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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis of Haditha Dam using

Geo-Studio Software

Mohammed Karim Malik 1, Dr. Ibtisam Raheem Karim 2

1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract. The current study is designed to model seepage and slope stability analysis of
Haditha dam (Iraq) using finite element method by GEOSTUDIO 2012 software.
GEOSTUDIO software is capable to carry out analysis such as, stress-strain, seepage,
slope stability, dynamic analysis. SEEP/W and SLOPE/W are sub programs of
GEOSTUDIO which can simulate the movement and pore-water pressure distribution
within permeable materials like soil and rock. In the present study Haditha dam, which is
an earth dam constructed on the Euphrates River in the middle west of Iraq 7 km
upstream from Haditha city in Al Anbar governorate with a total length of the barrier
9064 m was chosen as a case study to simulate the seepage and slope stability analysis.
The input data given to the software are the geometry of the dam and its material
properties. The flow net is generated by SEEP/W software showing phreatic line,
equipotential line, and stream line. Also, the seepage influx is computed by the software.
The dam at its actual design was investigated by inspected the water in the reservoir to
be at maximum, minimum and normal water level. It was concluded that the dolomite
core and the presence of asphaltic-concrete diaphragm and the grout curtain have an
important effect on decreasing the seepage quantity through the dam body and the factor
of safety values of upstream and downstream slopes stability satisfy the minimum limits
for all levels of water.

1. Introduction
Any dam failure or accident to dam can cause potential hazard to property and lives of millions of
people who dwell downstream of the dam and also other life stock. Also, the seepage failure and slope
failure of an earth dam are considered among of the most common types of failures in earth dams.
Therefore safety of the dams is very important side for preservation the national investment. So, several
studies have dealt with the issue of dams’ safety. Irzooqi (1998)[1] studied and analyzed the seepage
problem at the downstream area of Haditha dam in Al-Anbar governorate on Euphrates River especially
in front of two stations on the right side. It was concluded that the main source of the seepage at the first
site is a leakage of reservoir water through the foundation. At second site, the main source is reservoir
water, which seeps under the foundation grout curtain through channels made by the dissolution of the
gypsums formations. Ismaeel and Bahzad (2011)[2] used a finite element method through SEEP2D
program, to determine the free surface seepage line, the quantity of seepage through the dam, the pore
water pressure distribution, the total head measurements and the effect of anisotropy of the core materials
of Duhok zoned earth dam. The analysis of the results of this study showed that Duhok dam is safe
against the danger of piping and slope sloughing under the present operation levels. Kirra et al. (2015)[3]
used GeoStudio software by employed Finite Element modeling. The model is verified, and then it is
employed to analyze seepage and stability of Mandali Dam (Iraq). The results of the analysis confirm
the safety of Mandali dam against combined seepage and slope stability under all cases of operation. The
case of rapid drawdown is the most critical operating case; compared to other cases of operation. Kirra et

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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

