Chapter 1 Notes:
I. Chemistry
A. Definition: The study of the ___composition_____,____structure_______, and
_____properties___________ of matter, the ___changes__________ that matter
undergoes, and the __energy___________ changes that go with these processes.
B. Basic definition: The study of __matter____, how it __changes_____ and __energy_____.
II. Matter and its properties.
A. Everything is made of __matter_____
B. Mass is a __measurement________________ of the amount of ___matter___.
C. Matter is anything that has __mass_____ and takes up__space_____.
1 __Atoms_____ are the smallest unit of an __element______ that maintains the
properties of an element. They are the building blocks of ___matter_______.
2 Elements are ___pure___ substances that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable
substances.
a. They are made of only _one_ type of __element___.
b. They are listed on the ____periodic table__
c. Their symbol is _one___capital letter or one capital letter with a lower case letter.
Examples:
3 Compounds are composed of _two____ or __more__elements chemically bonded.
a. Examples:
D. The two basic forms of matter
The two basic forms matter is found in are ___mixtures__or _pure___ substances
1 Mixtures
Mixtures are blends of _2_ or more kinds of ___matter___.
a. ___Homogeneous___ mixtures are uniform throughout.
Examples: Steel, yellow gold, salt water, Koolaid,
b. ____Heterogenous___ mixtures are not uniform throughout.
Examples: chocolate chip ice cream, granite, muddy water
2 Pure Substances
Pure substances have a ___fixed____ (or constant) composition.
a. Pure substances are either an ____element__or a __compound__
i. Elements
Elements are composed of ___atoms________ all of the same type and
cannot be decomposed by __chemical changes.
ii. Compounds
Compounds are chemically bonded ___atoms__ all of the same ratio.
Matter
Pure Substances Mixtures
Compounds Elements Homogeneous Heterogeneous
(Same) (Different)
Elements
E. Characteristic properties: All substances have characteristic ____properties_________ that
allow scientists to __identify____ and ____separate_____them
1 ___Physical_____ Properties and Changes.
These are characteristics or changes that can be ___observed____ or
__measured_ without changing the identity of the substance.
a. Examples of physical properties:
Boiling point, melting point, density, odor, color
b. Examples of physical changes:
Grinding, cutting, chopping, slicing, melting, freezing, vaporizing
c. A change in the state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) is a physical change.
2. ___Chemical__ Properties and Changes.
a. A chemical property refers to the ability of a substance to undergo changes
that transform it into a ___different___ substance.
b. A chemical change, often called a ___chemical reaction_______________,
occurs when one substance is converted into a __different___substance.
(reactants react to form products)
c. Examples of chemical properties
flammability (able to catch on fire), toxicity (the ability to be poisonous),
oxidation (the ability to react with oxygen), radioactivity, being acidic or basic .
d. Examples of chemical changes:
Burning, neutralizing, digesting
F. The States (phases) of Matter.
1 ___Solid___: definite volume and shape.
a. The particles or atoms are rigid and highly organized.
2 __Liquid__: definite volume and indefinite volume.
a. The particles or atoms are close together but are able to move past one another,
they are not fixed with relation to each other.
3 __Gas_________: indefinite volume and shape.
a. The particles or atoms act independent of each other and are EXTREMELY far away
from each other relative to their size.
4 ___plasma____: similar to gas but at a high temperature resulting in most atoms losing or
releasing their electrons.
G. Energy and Changes in Matter.
1 ___Energy__ is always transferred in physical or chemical changes.
2 Energy is either ___absorbed______ or _____released____.
3 The total energy before and after a physical or chemical change never changes.
III. Elements and the Periodic Table
A. The Organization of the Periodic Table.
1 All elements are organized on the table according to their __chemical___properties.
2 Vertical Columns are called __families_____ or __groups__.
a. Each group has similar chemical_properties_.
3 Horizontal Rows are called ___periods_____
4 Metals
a. Found to the left of the metalloids (staircase line). The left and center part of the
table
b. Characteristics:
i. Good conductors of __heat_ and ___electricity_.
ii. Malleable – able to be ___hammered__or rolled
iii. Ductile – able to be drawn into a ___wire___
iv. High Tensile Strength – resistance to ___breaking__ or pulling apart
v. Luster – able to __shine___
5 Nonmetals
a. Found to the right of the metalloids on the periodic table
b. Characteristics:
i. _Poor_ conductor of heat and electricity.
ii. Tend to be brittle when __solid___.
iii. Many are __gases_
The __Noble_ gases are of particular interest. (End right column)
Noble gases are generally __unreactive___
6 Metalloids
a. Found diagonally between the __metals__ and _nonmetals___
b. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te
c. Solids at room temperature
d. Have characteristics of__both metals and nonmetals
i. Semiconductors
ii. Less malleable than metals, but more than nonmetals.
