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Sanskrit Verbs and Tenses Overview

The document discusses Sanskrit verbs. It notes that verbs are called "kriyapads" and provides examples. There are over 2000 verbal roots grouped by Panini into 10 classes called "ganas". Each gana has a distinguishing sign called the "vikarana pratyaya". Verbs are formed by adding the vikarana pratyaya to a verbal root and then adding an ending to indicate person. There are three tenses in Sanskrit - present, past and future - and the document provides present tense endings for singular, dual and plural for the parasmaipadi or third person forms.

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08A53 Omkar Dharmadhikari
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321 views4 pages

Sanskrit Verbs and Tenses Overview

The document discusses Sanskrit verbs. It notes that verbs are called "kriyapads" and provides examples. There are over 2000 verbal roots grouped by Panini into 10 classes called "ganas". Each gana has a distinguishing sign called the "vikarana pratyaya". Verbs are formed by adding the vikarana pratyaya to a verbal root and then adding an ending to indicate person. There are three tenses in Sanskrit - present, past and future - and the document provides present tense endings for singular, dual and plural for the parasmaipadi or third person forms.

Uploaded by

08A53 Omkar Dharmadhikari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes

[Link]

Verbs – Introduction

Words

Nominal roots Verbal roots

प्रातिपददक-s धाि-ु s

Nouns Verbs

• Verbs are called as क्रियापद-s


E.g. - रामः फलं खादति| (खाद्)
- बालकौ धाविः| (धाव ्)
- मयरू ाः नत्ृ यन्ति| (नि
ृ ्)
- अहं पठामम| (पठ्)
- वयं चलामः| (चल ्)
• In Sanskrit language, more than 2000 verbal roots exist
• These are grouped by Sanskrit grammarian named पाणितन
• They are divided into 10 groups called as गि-s

[Link] – Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!
Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes
[Link]

गि-s

Regular Irregular
group group

1, 4, 6, 10 2, 3, 5, 7,
गि-s 8, 9 गि-s

• How to differentiate between these groups?


• Each group has a differentiating sign
• It is called as the ववकरिप्रत्यय
1st – अ 4th – य 6th – अ 10th – अय

How to form verbs?


1. Verbal roots e.g. खाद्, चल ्, पठ् etc.
2. ववकरिप्रत्यय
3. Endings of person

Verbal root + विकरणप्रत्यय = अङ्ग of root


पठ् + अ = पठ

अङ्ग of root + ending of person = Verb

[Link] – Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!
Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes
[Link]

Endings of
person

उभयपदी
परस्मैपदी आत्मनेपदी
(both PP
(PP) (AP)
and AP)

• Like any other language, there are three tenses in Sanskrit also –
- Present tense
- Past tense
- Future tense

परस्मैपदी endings for Present Tense


Singular Dual Plural Person
मम वः मः 1st
मि थः थ 2nd
ति िः अन्ति 3rd
Verbal root + विकरणप्रत्यय = अङ्ग of root
अङ्ग of root + ending of person = Verb

Verbal root + विकरणप्रत्यय + ending of person = Verb


पठ् + अ + ति = पठति
पठ् + अ + िः = पठिः
पठ् + अ + अन्ति = पठन्ति (single अ)
पठ् + अ + सि = पठसि
पठ् + अ + थः = पठथः
पठ् + अ + थ = पठथ

पठ् + अ + सम = पठासम
(अ changes to आ when followed by endings beginning with ि ्, म ् )
[Link] – Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!
Sanskrit Grammar Basic Notes
[Link]

पठ् + अ + िः = पठािः
पठ् + अ + मः = पठामः

पठ् – to read/learn (1st गण) PP Present tense


Singular Dual Plural Person
पठामम पठावः पठामः 1st
पठमि पठथः पठथ 2nd
पठति पठिः पठन्ति 3rd

[Link] – Your Best Source to Learn Sanskrit, Hindi and Other Indian Languages!

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