BIOHACK NOTES

HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Testis are situated in a pouch called ______ (NEET) DigaQ. 1

2. Scrotum helps to lower the temperature by __-___ °C. (NEET)
3. Lowering temperature is necessary for ________ (NEET) A
4. Length and width of testis is about - B
5. How many seminiferous tubules are present in testis?
C
6. How many testicular lobules are present in testis?
D
7. Each lobule contains __-__ no. of seminiferous tubules. O
E
8. Seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of F
cells called ______ and ______ N
G
9. ______ provide nutrition to germ cells. (NEET) M
10. Immunologically competent cells are absent in regions H
I K
outside seminiferous tubule. T/F J L
11. Arrange the male accessory ducts is sequence from testis to urethra (4) - (NEET)
12. Epididymis is located in anterior/posterior surface of testis.
13. _____ is the male external genitalia.
14. The enlarged end of penis is called ______ and is covered by a loose fold of skin called ______
15. Male accessory glands include (3) - (NEET)
16. Seminal plasma is rich in (3) - (NEET)
17. Bulbourethral gland is also called _____ gland and help in _______

DigaQ. 2 DigaQ. 3
A N
B M A
L
K
C B
D J
C
E
F I
D
G H
 • THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

18. Primary female sex organ is -

DigaQ. 4
19. Ovary length is ___-___ cm.
20. Ovary is connected to pelvic wall and L
uterus by ______
A K
21. Ovary is covered by thick/thin epithelium
B
which encloses ________ C
22. Stroma is divided into 2 zones namely, J
D
_______ and ________ E
23. Female accessory ducts include (3) - F I
G
24. Fallopian tube length is - H
25. 3 parts of fallopian tube are - (NEET)
26. Infundibulum is _______ shaped. (NEET)
27. Finger-like projections from infundibulum are called ______ (NEET)
28. Fxn of fimbriae is - DigaQ. 5
A
29. Ampulla is a narrow lumen. T/F B M
30. ______ is a wider part of oviduct and
L N
______ is a narrow lumen.
K
31. Uterus is also called ______ C
D I
32. Cervical canal along with vagina forms - J
E H
33. The 3 layers of wall of uterus is - (NEET)
34. Perimetrium is thick. T/F G
35. Wall which is glandular in nature is - F
36. Myometrium is a thick/thin layer of ______ types of muscles. DigaQ. 6
37. _______ is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by
skin and pubic hair. (NEET) A H
38. _______ extend down from the mons pubis and
B G
surrounds the vaginal opening.
39. _______ are paired folds of tissue under the labia majora. C F
40. Opening of the vagina is covered partially by a membrane called ____.
E
41. Clitoris lies at the upper junction of ______ above/below D
urethral opening.
42. Presence of hymen means the female is a virgin. T/F
43. Each breast contains ___-___ no. of mammary lobes.
44. Describe the pathway from milk producing site to outside.
 DigaQ. 7
A
• GAMETOGENESIS B
C
45. Spermatogonia is haploid. T/F D
46. Spermatogonia differentiate to - (NEET) E K
47. Primary spermatocytes are haploid. T/F F J
48. Write the various stages of gametogenesis. (5)
49. First haploid stage of gametogenesis is - (NEET) G
I
50. Secondary spermatocytes have DNA content equal to H
spermatogonia. T/F
51. Spermatids are transformed into sperms by the process called ______
52. What is spermiation ? DigaQ. 8
53. LH acts on ______ and FSH acts on ______ (NEET)
F
54. Sperm is composed of (4) -
E
55. The sperm head is covered by a cap-like structure
called ______ (NEET) D
56. The middle piece contain ______ (NEET)
C
57. _______ is filled with enzymes that help fertilisation
of the ovum.
B
58. Human male ejaculate about ____-____ million
sperms during coitus.
59. At least ____ % of the total sperms must show A
vigorous motility.
60. At least, ____ % sperms must have normal shape and size. DigaQ. 9
A
61. At least, ____ % of them must show vigorous motility.
62. Semen = _____ + _____ B
63. Oogenesis is initiated after the onset of puberty. T/F (NEET) P C
64. Primary oocytes are arrested at ______ stage of meiosis. (NEET)
65. Primary oocyte surrounded by _______ is called primary follicle. Q
66. Total primary follicles left at puberty in a female body is ______-______ R
67. Primary follicles surrounded by ______ and ______ are called secondary follicles. D
68. Tertiary follicle is characterised by - (NEET)
69. The theca layer in tertiary follicle is organised into _______ and _______ S
70. Primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division in _____ stage of follicle.
71. Primary oocyte after meiosis forms _______ and _______
72. Tertiary follicle further changes into -
73. Secondary oocyte forms a new membrane called ________ surrounding it. (NEET)
 DigaQ. 10 C
B
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE A
D

