ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |1

Chapter 8 ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY & EQUILIBRIUM

Zumdahl ch. 14, 15.1-15.5
All states are aqueous unless indicated otherwise.

I. STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION – the notes below are covered in the

Acid/Base Inquiry.

ACID STRUCTURE & STRENGTH

TREND DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
BINARY ACIDS: The acid strength is related to
INCREASE in strength LR the bond strength (down a
across a period. group) as well as the
Binary acids INCREASE in electronegativity of the
strength DOWN a group. element bonded to the “H”
(across a period)

ACID STRUCTURE & STRENGTH

TREND DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
OXYACIDS:  Nitric acid has one more
INCREASE in strength as the Acidic Hydrogen oxygen.
number of oxygen atoms on the  More electron density is
central atoms INCREASES pulled from the O-H
bond.
 H+ leaves more readily
 HNO3 is thus a stronger
acid.

OXYACID: BE CAREFUL! The element bonded directly

Not all “H” atoms are acidic! to the “H” must be
sufficiently electronegative to
weaken the bond to the “H”.
A bond between P-H is not
acidic. Therefore H3PO4 is
TRI-protic and H3PO3 is DI-
protic

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |2
OXYACIDS: Acid strength As the electronegativity of
increases UP the group rather the halogen increases,
than down as seen in the binary electron density is pulled
acids. This is because from the H-O bond, making
electronegativity is the key the H more acidic – i.e. more
factor since the halogen is not readily ionizes as H+ in
bonded directly to the “H” water!

Pictures: [Link]

II. Anhydrides

A. Acidic Anhydrides: Non-metal oxides + water  oxyacids

Ex. SO2(g) + H2O  H2SO3 Weak – Ka problem

B. Basic Anydrides: Metal oxides + water  metal hydroxide

Strong: pure metal oxide in water affects pH dramatically

Ex. CaO (s) + H2O  Ca(OH)2)  Ca2+ + 2OH─ STOICHIOMETRY!

Weak: pure metal oxide in water does not affect pH much, but the metal oxide will neutralize acids.
Ex. FeO(s) + H2O  Fe(OH)2 Ksp problem!

C. Amphoteric oxides

Amphoteric means a substance can act as an acid or a base. Water is an example of an amphoteric substance.

H2O + H2O  OH─ + H3O+

Aluminum oxide is an example of an amphoteric oxide.

Anhydride : Al2O3  Al(OH)3

Base: Al(OH)3 (s) + 3H+  Al3+ + 3H2O
Acid: Al(OH)3 (s) + OH─  Al(OH)4─

Oxidation Properties of s - and p -Block Elements

Oxide
Number
Category Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
CrO Cr2+ basic
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br
Cr2O3 Cr3+ amphoteric Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At
CrO3 Cr6+ acidic Amphoteric
Basic Oxides Oxides Acidic Oxides

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |3
III. Review of pH, pOH, etc
[H+] > [OH─]  ACIDIC [H+] < [OH─] BASIC

A NOTE ON SIF FIGS: when you take

the “log” of a number, the number(s)
to the left of the decimal place
indicate magnitude and are hence
NOT significant. The numbers to the
right of the decimal place are
significant.

You will be reviewing these calculations in your inquiry, but I want to help you learn how to estimate since you
will not be able to use your calculators on the Multiple Choice portion of the AP exam. BONUS – knowing how
to estimate will help you catch mistakes on the Free Response!-

LETS DO IT 1.

pH [H+], M Estimating guidelines

2.00
2.25
2.75
3.00

IV. Naming and Conjugating

A. Naming: The name of an
I “ate” something
acid is derived from the name
“ic”-y
of the anion (the cation is
always H+). So…If you don’t All n”ite” I was
know your polyatomic ions, naus”ous”
then your are definitely ….. Cause I took a r”ide”
at a huge disadvantage! GO on a “hydro” l “ic”
STUDY! plane

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |4
LETS DO IT 2.

NAME ANION FORMULA

Permanganic acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous acid
Hypoiodous acid
Hydrobromic acid
B. Conjugating
 Reactants are always described as either an acid or a base
 The products are described as either a conjugate base (if reactant was an acid) or a conjugate acid (if
the reactant was a base).
 The+ “modified form” of the acid is the form without an H+ - ie do what acids do best and take away an
H to find the conjugate.
 The “modified form” of a base is the form with an H+ added – ie do what bases do best and add an H+
to find the conjugate.
 IT IS VITAL THAT YOU ARE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE A CONJUGATE IN AN
EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM! Conjugate acids and bases are often added in the form of salts. THEY
ARE PRODUCTS – THEY DO NOT REACT WITH THE ORIGINAL ACID OR BASE!

