Properties of Solution
and Solution Concentration
STM 128 – General Chemistry II
Lesson 4
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions:
percent composition, mole fraction, molarity, molality, ppm, and
ppb.
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution.
3. Explain the effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid and of
a gas.
4. Explain the effect of pressure on the solubility of a gas
OVERVIEW
01 MIXTURE & SOLUTION
02 PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
03 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
04 WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
01
MIXTURE & SOLUTION
MIXTURE - combination of two or more substances, both of which retain their
individual chemical properties
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS MIXURES
do not blend smoothly the mixing is uniform and
throughout, and the therefore have the same
individual substances composition throughout
remain distinct
SOLUTION – homogeneous mixtures that contain two or more substances
(solute and solvent)
SOLUTE SOLVENT
the substance that the dissolving medium
dissolves
TYPE OF SOLUTION EXAMPLE SOLUTE SOLVENT
Gas Air Oxygen(g) Nitrogen(g)
Carbonated water Carbon dioxide(g) Water(l)
Ocean water Oxygen(g) Water(l)
Liquid Ocean water Sodium chloride(s) Water(l)
Antifreeze Ethylene glycol(l) Water(l)
Vinegar Acetic acid(l) Water(l)
Dental amalgam Mercury(l) Silver(s)
Solid
Steel Carbon(s) Iron(s)
TERMS TO REMEMBER
SOLUBLE
a substance that dissolves in a
solvent INSOLUBLE
a substance that does not
dissolve in a solvent
MISCIBLE
two liquids that are soluble in
each other in any proportion IMMISCIBLE
two liquids that can be mixed
but separate shortly after
02
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS
1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform.
2. The components of a solution do not separate on standing.
3. A solution cannot be separated into its components by filtration.
4. For any given solute and solvent, it is possible to make solutions of many different
compositions.
5. Solutions are almost always transparent.
6. Solutions can be separated into pure components.
SOLUBILITY - maximum amount of the solid that will dissolve in a given
amount of a particular solvent at a given temperature
UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
any solution containing any solution containing any solution containing
a lesser amount of all the solute it can more solute in the
solute hold at a given solvent than it can
temperature normally hold at a
given temperature
under equilibrium
conditions
Interpreting Graphs
50 g of K2Cr2O7 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 60˚C
SUPERSATURATED
30 g of NaCl is dissolved in 100 g of water at 90˚C
UNSATURATED
80 g of NaNO3 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 10˚C
SATURATED
03
FACTORS AFFECTING
SOLUBILITY
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
1. NATURE OF THE SOLVENT AND THE SOLUTE
- “like dissolves like”
2. TEMPERATURE
- solubility increases with increasing temperature
3. AGITATION
- allows new collisions between solute and solvent particles to occur
4. PRESSURE
- has no effect on a solid or liquid
- for gases, Henry’s law applies: the higher the pressure,
the greater the solubility of a gas in a liquid
5. SURFACE AREA
- greater surface area allows more collisions to occur
04
WAYS OF EXPRESSING
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION - a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a
specific amount of solvent or solution
DILUTE SOLUTION CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
contains a small amount of contains a large amount of
solute solute
WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION RATIOS
PERCENT BY MASS MOLARITY
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
PERCENT BY VOLUME MOLALITY
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME PARTS PER MILLION
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 100 𝑥 106
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
MOLE FRACTION PARTS PER BILLION
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑥 109
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
PERCENT BY MASS – ratio of the solute’s mass to the solution’s mass
expressed as percent
w mass of solute
% = x 100%
w mass of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A sugar solution is made by dissolving 5.8 g of sugar in 82.5 g of water.
Calculate the percent by mass concentration of sugar
5.8 𝑔
% 𝑤/𝑤 = 𝑥 100 = 6.6 %
5.8 + 82.5 𝑔
PRACTICE PROBLEM
In order to maintain a sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration
similar to ocean water, an aquarium must contain 3.60 g NaCl per 100.0
g of water. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in the solution?
3.60 𝑔
% 𝑤/𝑤 = 𝑥 100 = 3.47 %
3.60 + 100.0 𝑔
PERCENT BY VOLUME – ratio of the volume of the solute to the
volume of the solution, expressed as percent
volume of solute
% v/v = x 100%
volume of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Calculate the volume percent of solute if 345 mL of ethyl alcohol is
dissolved in enough water to produce 1,257 mL of solution.
345 mL
% v/v = x 100 = 27.4 %
1,257 mL
PRACTICE PROBLEM
What is the percent by volume of isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) in a
solution that contains 24 mL of C3H8O in 1.1 L of water (H2O)?
24 mL
% v/v = x 100 = 2.1 %
1000 m𝐿
24 mL + 1.1 𝐿 𝑥
1𝐿
PERCENT MASS BY VOLUME – ratio of the mass of the solute to
the volume of the solution, expressed as percent
w mass of solute
% = x 100%
v volume of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
If 6.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) is dissolved in enough water to make
300.0 mL of solution, what is the w/v percent of NaCl?
