most important lecture
Lecture 4
CVLE 007
Traffic Safety
[Link]@[Link]
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related to vision zero
not found in lebanon
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1. Introduction
Human Factors
57%
Roadway and Mechanical
Environmental Factors
34% 12%
3
Number of Deaths, Injuries and
• The old perception: Fatalities In Lebanon in 2016
65% of crashes are caused
600
502 484
458
500 438
401
by the driver 400 346 328
387 366
322
297
300 273
• The new approach:
200
For 95% of crashes, the
100
0
driver is a contributing factor
Data Source: ISF Lebanon,2016 Crashes Injuries Fatalities
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2. Human Factors
[Link]’s Age
Driver’s age and
gender
Distraction :
Human Factors
Reaction Time
Speed Choice
Fatigue Driving
Visibility
Alcohol
Consumption most common age for accidents
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Data Source: ISF Lebanon, 2016
B. Driver’s Gender Number of Injuries According to Gender
in Lebanon, 2016
Number of Deaths according 28.37%, 28%
to Gender in Lebanon, 2016
Man
Data Source: ISF,Lebanon 2016
Woman
23.06% 71.63%, 72%
76.94%
men more than females
Percentage of death and injuries according to
Man Woman
gender in Lebanon in 2016
6
• 1st and
MAJOR
[Link]/ Reaction Time
cause behind RTCs
in Lebanon in
2015 and 2016
Leaving behind What happen when you are
distracted? 7
4182
RTCs in 2015
1.
2.
Detection of object
Process the incoming
information Longer PRT
3. Decide to take action
4. Take action
D. Speed Driving
Speed will affect both crash
occurrence and crash severity
Data Source: World Health Organization WHO,2013
• 2nd MAJOR cause of
increasing RTCs, RTDs and RTIs
• Contributor to poor safety
conditions on the Lebanese road
network
•3094
Lebanon
RTCs in 2015 in
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What about
speed
Enforcement?
The enforcement
of speed limit is
effective at an
average rate of
Speed Limit ?
80km/h on some
Lebanese highways
100km/h on other Lebanese
highways
Of the population travel faster than the speed limit
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1. Night shift workers
E. Fatigue Driving (company car or truck
drivers).
Definition: is driving under
physical and mental disorder 2. Young drivers (85% of
affecting road focusing,
reducing driver’s reaction
the sleep-related crashes).
time, decreasing awareness
and alertness, putting the 3. People suffering from
driver out of the driving zone Narcolepsy
20%
Contributes to of the Who?
RTCs, 25% of
RTDs
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When?
1. Between 2am-6am
(464 RTCs in 2015 of which 79 are
RTDs and 660 RTIs).
1. Working irregular hours.
2. Taking any pill that causes drowsiness.
3. Drinking Alcohol and have high BAC.
4. Between 2pm-4pm after having lunch or
having at least one alcoholic drink (811 RTCs
in 2015 of which
97 RTDs and 1068 RTIs).
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•33% of RTCs of which
F. Alcohol Consumption
14% MSAR problems and
7% SAR problems
• Increase in alcohol consumption
( between the age of 15 and 23 years) by 40%
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2. Vehicle-Mechanical Related Factors
• Tires
Vehicle-Mechanical Factors
Tires The main role of tires is to retain maximum grip on the road
in surprising situations and under bad weather conditions.
Size of the vehicle
Safety Features
Vehicle
Maintenance
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Under wretched weather conditions, the vehicle can hydroplane and
ride along a thin film of water. Inflation pressure exerts influence on
both grip performance and the tire blowout failure. A divergence in
the inflation (over inflation or under inflation) pressure leads to
instability in the vehicle or tire blow out even on dry surfaces
[Link] of
hydro-planning
f: coefficient of friction
f=0.7-0.9 normal cases
f= 0.1-0.4 on wet, icy or
snowy surfaces
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17.6%
B. Type, Size and Weight of
the Vehicle.