al. (2017)[4] studied three typical cases of failed earth dams; Fontenelle dam (USA), Carsington dam
(England), and Walter F. George dam (USA). The obtained results confirm that for typical cases of failed
dams, failure is attained due to either seepage or slope instability or combined seepage and slope
instability. Scenarios for redesign of failed dams to prevent failure are presented and discussed. Ibraheem
(2017)[5] analyzed seepage flow in Al-Adhaim earth dam using Geo-studio through its subprograms
SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. The study is carried out through analyzing section in two cases, the first model
was analyzed by the presence of plastic core instead of clay core in seven cases were selected depending
on the position of plastic core in earth dam. The second was analyzed using clay soil and clay soil mixed
with materials 5% lime and 6% silica-fume as core of earth dam. The results showed that in the first
model the permeability was decreased and the phreatic line declined from the original in all cases that
selected. In the second model, when clay soil mixed with improved materials the permeability of clay
soil decreased in the cases of different water content, and the unconfined compression strength increased
more than 70%. Mishal (2018) [6] used GeoStudio software to calculate the factor of safety against
sliding under different soil conditions for Adhaim earth dam , using nine methods and taking into
consideration the effect of change in the reservoir water level, seepage rate through dam body and the
main soil properties such as the weight density, angle of internal friction and the cohesive strength ,these
variables were linked to the safety factor and the relationship is represented by a mathematical equation.
the result obtained that the most effective variable on the factor of safety against sliding which is the
angle of internal friction. the process of rapid drawdown of the Adhaim's dam reservoir has also been
studied. It has been noticed that the values of factor of safety increase along with the rapid drawdown
until it is fixed at the dead storage reservoir level. Najeeb (2018) [7]Studied and analysis of seepage
through Al-Shahabi earth dam in Wasit Governorate, Iraq, by using Geo-Studio software with its sub-
programs SEEP/W 2012 with two cases of water levels, which are: normal water level and maximum
water level. It was concluded that the quantity and velocity of seepage when the steady state seepage
analysis during maximum water level are increasing about 1.6 from the quantity and velocity of seepage
during normal water level and the phreatic line declines throughout the dam then passes through
horizontal drain and exit at the dam toe drain, which is safety for stability because the phreatic line not
intersects with downstream face; therefore the sloughing phenomenon of downstream not occur. Al-
Shamary (2019)[8] studied assessing the water seepage during the Haditha dam (Iraq) using the
computer software (SEEP/ W, 2012). The results obtained from the software were compared with the
actual field data of the seepage amount for years (1989 - 2017) and with the water level in the dam
reservoir for different periods. The results of comparison give an idea to the efficiency of the dam
protection against the seepage. The results displayed that the asphaltic diaphragm in good condition and
efficient on the right and left sides of the dam.

2. Governing Equations
Following partial differential equation (PDE) is the governing equation used for modelling of
SEEP/W program, Lu and Likos, (2007) [9]:

𝜕 𝜕𝐻 𝜕 𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝜃
(𝑘𝑥 ) + (𝑘𝑥 ) +𝑄 = (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

Where,
H = Hydraulic head (L); 𝑘𝑥 & 𝑘𝑦 = hydraulic conductivity values in x and y direction, respectively,
(L/T), Q = applied boundary flux (L3/T); t = time domain (T); θ = volumetric water content (%).

3. Case Study
Haditha dam is a multi-purpose hydro development designed to control the Euphrates River flow in
interests of irrigation, electric power generation and for partial accumulation of extreme Euphrates River
inflows into Haditha reservoir. The dam was constructed in the Middle west of Iraq 7 km upstream from
ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The Haditha
reservoir in Iraq was selected as case study to be used in the numerical models, because it possesses the
two relevant types of reservoir sedimentation processes (delta formation and density current). It
represents a case where the reservoir storage capacity losses are substantial. In order to reduce capacity
losses. The delta formation was simulated for fixed and fluctuating water level in the reservoir,
including the simulation of the formation of channels in the delta. The model was a previous run for
simulating delta formation, and by subsequently applying the gradual water drawdown procedure used
2
2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