MODEL:

What is the conjugate base of H2SO4? HSO4─ (note that only ONE H+ was removed!)
What is the conjugate acid of CH3NH2? CH3NH3+ (note that the basic part is the “amine”)
If NH4Cl salt is added to solution, what acid (or more likely conjugate acid) is added to the solution? NH4+
is the acid. It is the conjugate acid for the weak base NH3

LETS DO IT 3. Fill in the following tables.

ACID CONJUGATE BASE POSSIBLE SALT OF CB

H3PO3
HSO4─
H2C2O4
H2O NA

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |5

BASE CONJUGATE ACID POSSIBLE SALT OF CA

NH3
CH3CH2NH2
HSO4─
H2O NA

C. CONJUGATE STRENGTHS

CONJU-
Acid Formula Ka Kb
GATE
VERY
Hydrochloric HCl Strong
WEAK
VERY
Nitric HNO3 Strong
WEAK
Iodic HIO3 1.70E-01 5.88E-14

Oxalic HOOCCOOH 5.60E-02 1.79E-13

Phosphorous H3PO3 3.00E-02 3.33E-13

Phosphoric H3PO4 7.11E-03 1.41E-12

Formic HCOOH 1.80E-04 5.56E-11

Hydrazoic HN3 2.20E-05 4.55E-10

Hypochlorous HOCl 3.00E-08 3.33E-07

Trimethyl
(CH3)3NH+ 1.58E-10 6.33E-05
Ammonium Ion

D. Polyprotic acids & Amphoteric substances

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012
ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |6
Polyprotic mean many protons. When we write ionization reactions, remove only one proton at a time.

H2SO4  H+ + HSO4─ Stoichiometry! H3PO4 ⇄ H2PO4─ + H+ equilibrium!

HSO4─ ⇄ H+ + SO42─ equilibrium! H2PO4─ ⇄ HPO42─ + H+ equilibrium!

HPO42─ ⇄ PO43─ + H+ equilibrium!

V. Some Problem Solving Tools/Acronyms

STOICHIOMETERY – THE “SSS” METHOD. Some of you might like this better so you
don’t mix it up with an equilibrium RICE.

S Start – write your starting values under the reaction

S Shift – shift amounts from reactants to products (according to mole ratios) until
the limiting runs out.
S Stop (= Start + Shift) – write your final amounts remaining after shift

EQUILIBRIUM – THE “RICE” METHOD

R Reaction – write the balanced reaction remember to use “⇄”

I Initial – Write initial values under the correct species in the balanced equation. If
no products are explicitly given assume value of zero. BE CAREFUL – salts of
conjugates and the “stop” values of a stoichiometry often give initial
concentrations.
C Change – the amounts by which species change as they approach equilibrium
(according to mole ratios)
E Equilibrium (=I + C) – The amounts remaining when equilibrium has been reached.
Given pH and pOH values are typically considered equilibrium concentrations.

COMBINED – COMMON ION/BUFFER, SALT HYDROLYSIS, TITRATIONS – THE

DSE or “DOC Saves Everyone” METHOD

D Dilution – if you added “volume to volume” you must VooM=VooM!

S Stoichiometry – If you have (1) strong acid (2) strong base (3) any acid + any base –
you must first do a stoichiometry. NOTE: do not react acids or bases with their
conjugates! STOP amounts remaining will typically become INITIAL amounts in the
equilibrium.
E Equilibrium – Find your weak acid or weak base equilibrium. Always start with the
parent acid or base as the reactant unless the ONLY thing present in the solution is
the conjugate. REMEMBER – you must add water as a reactant when working with a
weak base!
Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012
ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |7
VI. Acid-Base Stoichiometry

Some of this work is overkill for some of you. It is okay to simplify as long as the mole
ratio is clearly shown!

A. Strong Acids OR Strong Bases – Stoichiometry

There are three times
MODEL: What is the pH of a 0.25 M solution of perchloric acid when we can simply
─
HClO4  H+ + ClO4 use the “Magic Mole
[H+] = 0.25 M, Ratio”
S 0.25 0 0
S -0.25 +0.25 +0.25 pH = -log(0.25) = 0.60
S 0 0.25 0.25 1.
2.
0.25molesHClO4 1molH 
OR if only one SA or one SB:   0.25 MH  3.
1L 1molHClO4

LETS DO IT 4. Determine the pH of the following solutions:

0.26 M HNO3 0.298 M Sr(OH)2

S
S
S

B. Acids + Bases: Strong + Strong – Stoichiometry until one runs out!

LETS DO IT 5. Determine the pH when 43 mL of 0.25 M solution of Sr(OH)2 is added to 58 mL of a 1.5

M solution of hydrochloric acid.

