Unit 10 PRONOUNS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT (Kata Ganti Sebagai Subjek dan Objek Kalimat) A. PRONOUN AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT Pronoun bisa berfungsi sebagai subjek dan objek kalimat. Perhatikan bentuk pronoun untuk subjek dan objek di bawah ini. | suBjEcT OBJECT ARTI | T me orang pertama tunggal | | You you orang kedua tunggal | He him orang ketiga tunggal (dia laki-laki) She her orang ketiga tunggal (dia wanita) | ; tt it untuk kata benda (tunggal) | We us orang pertama jamak | You you orang kedua jamak | They them orang ketiga jamak B. AS SUBJECT Sebagai subjek kalimat, pronoun harus cocok dengan kata kerja yang digunakan baik kata kerja berupa TO BE maupun KATA KERJA DASAR, misalnya seperti contoh berikut: I am tired after school. I go to campus every day. You are very diligent. You go to campus every day. He is at home now. He goes to campus every day. She is in her bedroom. She goes to campus every day. It is cold outside. It rains every day in January. We are interested in music. ‘We go to campus every day. You are tired. You go to campus every day. ‘They are very smart. ‘They go to campus every day. C. AS OBJECT Sebagai objek Kalimat, pronoun bisa menjadi objek dari KATA KERJA PENUH maupun objek dari kata depan, misalnya seperti contoh berikut: OBJECT KATA KERJA OBJECT DARI KATA DEPAN They need me. They are looking for me. We'll contact you. We'll wait for you tomorrow. 68 Comets ENGusH GraMMAn FoR TOEFL® TestI know him. It is not connected with him. ‘They saw her last night. 1am interested in her. 1 like it. J am interested in it. He needs us. He is looking at us. She loves you. She is not mad at you. I met them last night. We are worried about them. Sebagai subjek dan objek, kata ganti it digunakan untuk binatang atau benda mati lainnya yang berbentuk tunggal, misalnya: The cat is nice. I like it. I bought a novel yesterday. It is interesting, The novel is interesting. I am reading it now. Kata ganti it pada tiga kalimat di atas merujuk pada kata benda cat dan novel. Hal yang sama juga berlaku bagi kata ganti them. Kata ganti them dipakai untuk mengganti subjek atau objek kata benda jamak misalnya: I saw the novels last night. They were on the table. The novels are interesting, but 1 have no time to read them. The cats are nice. I like them. Kata they pada kalimat pertama merujuk pada kata novels dan kata them pada dua kalimat berikutnya masing-masing merujuk pada kata benda jamak novels dan cats. D. MINI TEST Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct (Pilihlah huruf A, B, atau D dari kata-kata yang digarisbawahi yang merupakan kata yang salah sehingga harus dibenarkan agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar). 1. Steven and Nadia is very smart and diligent. A B c D 2. The boy have some new comics and toys in his bag. A B Cc D 3. The students are waiting for we in the classroom. B c oD A 4, I don’t like the children because them are very naughty. A B Cc D 5. Bill is falling in love with her because she is beauty. A B @ D COMPLETE ENGUSH GRAMMAR POR TOEFL? Test 6970 6. Her always goes to school every day by car. A B Cc D 7. You can borrow my new novels but you must return i A B c D soon. 8. My father and my mother is very kind to me. A BC D 9. My sister is very good in English and mathematics A B Cc D 10. I wanted to eat apples yesterday so I went out to buy it A B Cc D Comune ENGUSH GrawMak FoR TOEFL® TestUnit 11 PRONOUNS: POSSESSIVE (Kata Ganti Milik) A. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS Yang termasuk POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES dan POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS adalah bentuk-bentuk kata ganti seperti di bawah in POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES | POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS _ my mine your yours his his her hers its - Sekarang perhatikanlah bentuk pronoun untuk SUBJECT, OBJECT, POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES, dan POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS di bawah ini: SUBJRCT OBJECT P. ADJECTIVES P, PRONOUNS t me my mine _ You you your yours He him his his She her her hers It it its - We us our ours You you your yours They them their theirs Adjective pronoun (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) selalu diikuti oleh kata benda, misalnya: This is my book. That is your pencil. This is his bicycle. It is her car. This is its food They are our friends. This is their house. COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL Test 7Semua kata yang diletakkan setelah adjective pronoun di atas adalah kata benda. 