in the Haditha reservoir, the actual removing process of the accumulated sediment was simulated. In this
study the different processes and phenomena related to reservoir sedimentation were simulated in
successful way for a real and a schematized reservoir, whereas also flushing as mitigation measure was
fairly well simulated when compared with the practice in Haditha reservoir. However more studies and a
proper calibration and verification are needed to predict the sedimentation processes more accurately
before using the model for design purposes. ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‬ ‬ ‫ات ‬اﻟﻔ‬ر ‬ﻧﻬ‬ر‬. ‬ ‬ ‫ود‬
‬ ‫ب ‬ﯾﻌ‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ‬أﺧﺗﯾﺎ‬ر ‬ﺳﺑ‬‬ ‫در ‬ﻣﻧط‬
‬ ‫ﺳﺔ ‬اﻟ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻰ ‬ا‬‬ ‫ود ‬ا‬
‬ ‫ل ‬وﺟ‬ ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛ‬
‬‫زر‬
‬ ‫أو‬ﺟ‬ ‬ ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬‬ ‬‬‫ﻗﺔ‬ﻣﺗﻔ‬ر‬اﻟدﻟﺗﺎ‬‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‬ ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‬ ‬‫ﻘﺔ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧط‬.‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﺷﻐ‬ ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‬ً‬‫ان‬ﺧ‬ز‬ﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬ ‬ ‬‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ﺣد‬
‬ ‫ذي‬ا‬ ‬ ‫ن‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑ‬ر‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﺧ‬ز‬أﻛﺑ‬ر‬ﻣ‬ ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬اﻧﺎ‬
‬ ‫اﻟط‬
‬ ‫ل ‬وﺑ‬
‫دأ‬ ‬ ‫ت ‬‬و ‬ ﺑﺗﺷﻛ‬ ‬ ‫ت ‬اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‬اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬طﺑﻘ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬
‬ ‫ل ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‬أﺷﯾ‬ر ‬‬و ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‬‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬اﻟﺗﺷﻛﻼ‬‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬
‬ ‫ان ‬اﻟﺧ‬ز ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ود‬
‬ ‫ب ‬ﺑوﺟ‬ ‬ ‫ن ‬‬ة ‬ﻛﺑﯾ‬ر ‬ﻧﺳ‬
‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣ‬
‬ ‫اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬‫ت‬
‬ ‫ل ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫در ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‫ﺳﺔ ‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‬وﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‬ا‬ ‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬.‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣن‬ ‬اﻟﻣﺗﻛو‬ ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﻬﺎ ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬وﺣر‬ ‬ ‬ ‫ان ‬ﺧ‬ز‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬
‬ ‫ﺣد‬.‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣن‬ ‬اﻟﻛﺛﯾ‬ر‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﺑدﯾﻬﯾﺎ‬
‬‫ﯾﺎﺿﻲ‬اﻟ‬ر‬
‬ .‬‫ك‬‬ ‫ت‬ﻛذﻟ‬‬ ‫ل‬ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﻐﺳ‬ ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‬ ‫اءا‬اﻹﺟ‬ر‬ا‬‬ ‬‫ن‬اﻟﻛﺛﯾ‬ر‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﻣ‬‬ ‫ب‬ﺟﯾ‬د‬وﺑﺷﻛ‬ ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﺎﺳ‬.‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺎ‬وﺗﺷﻛﯾ‬‬ ‫ن‬اﻟد‬
‬ ‫در‬ﻛﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‬‬ا‬ﻗﺎ‬
‬ ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬ ‬ ‬‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬
‫ح‬ﻟﺑﯾﺎن‬‬ ‫ق‬ﻧﺟﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﺗطﺑﯾ‬‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎ‬ر‬ اﻟﻣودﯾ‬ ‬ ‬‫ن‬
‬ ‫ق‬ﺑﯾ‬
‬ ‫ل‬ﺗطﺑﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ﻗﻊ‬اﻟ‬و‬‬و‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬‬ ‫ا‬.‬‫ﺋﺔ‬
‬ ‫ب‬وط‬ ‬ ‫ف‬اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ت‬‬د‬ﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾ‬ ‬ ‬‫ت‬‬و‬
‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﺑدﯾﻬﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬اﺳﺗﺧدﻣ‬ ‬ ‬‫در‬ﻫذ‬ﻩ‬‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن ‬ﯾ‬د ‬اﻟﻣ‬ز‬
‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‬‬ﺎ ‬ﻣ‬
‬ ‬ ‫أي‬
‬ ‬‫ل‬‬ ‫ن ‬ﺣﺎ‬ ‬ ‫در ‬ﻓﺄ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬
‬ ‫ت ‬ا‬‬ ‫ت ‬‬و ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ‬اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻬ ‬ا‬
‬ ‬‫ت‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ق ‬وﺑﺷﻛ‬‬ ‫ﻣطﻠ‬.‬ ‫ث‬‬ ‫ل ‬اﻟﺗﻘوﯾ‬م ‬‬و ‬اﻟﺑﺣ‬
‬ ‫ج ‬ﻗﺑ‬
‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎ‬
‬،‬ ‫ل‬‬ ‫ﯾﺔ ‬وﺗﺷﻛﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ﺟﺔ ‬اﻟﻌدد‬
‬ ‫‬ﻧﻣذ‬،‬ ‫ب‬ ‬ ‫‬اﻟﺗرﺳﯾ‬،‬ ‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬‬ ‫زان ‬ﺣد‬
‬ ‫اﻟﺧ‬،‬ ‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ ‬اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬
‬ ‫ا‬:‬ ‫ل ‬اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎ‬د‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ ‬ﺑﺷﻛ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬اﻻﻧﻣوذج‬ ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‬اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾ‬م‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻧد‬
‬ ،‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻎ‬
‬ ‫وات ‬اﻟﺗﯾﺎ‬ر ‬ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‬و‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻧ‬،.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hobi","given":"Majid H","non-
dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Babylon
University/Engineering Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-
parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"2014","title":"Analytical Study of Haditha Reservoir Sedimentation by CFD
Model","type":"article-
journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["[Link]
9184-
383bc399010a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9]","manualFormatting":"[10]","plainTextFormat
tedCitation":"[9]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://