D: DILUTION - We added volume to volume so must Voom Voom!

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |8
S: STOICHIOMETRY – We have an acid + a base so we need to do a stoichiometry until the limiting
runs out.

Sr(OH)2 + HCl  SrCl2 + H2O

S
S
S

S: STOICHIOMETRY - We have a strong acid in solution as well as a salt. We will see later that this is
a neutral salt so I will ignore it for now.

VII. TITRATION: WEAK ACID WITH A STRONG BASE

WE ARE GOING TO START WITH THE END IN MIND! A titration curve encompasses almost every
type of acid/base problem that we educators concoct to mess with your minds!
A 40.00 mL sample of 0.100 M solution of propanoic acid, C2H5COOH, is titrated with 0.200 M solution of
NaOH. Calculate the pH at the following points. Ka = 1.3 x 10-5

(A) 0 mL (B) 10.00 mL (C) 15.00 mL (D) 20.00 mL (E) 30.00 mL

STEP ONE: Determine the volume required to reach the equivalence point. Use modified Voom-Voom. A
titration deals with one equivalence point at a time, therefore #H+ = 1 and #OH─ = 1. YOU MUST SHOW THE
“1” IN THE FORMULA TO CONVINCE THE READER THAT YOU ARE INCLUDING THE MMR!

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES Chapter Eight |9
STEP TWO: Devise a strategy to decide what order you want to do the parts. I personally would to (B) 1st
because it is half-way to the equivalence point which you are going to see is uber easy! I have them in order
below, but you can do them in any order you want!

(A) 0 mL base added. The only thing present is 40.00 mL of 0.100 M weak acid. No volume has been
added and no base has been added therefore we do not need dilution and stoichiometry steps.

R C2H5COOH ⇄ C2H5COO─ + H+

(B) 10.00 mL – we are ½ way to equivalence point

DILUTION

C2H5COOH + OH─  C2H5COO─ + H2 O

WHO
STOICHIO- S
CARES!
METRY
S

R C2H5COOH ⇄ C2H5COO─ + H+

I
EQUILIBRIUM
C

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 10

BUFFER

(C) 15.00 mL – in the BUFFER ZONE!

DILUTION

C2H5COOH + OH─  C2H5COO─ + H2 O

WHO
STOICHIO- S
CARES!
METRY
S

R C2H5COOH ⇄ C2H5COO─ + H+

I
EQUILIBRIUM
C

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 11
(D) 20.00 mL – since this is the equivalence point, the equilibrium is for the weak conjugate base!
Two things to remember: The equilibrium is written for the conjugate and you have to calculate
its K using Ka x Kb = Kw

DILUTION

H2 O
C2H5COOH + OH─  C2H5COO─ +
S WHO
CARES!
STOICHIO- S
METRY E

R C2H5COO─ + H2O ⇄ C2H5COOH + OH─

K w 1x10 14
Kb  
K a 1.3x10 5
I

EQUILIBRIUM

(E) 30.00 mL

DILUTION

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 12

C2H5COOH + OH─  C2H5COO─ + H2 O

WHO CARES!
STOICHIO- S
METRY
S

TOTAL [OH─] = [OH─] from stoich + [OH─] from weak conj. base equil.
NO
The contribution the weak conjugate base makes to the pOH and hence the pH is
EQUILIBRIUM
NEGLIGIBLE compared to the excess strong base!
NEEDED!

ALTERNATIVE TO EQUILIBRIUM WHEN BOTH A WEAK AND ITS CONJUGATE I PRESENT

(AKA – THE BUFFER ZONE):
SHORTCUT!
IF: You were able to identify that an acid and its conjugate base are present initially.
AND: initial concentrations > 100 x Ka
THEN: You can skip RICE and use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation! (simply
Ka rearranged)

 CB  CB = molarity of conjugate base

pH  pK a  log 
 HA 
HA = molarity of the acid
pKa = -log(Ka)

VIII. Buffers

A. General Concepts
 A Buffer is a solution designed to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or
base.
 The solution is a mix of an acid + CB or a base + CA.
+ H+
HA ⇄─H+ + A─
+ OH

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 13
 Select the buffer system by finding a weak acid or weak base whose pKa or pKb is approximately equal
to the pH at which you want the system buffered. At this point, [CA] = [acid] or [CB] = [base]. The
concentrations do not need to be EQUAL to one another, but in a good buffer, they are CLOSE TO
one another
 The buffer capacity refers to the amount of H+ or OH─ a buffer system can absorb before the pH begins
to change dramatically. Buffers containing high concentrations of the buffer agents typically have a
high buffering capacity.