72 Sebaliknya, possessive pronoun tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata benda, misalnya: This is your pencil and that is mine. This is my book and that is yours. This is my novel and that is his. his is our house and that is hers. This is your table and that is ours. This is our house and that is theirs. BENTUK POSSESSIVE YANG LAIN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES bisa juga diikuti oleh kata OWN untuk bentuk milik atau possessive form, misalnya: POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE + OWN: my own ... MISALNYA: He is my own brother. your own... MISALNYA: Is she your own sister? his own .. MISALNYA: His own parents live in London. her own... MISALNYA: They are her own brothers. Its own ... MISALNYA: Each neighborhood has its own border. our own MISALNYA: It is our own house. your own... MISALNYA: That is your own room. their own... MISALNYA: This is their own building. Bentuk A/AN + KATA BENDA + OF + POSSESSIVE PRONOUN juga bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan milik: A/AN + KATA BENDA + OF + MINE/YOURS/HIS/HERS/OURS/THEIRS MISALNYA: A friend of mine is coming here next week. Is he a brother of yours? She is a friend of ours. Bentuk ON + POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + OWN yang berarti SENDIRI juga sering dijumpai, misalnya: I can’t adjust to living on my own. Saya tidak bisa menyesuaikan diri untuk hidup sendiri. He can live on his own. Dia bisa hidup sendiri CoNPLETH ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEPL® Tis4, Bentuk BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN yang juga berarti SENDIRI bisa digunakan, misalnya: I can’t adjust to living by myself. He can live by himself. We will go there by ourselves. She did it by herself. C. MINI TEST Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct (Pilihlah huruf A, B, € atau D dari kata-kata yang digarisbawahi yang merupakan kata yang salah sehingga harus dibenarkan agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar). 1. Steven and Nadia always goes to school every day by car. A B cob 2. Iam looking for mine umbrella that I put here a few minutes ago. A B Cc D 3. Charles and I have been sitting here for two hours to do us homework. A B ic D 4, I don’t like the girl because her always disturbs me. A B Cc D 5. John’s house is very big but mine house is small and has no garden. A B c D 6. Him sister has been hospitalized for three days. A B Gc D 7. want to go to them house but I don’t know how to get there. AB fc D 8. Its is very hot in this room because the air conditioner is broken. A B Cc D 9. I always learn English every day because I like them very much. AB c D 10. John, is this you house or theirs? A B c oD 11. A friend of their is going to come here next summer. A B iG D 12, The children did their homework by himself. AB c D Conpurre ENGuSH GraMMar For TOEFL? Test 7374 13. She lives with her parents because she can’t live on hers own in the big city. A B Cc D 14. My friend, Peter, is going there by his own to meet her. A B ce D 15. Peter and John are myself own brothers that I love A B Cc D (Cowurre: ENcLstt GRAMMAR FOR TOEFL® TestUnit 12 REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti Refleksif dan Kata Ganti Emfatik) A. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN (Kata Ganti Refleksif) Reflexive pronoun adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan bahwa akibat dari tindakan yang dilakukan oleh subjek/pelaku mengenai dirinya sendiri. Bentuknya adalah seperti dalam tabel berikut. | Subject| Object —_Possessive| _—_Possessive Reflexive Adjective Pronoun Pronoun I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its — itself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves MISALNYA: He cut himself when he was shaving this morning. Dia terluka pada saat mencukur pagi ini. My mother cut herself when she was cooking. Ibuku terluka ketika sedang masak. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS bisa ditempatkan setelah kata-kata kerja berikut: control dry enjoy cut introduce blame hurt help MISALNYA: Be cool and control yourself. After swimming, I dried myself. His birthday party was great, We enjoyed ourselves. He cut himself when he was shaving this morning. They introduced themselves before the presentation began yesterday. It was not your fault, so don't blame yourself. CoPLETE ENGUSH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® Test 75She hurt herself when she was gardening. All right friends. Don’t be shy. Just help yourselves. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN juga bisa ditempatkan setelah preposisi atau kata depan, misalnya: My friend sometimes talks to himself. You do not need to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. Take care of yourself. Bentuk BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN sering digunakan dalam arti ‘SENDIRI’, ‘TANPA. DITEMANT’, atau ‘TANPA BANTUAN’, misalnya: I can live by myself. Saya bisa kidup sendiri. Don’t worry. She can do it by herself. Jangan cemas. Dia bisa melakukannya sendiri tanpa bantuan. He often goes there by himself. Dia sering pergi ke sana sendiri tanpa ditemani. B. EMPHATIC PRONOUN Emphatic Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang bentuknya sama seperti kata ganti refleksif tetapi memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Emphatic pronoun berfungsi untuk menegaskan atau memberikan penekanan pada subjek, misalnya. I myself met him yesterday. Saya sendiri yang bertemu dia kemarin. You yourself always do it. Engkau sendiri sering melakukannya, He himself went there last week. Dia sendiri yang pergi ke sana minggu lalu. She herself didn’t