The length of the barrier of dam is 9064 m (dam 8875 m and hydroelectric station 189 m). The right-
bank stretch toward the right bank from the station has a length of 3310 m, the channel stretch of the dam
580 m, and the left-bank stretch 4985 m shown in Figure (2) and‬height of dam: 57 m,‬length of dam at
top: 8923 m, width of dam base: 325 m, top width: 20 m, elevation at top: 154 m.a.s.l, Operational level:
147 m.a.s.l, storage size of operational level: 8.28 Billion 𝑚3 , surface area of storage at operational level:
500 𝑘𝑚2, flood level: 150.2 m.a.s.l, storage size at flood level: 9.8 Billion 𝑚3 , surface area of storage at
flood level: 567 𝑘𝑚2, Min. operational level: 129.5 m.a.s.l and dead storage: 0.23 Billion 𝑚3 . Figure (3)
shows the main materials of the dam.

ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"abstract":"The Haditha

reservoir in Iraq was selected as case study to be used in the numerical models, because it possesses the
two relevant types of reservoir sedimentation processes (delta formation and density current). It
represents a case where the reservoir storage capacity losses are substantial. In order to reduce capacity
losses. The delta formation was simulated for fixed and fluctuating water level in the reservoir,
including the simulation of the formation of channels in the delta. The model was a previous run for
3
2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