B. Two ways to make the solution:

1. WEAK + SALT OF CONJUGATE:

a. Acetic acid + sodium acetate
b. ammonia and ammonium chloride.

2. WEAK + OPPOSITE STRONG: Roughly 2:1 ratio

OH─ + HC2H3O2  H2O + C2H3O2─

S 0.45 M 1.0 M 0
S -0.45 -0.45 +0.45
S 0 0.55 0.45

H+ + HONH2  HONH3+
S 0.55 M 1.0 M 0
S -0.55 -0.55 +0.55
S 0 0.45 0.55

LETS DO IT 6. Circle the pairs that can be used to make a buffer solution.

HNO3 with Sr(OH)2 C6H5COOH (benzoic acid) with C6H5COONa

C6H5NH2 with C6H5NH3Br HCl with NaCl

LETS DO IT 7. Which of the following would be the best buffer for pH 4?

Hypochlorous HOCl 3.0x10─8

Iodic HIO3 1.7x10─1
Lactic CH3CHOHCOOH 1.38x10─4

RESOURCE: [Link]

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 14
LETS DO IT 8.
(a) What ratio of molarities of conjugate acid and base would you use if you wanted to prepare a solution
buffered at pH 10.0 using dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH). Kb = 5.4 x 10─4

(b) If you wanted to use 0.750 M dimethylamine, what molarity of the conjugate acid would you use?

(c) If you needed 1.000 L of solution, how many grams of diamethylamine and (CH3)2NH2Cl would you need?

IX. I SEE (more) RICE! % Ionization

A. % Ionization

LETS DO IT 9. Calculate the pH and % ionization of a solution which is 0.53 M HC6H4NO2 (nicotinic
acid). Ka = 1.4 x 10─5

R
I
C
E

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 15
B. Dissociation Constant from pH or pOH.
LETS DO IT 10. Calculate the magnitude of the equilibrium constant for benzoic acid, HC7H5O2, if a
0.100 M solution has a pH = 2.59.

✔ D: Do you need to do any dilutions?

✔ S: Are there any stoichiometry calculations?
✔ E: Equilibrium

R
I
C
E

LETS DO IT 11. Calculate the magnitude of the equilibrium constant for an aqueous solution of ammonia,
if a 0.100 M solution has a pH = 11.13.

✔ D: Do you need to do any dilutions?

✔ S: Are there any stoichiometry calculations?
✔ E: Equilibrium
R
I
C
E

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 16
C. Common Ion

LETS DO IT 12. Calculate the pH of a solution which is 0.245 M NH3 and 0.245 M NH4NO3. Kb = 1.8 x
10─ 5
✔ D: Do you need to do any dilutions?
✔ S: Are there any stoichiometry calculations?
✔ E: Equilibrium
R
I
C
E

Base form of H-H (you won’t come across this in many books but I think it is helpful!)

IF: You were able to identify that an acid and its conjugate base present initially.
AND: initial concentrations > 100 x Kb
THEN: You can skip RICE and use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation! (simply Kb rearranged)

æ [ CA] ö
pOH = pK b + log çç ÷÷
è [ base] ø

CA represents the conjugate acid. pKb = -log(Kb)

 0.245 
pOH  4.74  log   4.74 pH = 14-4.74 = 9.26
 0.245 

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 17
Salt Hydrolysis – Psych! Salts aren’t always neutral!

LETS DO IT 13. Write the full hydrolysis reactions and predict whether the following salts would be
acidic, neutral, or basic.

SALT REACTION(s) PREDICTION

NH4NO3

KCHO2
Potassium formate
Ca(ClO4)2

C2H5NH3F Ka(HF) = 6.8x10─4 Kb(C2H5NH2) = 6.4 x 10─4

LETS DO IT 14. Determine the pH of a solution prepared when 0.288 g of potassium cyanide is
added to 0.25 L of water. Ka (HCN)= 4.9 x 10─10

✔D:

✔ S:

✔ E:

R CN─ + H2O  HCN + OH─

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 18
LETS DO IT 15. Calculate the pH of a 0.392 M CH3NH3NO3. Kb(CH3NH2) = 4.4 x 10─4

PREDICTION:

✔ D: Do you need to do any dilutions?

