suggested as solutions to this problem. In addition, 3D printing
reduces the weight of plane parts, lowering manufacturing and servicing costs and allowing
businesses to compete more effectively and profitably with one another. The company has
also started redesigning the planes and is using a shorter vertical tail, according to the third
interviewee. As a result, the trip will be shorter because of the increased speed. Additionally,
the organisation was able to meet the needs of our customers by making the inside more
elegant and useful.

According to the fourth manager questioned, by increasing the fuel storage capacity, easyJet
was able to enhance the range of its aircraft with one-time refuelling. EasyJet's fuel expenses
will be reduced as a result, which will result in cheaper service fees. Nugent (2021) and
Dimitriou (2016) share similar opinions in this regard. Last but not least, the interviewee
claims that by making the required investments in aircraft efficiency and hygiene, the firm
has been able to greatly reduce uncertainty and ensure the safety of its flights while
minimising COVID risk. The preceding data demonstrates that the second objective has been
accomplished.

The third goal was to analyse the operational changes needed at easyJet to achieve a 31%
reduction in carbon emissions over the next five years, and the fourth was to recommend
practises for strategic alignment of operations with identified and assessed climate change
[Link] of these objectives can be achieved using the secondary qualitative data that has

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been gathered. According to secondary statistics from the International Council on Clean
Transportation, air travel is responsible for around 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airline industry
produces more than 5 million metric tonnes of cabin rubbish each year and is primarily
reliant on single-use plastics. Greta Thunberg sailed her sailboat across the Atlantic Ocean to
attend COP25 in Chile in 2019 to raise awareness about climate change. Currently, the whole
aviation industry is making great progress toward more environmentally friendly practises;
this statement is backed by the works of authors such as Nieti (2020) and Kamb et al. (2021).

It is interesting to note that organisations such as "Air New Zealand" have taken a number of
steps to reduce the use of single-use plastics on their planes. They have promised to get rid of
"55 million plastic" items from their fleet to achieve this goal. In honour of Plastic Free July,
plastic water bottles have been removed from this airline's premium business and economy
classes. The airline hopes to remove 46,000 bottles from landfills per year and save more
than 300,000 kilogrammes in carbon emissions by reducing the aircraft's weight.

Individual plastic sauce packets have been removed from business class compartments on
Hong Kong and mainland North American flights, and will be taken out altogether "by the
end of October." Customers will get sauce on reusable plates rather than plastic sachets,
saving "200,000 plastic packets" from landfills each year. In addition, starting in October, all
international and domestic flights will use plant-based coffee cups rather than plastic mugs.
Reusable "plastic cups," on the other hand, will be available beginning in September. By the
end of the year, 44.5 cups will have been used in lieu of the originals.

SAS has previously declared that it will stop selling duty-free items in-flight this autumn,
which will help lower the aircraft's total weight. contribute to a decrease in aircraft fuel
consumption and carbon emissions. This company's sustainability activities are divided
between improving fuel economy and researching new and alternative energy sources, as
well as developing more environmentally friendly goods and services for its consumers. SAS
flights will modify their flight numbers to reduce the weight of their aircraft. According to the
airline, passengers will be able to receive and purchase products throughout their flights.

Karl Sandlund, the airline's executive vice president and chief commercial officer, has set this
goal. In this scenario, environmentally friendly travel is critical, and every effort made to
minimise weight would assist the firm in lowering its fuel use. SAS has a comprehensive
environmental strategy that includes fuel-efficient aircraft and steps to promote the use of

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high-quality biofuel to help cut emissions. SAS has partnered with Airbus on the
development of electric and hybrid aircraft. The replacement of SAS's old planes with the
fuel-efficient Airbus A320neo is poised to begin.

Hi Fly, a Portuguese charter airline, said in January that it had completed the world's first
non-single-use plastic flights. A set of complete traveller flight testing to and from Brazil
includes biodegradable bowls, spoons, salt and pepper shakers, bedding, dishcloths,
independent butter pots, soft drink containers, and toothpaste. The first single-use plastic-free
journey was made between "Lisbon and Natal in Brazil," followed by three further 100
percent plastic-free test flights and a series of 12 reduced-plastic excursions from "Lisbon and
Porto to Fortaleza, Recife, Maceio, and Salvador. The sixteen-bottle trail helped the
organisation save 1500 kg of plastic in total. Catering disposables were created using
ecologically friendly plant-based materials to give low-cost, recyclable materials that may be
composted with food waste. It was then sent to a licenced waste management company,
which converted it into power using food waste and packaging. By the end of the year, the
airline has promised to stop using single-use plastic products.