simulating delta formation, and by subsequently applying the gradual water drawdown procedure used
in the Haditha reservoir, the actual removing process of the accumulated sediment was simulated. In this
study the different processes and phenomena related to reservoir sedimentation were simulated in
successful way for a real and a schematized reservoir, whereas also flushing as mitigation measure was
fairly well simulated when compared with the practice in Haditha reservoir. However more studies and a
proper calibration and verification are needed to predict the sedimentation processes more accurately
before using the model for design purposes. ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‬ ‬ ‫ات ‬اﻟﻔ‬ر ‬ﻧﻬ‬ر‬. ‬ ‬ ‫ود‬
‬ ‫ب ‬ﯾﻌ‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ‬أﺧﺗﯾﺎ‬ر ‬ﺳﺑ‬‬ ‫در ‬ﻣﻧط‬
‬ ‫ﺳﺔ ‬اﻟ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻰ ‬ا‬‬ ‫ود ‬ا‬
‬ ‫ل ‬وﺟ‬ ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻛ‬
‬‫زر‬
‬ ‫أو‬ﺟ‬ ‬ ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬‬ ‬‬‫ﻗﺔ‬ﻣﺗﻔ‬ر‬اﻟدﻟﺗﺎ‬‬ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬ ‬ ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬
‬ ‬‫ﻘﺔ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧط‬.‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﺷﻐ‬ ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‬ً‬‫ان‬ﺧ‬ز‬ﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬ ‬ ‬‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ﺣد‬
‬ ‫ذي‬ا‬ ‬ ‫ن‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑ‬ر‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﺧ‬ز‬أﻛﺑ‬ر‬ﻣ‬ ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬اﻧﺎ‬
‬ ‫اﻟط‬
‬ ‫ل ‬وﺑ‬
‫دأ‬ ‬ ‫ت ‬و‬ ‬ ﺑﺗﺷﻛ‬ ‬ ‫ت ‬اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‬اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬طﺑﻘ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬
‬ ‫ل ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‬أﺷﯾ‬ر ‬‬و ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‬‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬اﻟﺗﺷﻛﻼ‬‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬
‬ ‫ان ‬اﻟﺧ‬ز ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ود‬
‬ ‫ب ‬ﺑوﺟ‬ ‬ ‫ن ‬‬ة ‬ﻛﺑﯾ‬ر ‬ﻧﺳ‬
‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣ‬
‬ ‫اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬‫ت‬
‬ ‫ل ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫در ‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬
‬ ‫ﺳﺔ ‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬ﻧﺎﺟﺣﺔ‬ ‬وﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‬ا‬ ‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬.‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣن‬ ‬اﻟﻣﺗﻛو‬ ‬ ‫ﻛﺗﻬﺎ ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬وﺣر‬ ‬ ‬ ‫ان ‬ﺧ‬ز‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬
‬ ‫ﺣد‬.‬ ‫ت ‬ﻣن‬ ‬اﻟﻛﺛﯾ‬ر‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﺑدﯾﻬﯾﺎ‬
‬‫ﯾﺎﺿﻲ‬اﻟ‬ر‬
‬ .‬‫ك‬‬ ‫ت‬ﻛذﻟ‬‬ ‫ل‬ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﻐﺳ‬ ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ﻛﺎﻧ‬
‬ ‫اءا‬اﻹﺟ‬ر‬ا‬‬ ‬‫ن‬اﻟﻛﺛﯾ‬ر‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﻣ‬‬ ‫ب‬ﺟﯾ‬د‬وﺑﺷﻛ‬ ‬ ‫وﻣﻧﺎﺳ‬.‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺎ‬وﺗﺷﻛﯾ‬‬ ‫ن‬اﻟد‬
‬ ‫در‬ﻛﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‬‬ا‬ﻗﺎ‬
‬ ‬‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‬ﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎ‬ة‬ ‬ ‬‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬
‫ح‬ﻟﺑﯾﺎن‬‬ ‫ق‬ﻧﺟﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ل‬ﺗطﺑﯾ‬‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎ‬ر‬ اﻟﻣودﯾ‬ ‬ ‬‫ن‬
‬ ‫ق‬ﺑﯾ‬
‬ ‫ل‬ﺗطﺑﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ﻗﻊ‬اﻟ‬و‬‬و‬اﻟﻣودﯾ‬‬ ‫ا‬.‬‫ﺋﺔ‬
‬ ‫ب‬وط‬ ‬ ‫ف‬اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ت‬‬د‬ﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾ‬ ‬ ‬‫ت‬‬و‬
‬ ‫ت‬اﻟﺑدﯾﻬﯾﺎ‬ ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬اﺳﺗﺧدﻣ‬ ‬ ‬‫در‬ﻫذ‬ﻩ‬‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬اﻟ‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ن ‬ﯾ‬د ‬اﻟﻣ‬ز‬
‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‬‬ﺎ ‬ﻣ‬
‬ ‬ ‫أي‬
‬ ‬‫ل‬‬ ‫ن ‬ﺣﺎ‬ ‬ ‫در ‬ﻓﺄ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬
‬ ‫ت ‬ا‬‬ ‫ت ‬‬و ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ‬اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‫ﻟﻬ ‬ا‬
‬ ‬‫ت‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ‬اﻟرﺳوﺑﯾﺎ‬
‬ ‬‫ل‬ ‬ ‫ق ‬وﺑﺷﻛ‬‬ ‫ﻣطﻠ‬.‬ ‫ث‬‬ ‫ل ‬اﻟﺗﻘوﯾ‬م ‬‬و ‬اﻟﺑﺣ‬
‬ ‫ج ‬ﻗﺑ‬
‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎ‬
‬،‬ ‫ل‬‬ ‫ﯾﺔ ‬وﺗﺷﻛﯾ‬ ‬ ‫ﺟﺔ ‬اﻟﻌدد‬
‬ ‫‬ﻧﻣذ‬،‬ ‫ب‬ ‬ ‫‬اﻟﺗرﺳﯾ‬،‬ ‫ﯾﺛﺔ‬‬ ‫زان ‬ﺣد‬
‬ ‫اﻟﺧ‬،‬ ‫ت‬ ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎﺣﯾﺔ ‬اﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬
‬ ‫ا‬:‬ ‫ل ‬اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎ‬د‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ ‬ﺑﺷﻛ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‬ ‬ ‫ذا‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‬اﻻﻧﻣوذج‬ ‬ﻫ‬
‬ ‬ ‫ﺳﻲ ‬اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾ‬م‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻧد‬
‬ ،‬ ‫ﺑﯾﻎ‬
‬ ‫وات ‬اﻟﺗﯾﺎ‬ر ‬ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‬و‬ ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻧ‬،.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hobi","given":"Majid H","non-
dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Babylon
University/Engineering Sciences","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-
parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"2014","title":"Analytical Study of Haditha Reservoir Sedimentation by CFD
Model","type":"article-
journal","volume":"22"},"uris":["[Link]
9184-
383bc399010a"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"[9]","manualFormatting":"[10]","plainTextFormat
tedCitation":"[9]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"[8]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://

