Revision exercise
1. (a) Define the term concentration
(b) A solution of sulphuric acid was made by dissolving 7.84g of the acid in 1
dm3. 22.50 cm3 of this solution required 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution for complete reaction. Determine the concentration of sodium
hydroxide in;
(i) moles per litre
(ii) Grams per litre
1(a) The term concentration refers to the amount of solute dissolved in
a specific volume of a solvent.
(b)(i) Moles per litre;
Concentration = 7.84 g/l NaOH Volume = 25.0 cm3
H2SO4 Molarity = ?
Volume = 22.50 cm3
R.F.M of H2SO4 = ( 2 1) + 32 + ( 4 16 )
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98
98 g of H2SO4 contain 1 mole
1 1
1 g of H2SO4 contains moles
98
7.84 1
7.84 g of H2SO4 contain moles
98
= 0.08 moles
Therefore molarity of H2SO4 is 0.08M
Contn;
1000 cm3 of solution contain 0.08 moles of H2SO4
1 0.08
1 cm3 of solution contains moles of H 2SO 4
1000
22.50 0.08
22.50 cm3 of solution contain moles of H 2SO 4
1000
= 0.0018 moles
Therefore, number of moles of H2SO4 that reacted is 0.0018 moles
Equation of reaction;
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Mole ratio; H2SO4 : NaOH
1 :2
0.0018 moles : X moles
X = 2 x 0.0018
= 0.0036
Therefore number of moles of NaOH that reacted is 0.0036 moles.
25.0 cm3 of solution contain 0.0036 moles of NaOH
1 cm3 of solution contains 1 0.0036 moles of NaOH
25.0
1000 0.0036
1000 cm3 of solution contain moles of NaOH
25.0
= 0.144 moles
Therefore, concentration of NaOH is 0.144 moles per litre
(ii) Grams per litre
RFM of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40
1 mole of NaOH weighs 40 g
0.144 40
0.144 moles of NaOH weigh g
1
= 5.76 g
Therefore concentration in g/l of NaOH is 5.76 g/l
Determination of basicity of an acid
Basicity of an acid is the number of moles of hydrogen ions produced by one mole or
molecule of an acid in aqueous solution.
Consider an acid represented as HnX, in solution ionises according to the equation;
HnX(aq) ⎯⎯
→ n H+ + Xn-
n is the basicity of the acid and can be either 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
The basicity of the acid can also deduced from reacting mole ratio.
For example;
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
2 moles of the base NaOH reacts with I mole of the H2SO4, the basicity of the acid x is 2
Contn;
Worked example
1. You are provide with BA1 and BA2 solutions.
BA1 is a solution of sodium hydroxide that contains 8g/dm3.
BA2 is a solution 0.1M acid of formula HnX
You are required to determine the basicity of the acid.
Procedure:
(i) Pipette 25.0 cm3 (or 20.0 cm3) of BA2 into a conical flask.
Add 2 – 3 drops of phenolphthalein indictor and titrate the solution with BA1 from a
burette.
(ii) Repeat the titration 2-3 times until you obtain consistent results.
(iii) Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used: 25.0 cm3 cm3
Contn;
Burette readings 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3) 21.50 25.00 30.00
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 5.00 10.00
Volume of BA1 used (cm3) 21.50 20.00 20.00
Calculate the volume of BA1 used.
Titre values used to find the average volume = 20.00 cm3, 20.00 cm3
20.00 + 20.00
Average volume of BA1 used =
2
= 20.00 cm3
Questions
(a) Write the equation for the reaction
(b) Calculate
(i) Molarity of sodium hydroxide
(ii) The number of moles of BA1 that reacted with BA2.
(iii) The number of moles of BA2 that reacted with BA1
(c) Determine the basicity
Solution
(a) Equation for the reaction
HnX(aq) + n NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯ → NanX(aq) + n H2O(l)
(b) (i) Molarity of sodium hydroxide
NaOH Concentration = 8g/l
Molarity = ?
RFM of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40
40 g of NaOH contain 1 mole
1 1
1g of NaOH contains moles
40
8 1
8g of NaOH contain
moles
40
= 0.2 moles
Therefore, molarity of NaOH is 0.2 M
(ii) The number of moles of BA1 that reacted;
BA1 is solution of NaOH
Molarity = 0.2 M
NaOH
Volume = 20.00 cm3
1000 cm3 of BA1 contain 0.2 moles of NaOH
1 0.2
1 cm3 of BA1 contains moles of NaOH
1000
20 0.2
20.00 cm3 of BA1 contain moles of NaOH
1000
= 0.004 moles of NaOH
Therefore, number of moles of NaOH that reacted is 0.004 moles
(iii) Moles of BA2 that reacted
BA2 is solution of HnX
Molarity = 0.1 M
HnX
Volume = 25.0 cm3
1000 cm3 of BA2 contain 0.1 moles of HnX
1 0.1
1 cm3 of BA2 contains moles of H n X
1000
25 0.1
25.0 cm3 of BA2 contain moles of H n X
1000
= 0.0025 moles of HnX
Therefore, number of moles of HnX that reacted is 0.0025 moles
(c) Basicity of HnX
From the reaction equation, 1 mole of BA2 reacts with n moles of
BA1
BA2 : BA1
1 : n
0.0025 moles : 0.004 moles
0.0025n = 0.004
0.004
n=
0.0025
= 1.6
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