remember it Dia sendiri tidak mengingatnya We ourselves don't know about it. Kami sendiri tidak tahu hal itu. Kata-kata yang dicetak tebal dalam kalimat-kalimat di atas adalah emphatic pronoun. Bentuk emphatic pronoun harus disesuaikan dengan subjek kalimat, seperti berikut: 76 COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEFL® TestEmphatic Pronoun I myself You yourself He himself she herself We ourselves You | yourselves ‘They | themselves Emphatic pronoun untuk YOU sebagai orang Kedua tunggal adalah YOURSELF dan emphatic pronoun untuk YOU sebagai orang kedua jamak adalah YOURSELVES. C. MINI TEST a. Complete the sentences below with the correct pronoun (Lengkap berikut dengan pronoun yang tepat). alimat-kalimat I bought a novel yesterday and I am reading .. .. The boy is very smart and kind. .. always helps his friends. Tike the cat. cists tail is very beautiful. The students know what to do. My father cut We wesc My friends and I are going to visit the museum next holiday because people say that . is worth visiting. 8. My mother is ill. has been hospitalized for four days. 9. My parents are kind to me. I love very much. 10. They .. came here last week to see us. now. . when he was shaving yesterday morning. ident yesterday. .. saw the a Neepene b. Choose the letter of the word that best completes the sentence (Pilihlah A, B, C, atau D sebagai pilihan yang benar untuk melengkapi kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini). 1. I have a brother. ... name is John. (A) His (C) Mine (B) He (D) Him 2. My girlfriend is beautiful and smart. I love ... very much. (A) it (C) she (B) her (D) them 3. 1... always visit it on holidays. (A) me (C) mine (B) my (D) myself COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® Test 77The cat is licking ... own tail. (A) it (C) them (B) its (D) it is 5. The girl is my friend. ... is from Jakarta (A) She (C) His (B) Her (D) Him ¢. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct (Pilihlah huruf A, B, C, atau D dari kata-kata yang digarisbawahi yang merupakan kata yang salah sehingga harus dibenarkan agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar). 1. Mine friends, Candra and Linda, are diligent and intelligent. A B c D 2. My sister cut themselves when she was cooking yesterday. A B Cc D 3. 1 want to visit my friend but I don’t know he house. A B Cc D 4. We ourself didn’t know what to do when we heard the bad news. A B Cc D 5. Our house is not as big as them house. A B Cc D 6. Him brother has been living in London three years. A B G D 7. Next week his is going to visit his parents in his hometown. A B G D 8. The man hit itself when he was playing football with his friends last week. A B Cc D 9. I]ove my parents very much because them are very kind. A B Cc D 10. The girl is very polite and always does what she parents say. A B Cc D 78 (COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® TESTUnit 13 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu) A. INDEFINITE PRONOUN (Kata Ganti Tak Tentu) Indefinite pronoun atau kata ganti tak tentu adalah kata-kata ganti yang merujuk pada seseorang atau suatu benda yang tidak tentu. Orang atau benda yang tidak tentu seperti ini umumnya diwakili oleh kata-kata seperti dalam daftar berikut: anybody anyone anything everybody everyone everything nobody no one nothing somebody someone something Kata ganti NO ONE ditulis dengan menggunakan tanda penghubung (-) dalam British English seperti NO-ONE, tetapi dalam American English ditulis pisah yakni NO ONE. Someone, something, somebody, everybody, everyone, everything umumnya digunakan dalam kalimat positive: Someone is trying to open the door. Something bad has happened to her. Somebody has taken it. Everybody has the right to do it. Everyone likes it. Everything is all right. Sebaliknya, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody, dan no one lebih umum digunakan dalam kalimat negative: I didn’t see anything in the oom last night. I didn’t meet anybody yesterday. Nothing has happened to her. Nobody came here last week. No one wanted to go there. Anything, anybody, dan anyone juga digunakan dalam kalimat tanya: Did anything bad happen to them? Did anybody come here last week? Did anyone want to go there? Anything, anybody, dan anyone juga sering digunakan setelah kata IF: If anything bad happened, just call me. COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® TST 79If anybody wants to meet me, let me know quickly. If anyone knows where he lives, please contact me as soon as possible. Something, everything, anything, dan nothing digunakan untuk merujuk pada benda atau sesuatu, sedangkan someone, somebody, anybody, anything, nobody, dan no one digunakan untuk merujuk pada orang atau manusia Somebody has sent me an e-mail. I need something to eat. Jika berfungsi sebagai SUBJEK KALIMAT, semua INDEFINITE PRONOUN menggunakan KATA KERJA TUNGGAL (SINGULAR VERB): Somebody comes here every day. Everyone is already in the convention room. Nothing has happened. No one comes here every morning TETAPI jika INDEFINITE PRONOUN tersebut diganti dengan KATA GANTI, maka kata ganti yang digunakan adalah kata ganti bentuk jamak seperti they; them, their, theirs: 80 No one knew what to do, so they just waited and waited. Nobody submitted their homework. I wanted to talk to someone in the room but all of them had gone home. Somebody called you last night, didn’t they? Anything, anybody, dan anyone berarti apa saja, siapa saja, yang mana saja: You can do anything you like here. Kamu bisa melakukan apa saja di sini You can give it to anybody/anyone. Kamu bisa memberikannya pada siapa saja. MINI TEST Choose the letter of the word that best completes the sentence (Pilihlah A, B, C, atau D sebagai pilihan yang benar untuk melengkapi kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini). 