Figure 2: Haditha dam layout [11].

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure (3): The main materials of Haditha dam by the author with GeoStudio according to
Dams and Reservoirs Authority (as built) [12].

3. Safety Criteria of Haditha Dam

The Geometric properties of Haditha dam were compared with those recommended by the British
Dam Society (BDS, 1994) [13] in Table (1). Such comparison shows that the geometric design of the
dam is acceptable based on the recommendations of (BDS,1994) [13]

Table (1). Comparison between Original Section of Haditha Dam and (BDS, 1994) [13] Safety Limits

Parameter Haditha dam (BDS) Safety limits Safety of dam status

Crest width 20 m Not less than 2m Acceptable

Upstream slope 1:2.75-1:3 1:2.5 Acceptable

Downstream slope 1:2.25 1:2 Acceptable

Free board 3.8 m Not less than 2m Acceptable

Not less than

Bed width of core 135 m Acceptable
H/3= (18m)

Core slope 1:1-1:2.5 1:12 Acceptable

4. Seepage analysis of Haditha dam

Seepage through Haditha dam is controlled by a dolomite core and inside the core extends an
asphaltic-concrete diaphragm that starts from the base of the dam to almost its top to cutoff the seepage
lines. This core consists of dolomite rocks with hydraulic conductivity ranges from (0.1-1) m/day.
Ninety cross sections are stated along the axis of the dam body on the right and left sides each of ninety
meters length as shown in Figure (4). The cross section of station 32 was chosen to calculate the seepage
because it is the most exposed to the pressure of the reservoir water due to its proximity to the river bed
and the high depth of the water in it in addition to the availability of the piezometer reading and the
seepage value of this station.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure 4: Locations of the stations on body of the Haditha dam, [8].