74. Menstruation begins at ______ and stops at ______

75. Menses lasts for about __-__ days.
E
76. Follicular phase is also called _______
77. FSH and LH increase gradually during the _______ phase. (NEET) F
78. Secretory phase is also called ______
79. Luteal phase remains constant, i.e. of 14 days. T/F
80. LH surge causes _______
81. Graffian follicle transforms into _______ (NEET)
82. Corpus luteum secrete large amounts of ________ to maintain ________ (NEET)
83. Menstrual cycles ceases around ___ years of age.

DigaQ. 11

A B

E
C D

X Y Z
 • FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION

84. Fertillisation take place at ______ region of fallopian tube. (NEET)

A
85. When a sperm comes in contact with _______, it cause DigaQ. 12
blockage of entry of other sperms. (NEET)
86. What is ootid ?
87. The embryo with ___-___ no. of blastomeres is called morula.
88. Morula transforms into - D
89. Blastomeres are arranged in outer layer called _______ C B
and an inner group of cells called _______
90. _______ layer then gets attached to the endometrium.
91. What is implantation?
E

• PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

92. Finger-like projections appear on the trophoblast called _________

93. ______ and ______ jointly form placenta.
94. Name some hormones secreted by placenta (5) - (NEET)
95. Hormones produced only during pregnancy (3) - (NEET)
96. Levels of cortisol and thyroxine increase several folds during pregnancy. T/F
97. Immediately after implantation, the inner cell mass differentiates into - (3)
98. Longest gestation period is of ______
99. Body is covered with fine hair by the end of ____th month, whereas appearance of hair on head
occur at the end of ___th month.
100. Most of the major organ systems are formed by the end of ___th month.
101. Eyelashes separate, eyelids are formed at the end of 6th month. T/F
102. In humans, after 1 month of pregnancy, ______ is formed.
103. By the end of 2nd month, fetus develop _____ and _____
104. By the end of 3 months - (3) DigaQ. 13
105. By the end of 5th month - (2)
106. By the end of 6th months - (3)

A B
 • PARTURITION AND LACTATION
DigaQ. 14 A
107. The signals for parturition originate from mother/foetus.
108. What is foetal ejection reflex ? (NEET)
109. Parturition is a example of positive/negative B
feedback mechanism. C
F
110. ______ contains several antibodies produced D
during the initial days of lactation.
111. Parturition is induced by complex neuroendocrine
mechanism involving hormones (3) –
E
 HUMAN
REPRODUCTION