6.0 g
% w/v = x 100 = 2.0%
300.0 mL
PRACTICE PROBLEM
The label on a bottle of vinegar says it contains 5.0% (w/v) acetic
acid (CH3COOH). The bottle contains 240 mL of vinegar. How many
grams of CH3COOH are in the bottle?
5.0 %
mass of vinegar = 𝑥 240 𝑚𝐿 = 12 g
100 %
MOLARITY (M) – number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution
moles of solute
M=
L of solution
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 2.56 g of NaCl in
enough water to make 2.00 L of solution.
1 mol NaCl
2.56 g NaCl x
58.44 g NaCl
M= = 0.0219 M
2.00 L solution
PRACTICE PROBLEM
A 100.5-mL intravenous solution contains 5.10 g of glucose
(C6H12O6). What is the molarity of this solution? The molar mass of
C6H12O6 is 180.16 g/mol.
1 mol
5.10 g glucose x
180.16 g
M= = 0.282 M
1L
100.5 mL x
1000 mL
DILUTING MOLAR SOLUTIONS
M1V1 = M2V2
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
For example, what is the concentration of a solution prepared by diluting
25.0 mL of 6.00 M HCl to a total volume of 50.0 mL?
M1 V1 (6.00 M)(25.0 mL)
M2 = = = 3.00 M
V2 50.0 mL
PRACTICE PROBLEM
What volume, in mL, of 2.00 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) stock
solution would you use to make 0.50 L of 0.300 M CaCl2solution?
M2 V2 (0.300 M)(0.50 L) 1000 𝑚𝐿
V1 = = 𝑥 = 75 mL
M1 2.00 M 1L
MOLALITY – ratio of the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg of
solvent
moles of solute
m=
kg of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
What is the molality of a solution that contains 2.50 g NaCl in 100.0 g
water?
1 mol NaCl
2.50 g NaCl x
58.44 g NaCl
m= = 0.428 m
1 kg
100.0 g H2 O x
1000 g
PRACTICE PROBLEM
What is the molality of a solution containing 10.0 g of sodium
sulfate (Na2SO4) dissolved in 1000.0 g of water (H2O)?
molar mass of Na2SO4 = 141.87 g/mol
1 mol
10.0 g x
141.87 g
m= = 0.0705 m
1 kg
1000.0 g x
1000 g
MOLE FRACTION – ratio of the number of moles of solute in solution to
the total number of moles of solute and solvent
moles of solute
X=
moles of solute + moles of solvent
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
If the total moles of an aqueous solution of NaCl and other solutes is 1.75
mol, calculate the mole fraction of NaCl if the solution contains 4.56 g NaCl.
1 mol NaCl
4.56 g NaCl x
58.44 g NaCl
X= = 0.0446
1.75 mol
PRACTICE PROBLEM
What is the mole fraction of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in an
aqueous solution that contains 22.8% NaOH by mass?
22.8 % 1 mol
𝑥
100 % 39.908 g
mol fraction = = 0.118
0.228 g 0.772 g
+
39.908 g/mol 18.016 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
PARTS PER MILLION (ppm) AND
PARTS PER BILLION (ppb)
– used to express solute present in trace quantities
mass of solute
ppm = x 106
mass of solution
mass of solute
ppb = x 109
mass of solution
CONCENTRATION w/w w/v v/v
ppm mg/kg mg/L μL/L
ppb μg/kg μg/L nL/L
PARTS PER MILLION (ppm) AND
PARTS PER BILLION (ppb)
– used to express solute present in trace quantities
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
If 0.250 L of aqueous solution with a density of 1.00 g/mL contains 13.7 μg of
pesticide, express the concentration of pesticide in ppm.
1g
13.7 μg x
1 x 106 μg
ppm = x 106 = 0.0548 ppm
1000 mL 1 g
0.250 L x x mL
1L
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
if there is 0.551 mg of As in 348 g of solution, what is the As concentration in ppm?
0.551 mg
ppm = = 1.58 ppm
1 kg
348 g x 1000 g
PRACTICE PROBLEM
The concentration of Fe3+ ion in a sample of water (H2O) is 335.0 ppm.
What mass of Fe3+ ion is present in 3,450 mL of H2O, which has a density of 1.00
g/mL?
1.00 g 1 kg 335.0 mg
mass = 3,450 mL x x x = 1,156 mg
1 𝑚𝐿 1000 𝑔 k𝑔
What is the concentration in ppb of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in a
chemical spill, if there is 0.060 mg in 4,600 kg of soil?
1000 μ𝑔
0.060 𝑚𝑔 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑔
ppb = = 0.013 ppb
4,600 𝑘𝑔
“Education is the passport to the future,
for tomorrow belongs to those who
prepare fo it today.”
— MALCOLM X
