I.
Thesis Statements
WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT?
The main point or controlling idea of any essay is its thesis. It is an arguable assertion—your
opinion or position—on your topic and is, without question, the most important sentence in an
academic essay. Having a thesis is useful to both the writer and the reader since its primary
function is to organize, predict, control, and define the entire paper.
In many cases, a thesis sentence will not only outline the essay’s main point, but also predict and
control the direction that the paper is going to take. The thesis thus serves as a contract between
the reader and the writer because it promises both the central purpose of the essay and the
structure of the paper as well. It gives the essay a sense of unity and helps keep the writer focused
while writing. Generally located at the end of the introduction, the thesis is usually only one or
two sentences (although in a longer paper the thesis may be stated in several sentences).
WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT GOOD FOR?
A good thesis statement
is more than a statement of fact and makes an arguable assertion about a topic; it states
the position a writer has reached about the topic and is usually at the end of the
introduction
is a complete sentence that expresses an opinion or an idea about a topic that can be
supported or more fully developed in the body of the essay
summarizes the whole essay in one sentence and promises or reflects the essay’s
main purpose or “so what”
provides the structure or unifying framework for the scope, focus, and direction of the
essay
predicts, controls, and obligates and serves as a contract between the reader and
the writer
limits the topic to be narrow enough to make it manageable so it can be fully
supported but not too broad for the scope of an essay
HOW DO I DEVELOP A THESIS STATEMENT?
While the topic is what the paper is about, the thesis defines your opinion or position on that
particular topic. For this reason, it is important to develop a tentative or working thesis
statement early in composing your essay because it will help guide your thoughts and possible
research. When you have decided on your essay’s topic, you can begin to develop your thesis by
examining your topic, perhaps doing some exploratory reading and writing, or reflecting and
pulling from class discussions or conversations with classmates and friends.
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A writer develops a thesis by asking questions about the topic and by focusing on a basic point
or question which the topic raises. The answer to such a question will be your thesis: what you
think about a specific topic. The topic is your question, and the thesis your answer to that
question.
For this reason, as you write your paper, your thesis statement may change. In fact, in its initial
stages, a thesis statement usually is rough and works only as a tentative planning tool. Writing
promotes thinking. As you write, you will discover precisely what you think about the topic, and
your thesis will probably change. As you continue writing, a more specific, complex, and final
thesis will emerge as you narrow your focus. Remember that writing is rewriting, a continual
process that takes many revisions. As you write and do more research, you might even notice that
you have lost your original thesis as you find evidence that does not support your thesis. This is
absolutely normal since as you write you often reach deeper insights about your topic and realize
that your thesis statement has to be more complex to match the supporting ideas and evidence that
you have provided.
Don’t be surprised if in early drafts of an essay, your thesis statement ends up at the end of a
paper as you attempt to answer your questions about the topic. Such thesis statements can then be
revised, polished, and moved since most thesis statements appear usually at the end of the
introductory paragraphs.
THESIS AS A STRATEGY FOR THE WRITER AND READER
A thesis is both a writer and a reader strategy…
For the writer, the thesis statement is a writer strategy because it
• serves as a planning tool and one-sentence summary of the writer’s opinions about a
topic
• helps the writer determine the paper's real focus and lets the writer know if an essay is
wandering off in too many directions
• becomes an organizational framework for the topic sentences
• provides the writer with something to define, prove, and develop
For readers, the thesis statement is a reader strategy because it
• serves as a contract with the writer, engaging and allowing readers to follow through
the paper
• keeps readers focused on the argument so they know what to expect in the essay
• allows readers to identify the main ideas and see exactly how each topic sentence
connects to the thesis
• offers enough detail for readers to grasp the writer’s argument
A thesis, thus, lets your reader know what to expect from your paper and allows your reader to
decide how well you’ve accomplished what you’ve set out to do. In fact, some thesis statements
might even give you an outline for your paper.
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For example, it shouldn’t be too much trouble to organize an essay with the following thesis
statement:
Attending a community college like CSM makes sense since the cost is low and the quality of
instruction is high.
REASONS OR SUPPORTING
TOPIC OPINION
EVIDENCE
Attending a community since the cost is low and the quality of
makes sense
college like CSM instruction is high.
With such a thesis, a writer would first discuss the relative low cost and then describe the excellent
education one can obtain at colleges such as ours! This is a common form for a thesis. The writer
first states the topic and then the arguable assertion or opinion about it, then adds the reasons
or supporting evidence. The reasons are usually introduced by joining words such as the
following: for, as, because, since, due to. The supporting evidence answers the “so what?”
Exercise 1
For each of the following thesis statements, identify the topic, the opinion or arguable
assertion, and if applicable, the supporting evidence or reasons.
Example: Cell phone use while driving should be banned, for it creates an unsafe environment not
only for drivers using cell phones but also for other people in nearby vehicles.