Seepage through and under the dam is analyzed using the program SEEP/W2012. The finite element
mesh used for the analysis the maximum water level is shown in Figure (5). The mesh includes higher-
order six-nodded triangular elements, with (3204 element) and (1695 nodes). The upstream boundary
nodes are designated as head boundaries with total head equals to the water level in the reservoir. The
bottom line at toe is designated as a zero discharge (no flow). Figures (6) and (7) present the water head
variation and pore water pressure through the dam body, respectively. It is clear from Figure (6) that the
central dolomite core, asphaltic-concrete diaphragm, and grout curtain causes significant lowering of the
phreatic line and exit at the dam toe, which is safety for stability because the phreatic line not intersects
with downstream face; thus the sloughing phenomenon of downstream not happen. Figure (7) confirms
that the pore water pressure in the internal surface of downstream side slope is far away from
downstream and the seepage through the dam is within the historical cases of seepage failure in (Rice,
2007)[14] which ensures stability of the downstream against seepage failure.

Figure 5: Typical finite element mesh for seepage analysis by GeoStudio.

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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure 6: Water head variation and flow line through the dam body.

Figure 7: Pore water pressure through the dam body with flux section.‬
5. Results of the Stability Analysis of Haditha Dam
Seepage analysis is carried out first to establish the steady state seepage. The results of the steady state
seepage are used as input for limit equilibrium analysis.
Upstream and downstream slopes were checked at three different levels of water, as follows:
A. Maximum water level.
B. Normal water level.
C. Minimum operational level.
.
Figures (8) and (9) show the factor of safety (F.S) for the upstream at maximum water level using
Bishop method and Corps of Engineers #1 method, respectively. Also, Figure (10) shows the F.S for
downstream slope by Ordinary method for maximum water level. Figures (11) and (12) show the F.S for
upstream slope at normal water level using Morgenstern-Price method and Corps of Engineers #1
method, respectively. Figure (13) shows the F.S for downstream slope by Ordinary method for normal
water level. Figures (14) and (15) show the F.S for upstream slope at minimum water level using Bishop
method and Corps of Engineers #1 method, respectively. The F.S for downstream slope by Janbu method
for minimum water level is shown in Figure (16).

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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure 8: F.S for upstream slope by Bishop method for maximum water level.

Figure 9: F.S for upstream slope by Corps of Engineers #1 method for maximum water level.

Figure 10: F.S for downstream slope by Ordinary method for maximum water level.

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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure 11: F.S for upstream slope by Morgenstern-Price method for normal water level.

Figure 12: F.S for upstream slope by Corps of Engineers #1 method for normal water level.

Figure 13: F.S for downstream slope by Ordinary method for normal water level.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Figure 14: F.S for upstream slope by Bishop method for minimum water level.

Figure 15: F.S for upstream slope by Corps of Engineers #1 method for minimum water level.

Figure 16: F.S for downstream slope by Janbu method for minimum water level.

Results of Haditha dam stability analysis for the steady state with Limits of (USACE, 2003) and
(BDS, 1994) are shown in Table (2).

Table 2. Results of Haditha dam stability analysis for the steady state with Limits of (USACE, 2003)
[15] and (BDS, 1994) [13].
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

Critical Maximum water level Normal water level Minimum water level
Stability
Upstream Downstream Upstream Downstream Upstream Downstream
Condition
USACE
1.5 1.5 1.5
(2003)
BDS (1994) (1.3-1.5) (1.3-1.5) (1.3-1.5)
Morgenstern- 2.689
3.353 1.731 1.733 2.020 1.733
Price (Fig 11)
Corps of 1.804 1.705 1.578
1.731 1.733 1.733
Engineers #1 (Fig 9) (Fig 12) (Fig 15)
Corps of
1.893 1.733 1.793 1.733 1.635 1.733
Engineers #2
3.356 2.020
Bishop 1.733 2.689 1.733 1.733
(Fig 8) (Fig 14)
1.730
Janbu 3.350 1.665 2.610 1.714 1.942
(Fig16)
1.645 1.695
Ordinary 3.204 2.576 1.902 1.730
(Fig 10) (Fig 13)
Remark Stable Stable Stable Stable Stable Stable