Other than these, Dubai International Airport partnered up with Disney Middle East as part of
the Plastic Free July campaign to raise awareness about recycling and the need to eradicate
single-use plastics. The organisation, among other things, taught travellers how to build
"Forky" toy kits by showing them how to make their own. The airport will take further steps
to help in the effort to decrease single-use plastics. Singapore Airlines has decreased on-
board food waste as a step toward sustainability. When it comes to onboard products, the
airline has made a conscious effort to reduce the use of plastic and replace it with more
natural materials. To decrease food waste after journeys, SIA now relies on customer surveys,
employee data analytics, and partnerships with its suppliers. The airline has also stated that it
plans to streamline data collection and extend its use of artificial intelligence and machine
learning to better anticipate passenger food consumption and decrease onboard food waste.

In order to raise awareness about plastic pollution, Etihad Airways has announced that it
would be the first UAE carrier to fly without any single-use plastics. The plane from Abu
Dhabi to Brisbane arrived on April 22, 2019, Earth Day. According to the firm, single-use
plastic goods have been used in virtually all of the airline's lounges. By removing plastic
from the Earth Day flight, Etihad avoided around 50 kg of plastic being thrown away. The
scholars Altman (2020) and Nugent (2021) have also mentioned such practises being taken
up by major airline companies in their works. Etihad's current amenity provider, provided

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eco-plush toys for children, award-winning eco-thread blankets made from recycled plastic
containers, tablet toothpaste, and consumable cups for passengers to enjoy as they boarded.
One of Etihad's ongoing environmental projects aims to reduce single-use plastic garbage by
80% in-flight and across the entire company by the end of 2022.

The secondary data also reveals that, according to Impakter, a news site, companies
associated with big airlines appear to be working hard on these ideas. Aviation, like vehicles,
is transitioning to electric power, but at a slower pace. When it comes to short-haul travel,
"traditional" planes may be phased out in favour of hybrid or electric planes. Aviation's
carbon footprint can be reduced by up to 80% with biofuels made from algae, jatropha, and
camelina. Even so, the EU's Green Energy Directive mandates that biofuel manufacturers
abandon food-based fuels in favour of waste by-products as their only source of biomass. The
Boeing 777 Eco Demonstrator demonstrates that biofuel is a feasible source of fuel for long-
haul flights, but it will take a huge amount of effort to considerably reduce the cost per litre
of biofuel.

Therefore, based on the results of the data analysis, it is understandable that by analysing the
gathered research data, acquired using the chosen methods of survey, interview, and
secondary data, each of the four objectives has been accomplished and the research question
has also been addressed.

Chapter 6: Conclusion, Recommendations and Future Research

Scope
Conclusion

From the data analysis procedure, it has been found that the determined research aim has
been met, and all the questions were addressed through the collected data. The first objective
of the research was to analyze the interconnection between climate change and business
operations. In this case, the survey and interview have offered insight regarding the objective.
From the findings of the survey, it has been found that the large majority of employees
agreed that the organization had taken sufficient initiative to reduce carbon emissions. The
majority of the employees have also supported the fact that EasyJet's leadership has taken a
creative approach to reduce its organizational carbon footprint. 

Collected data has also displayed that temperature change impacts significantly on the
infrastructure, demand patterns, and aircraft patterns. There were several times when the

Page | 38
management needed to stop the aircraft's performance because of the unpredictability of
climate change. Because of rainfall and snowfall, flights face long delays and cancellations,
and Due to difficulties in understanding the patterns of rainfall, the organization has faced
issues of postponing and canceling flights. Violent storms contribute to the increasing
frequency of easyJet commercial operation, which creates disruption in the aircraft's
operational duration. Apart from this aspect, often violent storms come unpredictably, which
develop a substantial challenge for the operation of EasyJet and create disruption in the
network of EasyJet. Network interruption causes the management to work ineffectively,
which makes it challenging to connect with the pilots. Change in wind patterns has also
caused disruption and hugely affected the flight. 

The second objective was to understand the ways how climate has impacted airline operation
management over the last decades. All the primary data has worked in proving the argument.
EasyJet has initiated a number of steps for contrasting its human resource management
system. In this regard, EasyJet has attracted all the best, and bright employees as the firm
have focused on expanding globally and domestically. The collected data has displayed that
the firm has already gained control of imminent and unforeseen threats through embracing
different technological procedures and features within their aircraft. 

They have developed engines with light materials and have also added gear which is the main
solution to this challenge. In addition to all these, the airline organization has also focused on
redesigning the airline planes with a shorter and vertical tail. Consumers will enjoy shorter
trips due to the blessing of increased speed. The fourth manager has revealed that Easy has
enhanced their aircraft with one-time refueling, which has increased fuel storage capacity.
When the fuel expense is reduced, services will be cheaper. Huge investment in aircraft
efficiency and hygiene will benefit them to ensure the safety of all flights, which will also
reduce uncertainty.