1. I need to talk to. ... in connection with the plan. (A) something (C) somebody (B) nothing (D) anything 2. Did you talk to ... yesterday in the room? (A) something (C) anything (B) anyone (D) everything COMPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TORFL® ‘TEST3. I didn’t tell her ... yesterday. (A) someone (©) everyone (B) somebody (D) anything 4. My mother bought ... to eat this morning, (A) something (C) nobody (B) someone (D) anybody 5. Thad ... to eat for breakfast this morning. (A) someone (C) nothing (B) nobody (D) no one 6. If... wants to meet me, just ask them to wait for a few minutes. (A) something (C) nothing (B) anyone (D) anything 7. Because I was tired, I didn’t do .... (A) someone (C) everyone (B) anyone (D) anything 8. We cancelled the meeting because ... came. (A) something (C) nothing (B) nobody (D) anything 9. She doesn't want ... to eat. (A) anything (C) some (B) everything (D) any 10. If ... needs help, they can ask me. (A) anything (C) some (B) everything (D) anybody b. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct (Pilihlah huruf A, B, C, atau D dari kata-kata yang digarisbawahi yang merupakan kata yang salah sehingga harus dibenarkan agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar). 1. My friends always do someone useful in their free time. A BOG D 2. No one came to the meeting because they were very busy with its own business. A B & D 3. Nothing knew what had happened to them yesterday in the room. A B c D 4, He herself didn’t know what to do when she heard the bad news. A B | D CoMLETe EXGUSH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® Test a1I wanted to go shopping yesterday but mine car was broken. A B c D 6. Don’t worry, nobody happened to him last night. A B c D 7. Tam going to meet their next week in Jakarta. A B c D 8. My sister didn’t want to talk to anything after the car accident. A B ic) D 9. Everyone will come here because it want to see the famous singer. A B iG D 10. I want to talk to the girl but I don’t know she name. A B c D (CoNPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FoR TOEFL® TestUnit 14 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) A. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) Demonstrative pronouns atau kata ganti penunjuk adalah kata-kata this, that, these, dan those. THIS (ini) dan THAT (itu) selalu diletakkan sebelum singular countable nouns (kata benda tunggal yang dapat dihitung) dan uncountable nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung): This book is interesting. That novel is interesting. his house is big. That house is small. This water is very hot. That bear is mine. THIS digunakan untuk menunjuk pada benda tunggal yang letaknya dekat dengan pembicara sedangkan THAT digunakan untuk menunjuk pada kata benda tunggal yang agak jauh dari pembicara. THIS dan THAT bisa berfungsi sebagai SUBJEK Kalimat tanpa diikuti oleh kata benda: This is a book. ‘That is a dictionary. THESE dihitung: ) dan THOSE (itu) selalu diletakkan sebelum kata benda jamak yang bisa These books are mine. Those novels are very interesting, These houses are big. Those houses are small. THESE digunakan untuk menunjuk pada benda jamak yang letaknya dekat dengan pembicara sedangkan THOSE untuk menunjuk pada kata benda jamak yang agak jauh dari pembicara. THESE (ini) dan THOSE (itu) bisa berfungsi sebagai SUBJEK kalimat tanpa diikuti oleh kata benda These are my books and those are yours. (Commu ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TOEFL? Trst 8384 MINI TEST Choose the letter of the underlined -vord that is not correct (Pilihlah huruf A, B, C, atau D dari kata-kata yang digarisbawahi yang merupakan kata yang salah sehingga harus dibenarkan agar kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat yang benar). 1. This is our house and those is theirs. A B c D 2. This books were bought in Jakarta several weeks ago. A B Cc D 3. My friend and I like this novels very much. A BC D 4. Do you know where she bought that dictionaries? A B ic D 5. I really want to rent these house because it is very beautiful. A B c D 6. Everyone is going to visit the temple but aothing knows how to get there. A B ce D 7. I went to the party last night but I didn’t meet me friend, Cindy. AB G D 8, I want to buy this pens but I don't have enough money. A B Cc D 9. Nothing came here last week because it was raining. A B ic D 10. Do you know the writer of these exciting novel? A BC D (CowPLETE ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR TORFL® Test