6. Conclusion
Finite element modeling was used in the present study to analyze the combined seepage and slope
stability of Haditha earth dam. Maximum water level of steady seepage case was considered to evaluate
seepage. Three different levels of water (maximum, normal, and minimum) were considered, and six
different limit equilibrium slope stability methods were used to analyze the upstream and downstream
slopes of the dam. The dam safety check was based on the minimum required F.S stated in (USACE,
2003) and (BDS, 1994). The results showed that the geometric design of the dam is acceptable
according to (BDS, 1994) criteria and the seepage through the dam is within the historical cases of
seepage failure in (Rice 2007) and It is noticed that the central dolomite core, asphaltic-concrete
diaphragm, and grout curtain causes significant lowering of the phreatic line and its exit at the dam toe,
which ensures stability of the downstream against seepage failure because the phreatic line not intersects
with downstream face; thus the sloughing phenomenon of downstream not happen. The factor of safety
(F.S.) values of upstream and downstream slopes stability satisfy the minimum limits for all levels of
water. It can be concluded that Haditha dam is safe against seepage failure and slope failure under the
different levels of water presented in this paper.
References
[1] R. H. Irzooqi, “Investigation and Analysis of Seepage Problems on the Left Side of Al-
Qadisiya Dam.” Ph. D. Thesis, Dept. of Building and Construction Eng., College of
Engineering, Univ. of Technolgy, 1998.
[2] K. S. Ismaeel and D. Bahzad M. A. Noori, “Evaluation of Seepage and Stability of Duhok
Dam,” AL-Rafdain Eng. J., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 42–58, 2011, doi:
10.33899/rengj.2011.27885.
[3] M. S. Kirra, M. Shahien, M. Elshemy, and B. A. Zeidan, “Seepage and Slope Stability
Analysis of Mandali Earth Dam , Iraq : A Case Study,” Int. Conf. Adv. Struct. Geotech.
Eng., no. April, 2015.
[4] B. Zeidan, M. Shahien, M. Elshemy, and M. S. Kirra, “Combined seepage and slope
stability analysis of a landfill cover system,” Annu. Meet. Int. Comm. Large Dams, no.
GSP 276, pp. 170–179, 2017, doi: 10.1061/9780784480434.017.
[5] N. B. Ibraheem, “Selection of Suitable Impervious Materials for Core in Earth Dam,”
MSc. Thesis, no. December 2017, 2017.
[6] U. R. Mishal, “Stability Analysis of an Earth Dam Using GEO- SLOPE Model under
Different Soil Conditions,” vol. 36, no. 5, 2018.
[7] A. D. Najeeb, “Analysis of Seepage through Al-Shahabi Earth Dam,” MSc. Thesis, 2018.
[8] A. M. I. Al-Shamary, “Evaluation of Seepage through Haditha Dam West of Iraq,” MSc.
Thesis, p. 184, 2019.
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2nd International Scientific Conference of Al-Ayen University (ISCAU-2020) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 928 (2020) 022074 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/928/2/022074

[9] Lu and Likos, (2007), " Unsaturated Soil Mechanics", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York.
[10] M. H. Hobi, “Analytical Study of Haditha Reservoir Sedimentation by CFD Model,” J.
Babylon Univ. Sci., vol. 22, no. 2, p. 2014, 2014.
[11] N. Adamo, V. K. Sissakian, N. Al-Ansari, M. Elagely, S. Knutsson, and J. Laue,
“Comparative Study of Mosul and Haditha Dams in Iraq: Different Construction Materials
Contribute to Different designs,” J. Earth Sci. Geotech. Eng., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1792–9660,
2018.
[12] Haditha Dam Project (1995). Technical report on Haditha Dam, Dams and Reservoirs
Authority, Ministry of Water Resources, Baghdad.
[13] BDS. (1994), The British Dam Society at the Institution of Civil engineers, Great George
Street, London, SW1P 3AA.
[14] J. D. Rice, “Summaries of Case Histories.” Chapter (3), scholar. lib. vt.
edu/theses/available/etd-12102007, 2007.
[15] USACE (2003), Slope Stability, Engineering Manual 1110-2-1902, Department of the
Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington DC, United States of America.

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