The third aim of the study was to analyze the operational changes required for EasyJet to
attain a 31% reduction in carbon emission within 5years and the fourth objective was to
suggest practices to align with the identified climate change effects. Secondary qualitative
data has proven both of the aims. 3% of the global greenhouse gas has been produced by
airlines. Due to the rising awareness among the people regarding pollution, the entire airline
industry is taking a number of initiatives towards embracing environmentally friendly
practices. Air New Zealand has implemented several actions for lessening us of single plastic

Page | 39
in their flights. The airline organization has decided to reduce 55 million plastic items from
its fleet to attain its sustainability goal. 

From their premium and economy classes, the airline organization has removed bottles in
honor of Plastic Free July. Furthermore, Air New Zealand hopes to remove 46,000 bottles
from landfills every year. In addition to this, Plastic sauce packets have been removed, and in
place of plastic sauce packets, customers will be served the sauce on reusable plates in the
business class cabins on Mainland North American flights and Hong Kong, which will save
200,000 plastic packets from landfill every year. SAS flights, the purpose of reducing the
overall weight of the aircraft, have decided to stop their duty-free items in flight which will
benefit in reducing fuel consumption and carbon emission. A number of flights have been
modified to reduce aircraft weight. 

Hi Fly is the first airline that has completed for the first time non-single use plastic flights.
The first single-use plastic-free flight flew between Lisbon and Natal, Brazil. 1500 kg plastic
bottles have been saved by the sixteen-bottle trail. The use of plant-based materials and
recyclable materials which can be composted with foods has helped the firm reduce costs.
Furthermore, Dubai International Airport has led a campaign to raise awareness about
recycling and the need to remove single-use plastic, partnered with Disney Middle East.
Singapore Airlines has reduced food waste as a part of sustainability. In terms of onboard
products, the airline organization has reduced plastic waste by using natural materials in the
onboard products. Hence, it is perceivable that using the chosen methodology, the researcher
has successfully been able to meet all the four determined objectives of the research. 

Recommendations 

To make the aircraft organization environmentally sustainable, Easy Jet must embrace these
approaches to reduce the negative impact on the climate. Plastic has become a great concern
for the environment. Plastic stick around the world for ages which contribute to global
warming (MacLeod et al., 2021). It is estimated that there are three trillion pieces of plastic
floating in the oceans of the world. In this regard, the airline organization Easy Jet should
focus on becoming a plastic-free flight by cutting down their use of plastic. 

In this regard, the organization should launch sustainable amenity kits like toothbrushes,
plastic bottles which are made of bioplastic, in place of earplug wrappings, the organization
can use was paper, and all the slippers can be made of recycled PET bottles, which will help
Easy Jet to reduce a large amount of plastic waste each year which will further help the

Page | 40
organization to reduce landfill annually (Baxter, Srisaeng and Wild, 2021). Easy Jet should
also emphasize reducing its overall aircraft weight, which will help the firm to reduce its
carbon footprint. In place of plastic sauce packets, Easy Jet airlines should serve their
customers reusable dishes, which will prevent them from making 200,000 plastic packets
contribute to landfills every year. In place of coffee cups made of plastics, the airline can use
coffee cups made of plants on their domestic and international flights. 

Another area that can contribute to this campaign of sustainability is fuel efficiency. In this
regard, there are some changes that need to be initiated, like introducing fuel-efficient aircraft
which will reduce carbon emissions. The airline organization needs to make partnerships with
major organizations like Airbus for developing hybrid aircraft and electric aircraft. Besides,
Easy air needs to focus on the area of development of electric aircraft, which reduces the use
of biofuel (Schäfer et al., 2019). Along with this, the organization will also enjoy a lower cost
of electric energy in comparison to aircraft fuel which possesses zero in-flight emission
potential in the long term. These planes also reduce noise by 70% and exhaust emissions in
comparison to combustion engines. 

Lastly, awareness is another component that is very necessary after all the environmentally
sustainable initiatives. Easy Jet should encourage awareness among the consumers regarding
recycling and the aware customers regarding the need to eliminate single-use of plastics.
Passengers should be informed how to transform recyclable materials into toys which will be
a fun activity for the children.

Future Research Scope

The future research scope displays the combination of research limitations and the conclusion
chapter. The particular study has focused on discussing the impact of climate change and
operation management of Easy Jet. The discussion has drawn out emphasized the particular
aircraft organization Easy Jet which has limited the research to examine the entire airline
industry. In future research, the researcher must discuss other crucial organizations existing in
the airline industry and conduct a comparative study among these organizations to understand
better the conditions that need to be analyzed in future research works.

Page | 41
Page | 42
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