ANSWERS
• ♂ REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 33. Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
1. Scrotum 34. F
2. 2-2.5°C 35. Endometrium
3. Spermatogenesis 36. Thick, smooth
4. Length - 4-5 cm, Width - 2-3 cm 37. Mons pubis
5. 500-750 38. Labia majora
6. 250 39. Labia minora
7. 2-3 40. Hymen
8. Male germ cell and sertoli cell 41. Labia minora, above
9. Sertoli 42. F
10. F 43. 15-20
11. rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas →
44. Mammary alveolus mammary duct
deferens → →
ampulla lactiferous duct
12. Posterior • GAMETOGENESIS
13. Penis 45. F
14. Glans penis, foreskin 46. Primary spermatocyte
15. Seminal vesicles, prostate and paired 47. F
bulbourethral glands 48. Spermatogonia - primary spermatocyte -
16. Fructose, calcium and certain enzymes secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - spermatozoa
17. Cowper, lubrication of penis 49. Secondary spermatocyte
• ♀ REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 50. T
18. Ovary 51. Spermiogenesis
19. 2-4 cm 52. Release of sperms into seminiferous tubule
20. Ligaments 53. Leydig cells, sertoli cells
21. Thin, ovarian stroma 54. Head, neck, middle piece, tail
22. Peripheral cortex and inner medulla 55. Acrosome
23. Oviducts, uterus and vagina 56. Mitochondria
24. 10-12 cm 57. Acrosome
25. Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus 58. 200-300
26. Funnel 59. 24
27. Fimbriae 60. 60
28. Collection of ovum after ovulation 61. 40
29. F 62. Seminal fluid + sperms
30. Ampulla, isthmus 63. F
31. Womb
32. Birth canal
64. Prophase - I 95. hCG, hPL and relaxin
65. Granulosa cells 96. T
66. 1,20,000-1,60,000 97. Endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
67. Granulosa cell and new theca 98. Elephant, 22 months
68. Fluid filled antrum 99. 6th, 5th
69. Outer theca externa and inner theca interna 100. 3rd
70. Tertiary 101. F
71. Secondary oocyte and polar body 102. Heart
72. Graffian follicle 103. Limbs and digits
73. Zona pellucida 104. most of the major organ systems are formed,
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE limbs and external genital organs are well developed
74. Menarche, menopause 105. first movements of the foetus and appearance
75. 3-5 of hair on the head
76. Proliferative phase 106. body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids separate,
77. Follicular phase and eyelashes are formed
78. Luteal phase • PARTURITION AND LACTATION
79. T 107. Foetus
80. Ovulation 108. The signals for parturition originate from the
81. Corpus luteum fully developed foetus and placenta which induce
82. Progesterone, endometrium mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex
83. 50 109. Positive
• FERTILISATION & IMPLANTATION 110. Colostrum
84. Ampullary 111. cortisol, estrogens and oxytocin
85. Zona pellucida • DigaQs
86. Haploid ovum DigaQ. 1 – Male pelvis H – Glans penis
87. 8-16 A – Ureter I – Foreskin
88. Blastocyst B – Seminal vesicle J – Scrotum
89. Trphoblast, inner cell mass C – Urinary bladder K – Testis
90. Trophoblast D – Vas deferens L – Bulbourethral gland
91. After attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and E – Prostate M – Anus
cover blastocyst, this result in blastocyst embedded F – Penis N – Rectum
with endometrium called implantation G – Urethra O – Ejaculatory duct
• EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
92. Chorionic vill
93. Chorionic villi and uterine tissue
94. hCG, hPL, estrogens, progesterones, relaxin
DigaQ. 2 - Male reproductive system DigaQ. 7 – Mammary gland
A – Ureter H – Foreskin A – Fat G – Nipple
B – Vas deferens I – Testis B – Mammary lobe H – Areola
C – Epididymis J – Urethra C – Mammary alveolus I – Pectoralis major
D – Vasa efferentia K – Bulbourethral gland D – Mammary duct J – Muscles between
E – Rete testis L – Prostate E – Ampulla ribs
F – Testicular lobules M – Seminal vesicle F – Lactiferous duct K – Rib
G – Glans penis N – Urinary bladder DigaQ. 8 – Seminiferous tubule
DigaQ. 3 – Seminiferous tubule A – Spermatogonium
A – Interstitial cells B – Sertoli cell
B – Spermatogonia C – Primary spermatocyte
C – Spermatozoa D – Secondary spermatocyte
D – Sertoli cells E – Spermatid
DigaQ. 4 – Female pelvis F – Spermatozoa
A – Uterus G – Labium majora DigaQ. 9 – Structure of sperm
B – Urinary bladder H – Vaginal orifice A – Plasma membrane P – Head
C – Pubic symphysis I – Anus B – Acrosome Q – Neck
D – Urethra J – Vagina C – Nucleus R – Middle piece
E – Clitoris K – Rectum D – Mitochondria S – Tail
F – Labium minora L – Cervix DigaQ. 10 - Ovary
DigaQ. 5 – Female reproductive system A – Blood vessels D – Graafian follicle
A – Uterine fundus H – Cervix B – Primary follicle E – Ovum
B – Uterine cavity I – Ovary C – Tertiary follicle F – Corpus luteum
C – Endometrium J – Fimbriae DigaQ. 11 – Menstrual cycle
D – Myometrium K – Infundibulum A – FSH
E – Perimetrium L – Ampulla B – LH
F – Vagina M – Isthmus C – Estrogen
G – Cervical canal N – Fallopian tube D – Progesterone
DigaQ. 6 – Female external genitalia E – Ovulation
A – Labium majora F – Developoing corpus luteum
B – Labium minora X – Menstruation
C – Hymen Y – Follicular/Proliferative phase
D – Opening of Bartholin gland Z – Luteal/Secretory phase
E – Anus
F – Vaginal orifice
G – Urethra
H – Clitoris
DigaQ. 12 – Ovum surrounded by few sperms DigaQ. 14 – Foetus in the uterus
A – Sperm B – Ovum A – Placental villi
C – Zona pellucida B – Cavity of uterus
D – Cells of the corona radiata C – Yolk sac
E – Perivitelline space D – Embryo
DigaQ. 13 E – Plug of mucus in cervix
A – Morula B – Blastocyst F – Umbilical cord

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