✔ S: Are there any stoichiometry calculations?
✔ E: Equilibrium - Now find the acid or base and do the equilibrium!

R K expression:

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 19
Sample AP Questions1
1982 D
A solution of barium hydroxide is titrated with 0.1 M sulfuric acid and the electrical conductivity of the solution
is measured as the titration proceeds. The data obtained are plotted on the graph below.

(a) For the reaction that occurs during the titration described above, write a balanced net ionic equation.
(b) Explain why the conductivity decreases, passes through a minimum, and then increases as the volume of
H2SO4 added to the barium hydroxide is increased.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of barium hydroxide originally present in the solution that is titrated.
(d) Explain why the conductivity does not fall to zero at the equivalence point of this titration.

1
Copyright College Board – to be used for face to face classroom instruction only.
Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012
ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 20
1992 D
The equations and constants for the dissociation of three different acids are given below.
HCO3─  H+ + CO32─ Ka = 4.2 x 10─7
─
H2PO4  H + HPO4
+ 2─
Ka = 6.2 x 10─8
HSO4─  H+ + SO42─ Ka = 1.3 x 10─2
(a) From the systems above, identify the conjugate pair that is best for preparing a buffer with a pH of 7.2.
Explain your choice.
(b) Explain briefly how you would prepare the buffer solution described in (a) with the conjugate pair you
have chosen.
(c) If the concentrations of both the acid and the conjugate base you have chosen were doubled, how would the
pH be affected? Explain how the capacity of the buffer is affected by this change in concentrations of acid
and base.
(d) Explain briefly how you could prepare the buffer solution in (a) if you had available the solid salt of the
only one member of the conjugate pair and solution of a strong acid and a strong base.

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 21
2011

1. Each of three beakers contains 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of HCl, NH3 , or NH4Cl, as shown above.
Each solution is at 25oC.
(a) Determine the pH of the solution in beaker 1. Justify your answer.
(b) In beaker 2, the reaction NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq) occurs. The value of Kb for
NH3(aq) is 1.8 × 10−5 at 25oC.
(i) Write the Kb expression for the reaction of NH3(aq) with H2O(l).
(ii) Calculate the [OH-] in the solution in beaker 2.
(c) In beaker 3, the reaction NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) occurs.
(i) Calculate the value of Ka for NH4+(aq) at 25oC.
(ii) The contents of beaker 2 are poured into beaker 3 and the resulting solution is stirred.
Assume that volumes are additive. Calculate the pH of the resulting solution.
(d) The contents of beaker 1 are poured into the solution made in part (c)(ii). The resulting solution is
stirred. Assume that volumes are additive.
(i) Is the resulting solution an effective buffer? Justify your answer.
(ii) Calculate the final [NH4+] in the resulting solution at 25oC.

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 22
1996

A 0.500-gram sample of a weak, nonvolatile acid, HA, was dissolved in sufficient water to make 50.0 milliliters
of solution. The solution was then titrated with a standard NaOH solution. Predict how the calculated molar
mass of HA would be affected (too high, too low, or not affected) by the following laboratory procedures.
Explain each of your answers.

(a) After rinsing the buret with distilled water, the buret is filled with the standards NaOH solution; the weak
acid HA is titrated to its equivalence point.
(b) Extra water is added to the 0.500-gram sample of HA.
(c) An indicator that changes color at pH 5 is used to signal the equivalence point.
(d) An air bubble passes unnoticed through the tip of the buret during the titration.

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012

ACIDS & BASES C h a p t e r E i g h t | 23
1986 A
In water, hydrazoic acid, HN3, is a weak acid that has an equilibrium constant, Ka, equal to 2.8x10─5 at 25oC. A
0.300 litre sample of a 0.050 molar solution of the acid is prepared.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Ka, for hydrazoic acid.
(b) Calculate the pH of this solution at 25oC.
(c) To 0.150 litre of this solution, 0.80 gram of sodium azide, NaN3, is added. The salt dissolved completely.
Calculate the pH of the resulting solution at 25oC if the volume of the solution remains unchanged.
(d) To the remaining 0.150 litre of the original solution, 0.075 litre of 0.100 molar NaOH solution is added.
Calculate the [OH─] for the resulting solution at 25oC.

Dena K. Leggett, Ph.D., Allen High School, Allen, TX 2011-2012