13.4%
9.7%
Reference: Choueiri, 2010
6.6% 6.0% 5.9%
4.10%
3.4%
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C. Safety Features
In addition to:
• AEB: Auto-Emergency
Braking
• ESC: Electronic
Stability Control
• Traction Control
Percentage of mechanical reason behind crashes
120.00%
98.40%
100.00%
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.40% 0.20% 0.40% 0.50% 0.10%
0.00%
Not known Steering Lights Blow Out Brakes Insufficient
Tire Pressure
Percentage of mechanical reason behind crashes 16
D. Vehicle Maintenance
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4. Environmental Related Factors
Percentage od RTCs in Lebanon 2016 according Percentage of RTCs in Lebanon 2016 according
to Weather Condition to Surface Condition
2.8 1.2 1.30.4 0.3
0.1 0.3 26.4
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6.9 68.5
73.3
Dry Surface Wet Surface Icy Surface
Clear Snowy Rainy Foggy Freezing Rain Snowy Surface Oil Soil Mud
Loose Sand ,Gravel
Reference: Choueiri, 2010 Reference: Choueiri, 2010
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PERCENTAGE OF RTCS IN LEBANON 2016 ACCORDING TO TIME OF
THE DAY
Dark Unlit, 9.7, 10% Sunrise, 6, 6%
Dark Lit, 17, 17%
Sunset, 7.2, 7%
Day, 61.2, 60%
Reference: Choueiri , 2010
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5. Road Geometry Design Factors
A. Pavement
The use of Porous Asphalt
minimizes the effect of
hydroplaning as well
increases the visibility of the
pavement markings.
concrete is hard to do and hard to remove
asphalt
gas stations cz gas ruins the zefit bser3a,
airport wheels will bump the floor so if it is flexible it will shove the road
intersection in america
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B. Radius Of
Horizontal Curve
C. • RTCs decrease when the
horizontal curve is increase
for left and right turn.
• For curvehigher than
D. 1500m RTCs are
triangular slopes on either sides of the center
insignificant
• RTCs occurs when the
curves is less than 1000m
due to gravitational force
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RTC: road traffic crashes
E.
G. Stopping Sight
F. Grades Distance
Crashes occur more on :
• grade segment of road than level
segments.
• steep than mild gradients. Definition:
when prt stops till the vehicle completely stops
• downgrades than on upgrades.
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Lecture 5
CVLE 007
Traffic Safety
[Link]@[Link]
1
Accident Records Studies
■ The purpose of studying traffic accident records is to
find measures to increase vehicle safety and reduce the
frequency of accidents.
■ Traffic accident prevention programs are never
completed. They should be a continuous study of
accidents, violations, vehicle registrations and remedial
actions taken.
■ The study of records assists in the following areas:
1. Identifying high accident rate locations, and taking
corrective action.
2. Evaluating roadway design factors.
3. Planning remedial actions and selective enforcement
programs.
4. Evaluating these actions and their effectiveness through
before and after comparisons.
The validity of any analysis depends on the accuracy of the raw information which is obtained.
This is particularly important when studying causes of accidents
■ There are six basic steps in the study of accidents at a location.
These require specific attention.
✓ Obtain sufficient accident data.
✓ Select high accident rate locations.
✓ Prepare collision and condition diagrams.
✓ Make field observations at the location during the time of accidents.
✓ Summarize facts.
✓ Analyze facts and field data, and recommend corrective actions.
Obtaining Crash data
The following information should be obtained when
studying accidents:
✓ Location ✓Driver
✓ Day-Month-Year ✓Driver’s age
✓ Hour ✓Driver’s gender
✓ Cause ✓Driver’s experience
✓Seat Belt Usage
✓ Type
✓Traffic Controls
✓ Light and pavements
conditions ✓Injuries/Fatalities
✓ Weather Condition
Collision diagram
■ A collision diagram permits study and analysis of a
particular intersection or curve at which a number of
accidents have occurred.
■ The diagram consists of an outline map of the
location and symbols showing the direction of
movement of vehicles and pedestrians involved in
accidents.
