MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Department of Mathematics
Lovely Professional University

28.07.2020

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

List of topics for today’s class

• Proposition

• Propositional logic

• Logical connectives

• Truth tables

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

What is Logic?

Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning, and of all

automated reasoning. The rules of logic specify the meaning of
mathematical statements. These rules help us understand and
reason with statements

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Importance of Mathematical Logic

The rules of logic give precise meaning to mathematical

statements. These rules are used to distinguish between valid and
invalid mathematical arguments. Apart from its importance in
understanding mathematical reasoning, logic has numerous
applications in Computer Science, varying from design of digital
circuits, to the construction of computer programs and verification
of correctness of programs.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples :

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

No.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

No.

(b) 5 is greater than 7.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

No.

(b) 5 is greater than 7.

Yes

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

No.

(b) 5 is greater than 7.

Yes

(c) Dog is an animal.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

STATEMENT - A sentence which is either TRUE or FALSE.

Examples : (a) Let her go.

No.

(b) 5 is greater than 7.

Yes

(c) Dog is an animal.

Yes

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

A proposition is a collection of declarative statements that has

either a truth value ”true” or a truth value ”false”.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Proposition

A proposition is a collection of declarative statements that has

either a truth value ”true” or a truth value ”false”.

It cannot have both the both the truth values ”TRUE” and
”FALSE”.
The truth value ”TRUE” and ”FALSE” are denoted BY ”T” and
”F” respectively.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Propositional logic

Propositional logic studies the ways statements can interact with

each other.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Propositional logic

Propositional logic studies the ways statements can interact with

each other.

Propositional logic does not really care about the content of the
statements.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Propositional logic

Propositional logic studies the ways statements can interact with

each other.

Propositional logic does not really care about the content of the
statements.
For example, in terms of propositional logic, the claims, “if the
moon is made of cheese then basketballs are round,” and “if spiders
have eight legs then Sam walks with a limp” are exactly the same.
They are both implications: statements of the form, P → Q .

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Logical connectives

A Logical Connective is a symbol which is used to connect two or

more propositions in such a manner that resultant logic depends
only on the input logics and the meaning of the connective used.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Logical connectives

A Logical Connective is a symbol which is used to connect two or

more propositions in such a manner that resultant logic depends
only on the input logics and the meaning of the connective used.
Generally there are five connectives :
Conjuction(∧)
Disjunction(∨)
Negation(∼)
Conditional(→, or ⇒)
Biconditional(↔, or ⇔)

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

Logical Connectives

Let us consider the following two statements:

QUIZ
Logical Connectives

Let us consider the following two statements:

P : James bought a shirt and Q : James bought a book.

QUIZ
Logical Connectives

Let us consider the following two statements:

P : James bought a shirt and Q : James bought a book.

Then, with the help of logical connectives defined in the previous

page, wecan write the following compound propositions :

QUIZ
Logical Connectives

Let us consider the following two statements:

P : James bought a shirt and Q : James bought a book.

Then, with the help of logical connectives defined in the previous

page, wecan write the following compound propositions :
P∧Q : James bought a shirt and a book.
P∨Q : James bought a shirt or a book.
∼P : James did not buy a shirt, ∼Q : James did not buy a book.
P→Q : If James bought a shirt, then he bought a book.
P↔Q : James bought a shirt if and only if he bought a book.

QUIZ
TRUTH TABLES

A truth table shows how he truth and falsity of a compound

statement depends on the truth or falsity of the simple statements
from which it is constructed.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

TRUTH TABLES

A truth table shows how he truth and falsity of a compound

statement depends on the truth or falsity of the simple statements
from which it is constructed.

The TRUTH TABLES for the 5 connectives are as follows.

MTH-401: DISCRETE MATHE

TRUTH TABLE FOR LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

P Q P∧Q P∨Q ∼P P→Q P↔Q

QUIZ
TRUTH TABLE FOR LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

P Q P∧Q P∨Q ∼P P→Q P↔Q

T T T T F T T

QUIZ
TRUTH TABLE FOR LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

P Q P∧Q P∨Q ∼P P→Q P↔Q

T T T T F T T

T F F T F F F

QUIZ
TRUTH TABLE FOR LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

P Q P∧Q P∨Q ∼P P→Q P↔Q

T T T T F T T

T F F T F F F

F T F T T T F

QUIZ
TRUTH TABLE FOR LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

P Q P∧Q P∨Q ∼P P→Q P↔Q

T T T T F T T

T F F T F F F

F T F T T T F

F F F F T T T

QUIZ
Quiz 1

Which of the following statement is a proposition?

(A) Get me a glass of milkshake.

(B) God bless you!.
(C) What is the time now?
(D) The only odd prime number is 2.

QUIZ
Quiz 1

Which of the following statement is a proposition?

(A) Get me a glass of milkshake.

(B) God bless you!.
(C) What is the time now?
(D) The only odd prime number is 2.

Answer: (D)

QUIZ
Quiz 2

2. The truth value of ‘4+3=7 or 5 is not prime’ is

TRUE
FALSE

QUIZ
Quiz 2

2. The truth value of ‘4+3=7 or 5 is not prime’ is

TRUE
FALSE
Answer: TRUE.

QUIZ
Quiz 3

Which of the following option is true?

(A) If the Sun is a planet, elephants will fly.

(B) 3 + 2 = 8 if 5 − 2 = 7.
(C) 1 > 3 and 3 is a positive integer.
(D) −2 > 3 or 3 is a negative integer.

QUIZ
Quiz 3

Which of the following option is true?

(A) If the Sun is a planet, elephants will fly.

(B) 3 + 2 = 8 if 5 − 2 = 7.
(C) 1 > 3 and 3 is a positive integer.
(D) −2 > 3 or 3 is a negative integer.

Answer: (A)

QUIZ
Quiz 4

Let P: If Sahil bowls, Saurabh hits a century and Q: If Raju bowls,

Sahil gets out on first ball. Now if P is true and Q is false, then
which of the following can be true?

(A) Raju bowled and Sahil got out on first ball.

(B) Raju did not bowled.
(C) Sahil bowled and Saurabh hits a century.
(D) Sahil bowled and Saurabh got out.

QUIZ
Quiz 4

Let P: If Sahil bowls, Saurabh hits a century and Q: If Raju bowls,

Sahil gets out on first ball. Now if P is true and Q is false, then
which of the following can be true?

(A) Raju bowled and Sahil got out on first ball.

(B) Raju did not bowled.
(C) Sahil bowled and Saurabh hits a century.
(D) Sahil bowled and Saurabh got out.

Answer: (C)

QUIZ
Quiz 5

The truth value ‘9 is prime then 3 is even’ is

TRUE
FALSE

QUIZ
Quiz 5

The truth value ‘9 is prime then 3 is even’ is

TRUE
FALSE
Answer: TRUE.

QUIZ
Quiz 6

Let P: We should be honest., Q: We should be dedicated., R: We

should be overconfident. Then ‘We should be honest or dedicated
but not overconfident.’ is best represented by?

(A)∼P∨ ∼Q∨R.
(B)P∧ ∼Q∧R.
(C)P∨Q∧R.
(D)P∨Q∧ ∼R.

QUIZ
Quiz 6

Let P: We should be honest., Q: We should be dedicated., R: We

should be overconfident. Then ‘We should be honest or dedicated
but not overconfident.’ is best represented by?

(A)∼P∨ ∼Q∨R.
(B)P∧ ∼Q∧R.
(C)P∨Q∧R.
(D)P∨Q∧ ∼R.

Answer: (D)

QUIZ