■ If stationary objects are important in accidents, they
are included in the diagram. Each diagram should
include:
✓ Drawing of intersection.
✓ Identification of diagram.
✓ Identification of streets.
✓ Plots of accidents to include:
1. Direction of travel.
2. Date of accident.
3. Time
4. Road conditions
5. Weather conditions
6. Any usual conditions (flood, storm…)
Crash Mapping
■ After a diagram has been prepared, make a search for
points of similarity. These may be:
1. All accident cars coming from the same direction
2. Colliding cars coming from the same directions such
as northbound and eastbound.
3. Accidents of one type, such as cars turning left.
Right-angle
4. Accidents occurring during one season of the year. Rear-end
5. Accidents occurring at a certain time of day or during Run-off-road
certain lighting conditions. Left turn
Pedestrian
6. Accidents occurring under the same weather Head-on
conditions.
Under Reporting
■ When collecting, managing or utilizing road safety data, it is important to remember that data quality can be
compromised at any stage of the data process. This can be due to:
1. Missing or incomplete data, or errors in data collection and entry;
2. Differences in the application and understanding of variable definitions;
3. Under-reporting.
■ There are a number of consequences associated with poor data quality and under-reporting of crash data.
Some include:
1. Lower numbers of casualties will reduce road safety as a public health issue and therefore it will be
less likely to attract funding;
2. Misleading information may cause road authorities to make ineffective and faulty road safety decisions
and set inappropriate priorities;
3. The success rates of implemented countermeasures cannot be fully assessed;
4. Comparisons between jurisdictions and countries cannot be accurately made.
Data Quality
■ Datasets can be assessed for under-reporting
levels and data quality by comparison with other
databases.
■ A common comparison to make is between police
crash data and hospital in-patient data. Another
source is to use insurance claim data.
■ Although these evaluations are very useful, it is
not possible to determine the real number of total
road crashes as there is no way to know the exact
intersection of the two databases
■ Matching hospital and police data allows cases
to be checked for accuracy (ensuring the
information provided in both databases is the
same) and also provides a basis to estimate the
proportion of under-reported cases in both the
police and hospital files. ▪ Common problem with this technique
is that some countries do not allow the
release of victim names and sometimes
even personal identification codes.
▪ Cases can then only be linked by other
characteristics, such as time, date and
location. Data can only be reliably
maintained when the data quality is
regularly monitored
Improving Data Quality
■ It is typically not possible to successfully collect data for every crash on a
network, but not all crashes need to be reported to be able to draw
conclusions and identify key priorities to improve road safety.
■ The main steps to improving data quality include:
1. A review of variable definitions, ensuring they are simple to understand and apply;
2. Reinforcing the need to report crashes, e.g. by making it a legal requirement;
3. Improving data collection tools (e.g. crash report documents and apparatus, coding
procedures);
4. Collecting accurate location information;
5. Improving training of police and data entry staff;
6. Ensuring the data collected is accurate and reliable through quality assurance measures.
Lecture 6
CVLE 007
Traffic Safety
[Link]@[Link]
Pavement Marking
• Broken Yellow Line
Line Definition: Passing is ALLOWED IF it can be
made in safety
• Broken and Solid Yellow Line
Line Definition: Passing is permitted IF ON THE SIDE OF THE
BROKEN LINE not on the side of the solid line.
Single or Double Yellow Solid Line
Line Definition: Passing is strictly PROHIBITED for both
directions
Dividing Lanes
Broken line (or broken line to the left of a continuous line)
You must keep to the left of these lines (Examples 1 and 2). You
may cross them to overtake, or enter or leave the road, or to
perform a U-turn where permitted, but you must only do so if it
is safe.
• Single continuous line (or single Two continuous parallel lines
continuous line to the left of a broken (Example 6)
line) You must keep to the left and must not cross these lines,
unless you have to avoid an obstruction or, if safe to do so,
to allow enough room to safely overtake a bicycle rider
(example 6A).
Other Markings
Road Traffic Signs