TOPIC OPINION REASONS OR SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Cell phone use should be for it creates an unsafe environment not only for
while driving banned, drivers using them but also for other people in nearby
vehicles.
1. Pornography is harmful to society because it depersonalizes and dehumanizes sexuality
and it is degrading and oppressive to women.
2. Violent video games should be made illegal, for it might incite some people to commit violent
acts.
3. An after-school job can be harmful to teenagers as working not only reduces opportunities
for social and recreational time but also takes time valuable time away from schoolwork.
4. Marijuana should be legalized since legalization would eliminate the black market for that
drug.
5. Welfare benefits for single mothers should not be eliminated, for the benefits are needed to
prevent hunger and poverty among our country’s most helpless citizens—our children.
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THESIS DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES
HOW DO I KNOW A TROUBLESOME THESIS WHEN I SEE ONE?
1. A troublesome thesis usually has no “so what” or main purpose. Instead of providing an
arguable assertion, it is merely a statement of fact. Some writers might confuse factual
introductions to an essay with the thesis.
Example: Henri Matisse was considered, with Picasso, one of the two
great artists of the twentieth century.
Better: Henri Matisse is superior to Picasso because of Matisse’s
brilliant ability to shift between realism, abstraction, Fauvism,
and classicism.
2. A troublesome thesis can be too broad or too general. If the writer is trying to write an
essay and not a book, it may be on too large an issue for a writer to develop thoroughly in a short
essay.
Homelessness in San Francisco is a serious problem in
Example:
today’s society.
The problems with homelessness in San Francisco could
Better: be resolved if the Board of Supervisors would agree on
some of the proposed solutions.
Example: Crime is too prevalent in our society.
Our judicial system should give tougher sentences to
Better:
criminals who are repeat offenders.
3. A troublesome thesis can be too specific. If your thesis is too specific then you will have
too little to write about. It may be only on one aspect of an issue, one part of a topic, or the first
main point. Examine all your main points for a larger, umbrella sentence.
Getting into Disneyland on the Saturday during Labor
Example:
Day weekend can be difficult.
Getting into Disneyland can be difficult, depending on the
Better:
time of year.
4. A troublesome thesis expresses more than one main idea. If your thesis makes more than
one point, your paper may be confusing to your reader. A thesis which clearly expresses one
controlling idea will focus your paper.
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Example: The proposed transit system is worth examining, but it has
several weaknesses, so it should be run only on an
experimental basis for a limited period of a couple of years.
Better: The proposed transit system should be run on an experimental
basis for a limited period of a couple of years.
5. A troublesome thesis is a fragment; a good thesis statement is expressed in a
complete sentence.
Example: How life is in New York after September 11th.
Better: After September 11th, the city of New York tends to have
more cases of post-traumatic disorder than other areas of the
United States and rightfully so.
6. A troublesome thesis is in the form of a question instead of a sentence or arguable assertion.
It does not take a position.
Example: Should an eighteen year old have the right to drink?
Anyone old enough to fight a war should be old enough to
Better:
drink.
7. A troublesome thesis contains phrases such as “I think,” “I believe,” or “in my
opinion,” which weaken the statement.
Example: GOP candidate Bill Simon and Governor Gray Davis may
appear to be different, but in my opinion they are very similar.
Better: To the unsuspecting voter, GOP candidate Bill Simon and
Governor Gray Davis might seem to offer a choice in the
gubernatorial race; however, in fact they take very similar
stands on certain issues.
8. A troublesome thesis is expressed in vague language. Try to avoid vague terms such as
“things,” “neat,” interesting,” “nice,” “good,” and “great.”
Example: Negative things have resulted from religion being taught in
our schools.
Better: Religion as part of the school curriculum should be avoided
because a person’s religious beliefs are highly personal and
require individual commitment.
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Exercise 2
Keeping in mind the above thesis development guidelines, analyze the following statements
and identify the reason(s) you think they do or do not work as good thesis statements.
Example: Drug use is a serious problem in today’s world.
Analysis: Not a good thesis.
Expresses a point that everyone would probably agree with; it
does not state an assertion that anyone would want to argue.
The statement is also too broad, and it contains the vague
phrase “in today’s world.” Avoid using such vague or fuzzy
phrases.
Example: This has been the worst summer in the world for bad
weather—droughts, floods, and huge fires have besieged the
planet all at the same time.
Analysis: Not a good thesis.
Merely a statement of fact leaving the writer with
nothing to argue or support.
1. Television has had a serious impact in today’s society.
2. During a recent episode of Law and Order, two people were killed, three were stabbed,
and four were badly beaten.
3. An evaluation of the benefits of Prozac
4. In this essay I am going to talk about the potential problems if the administration
restructures the Social Security program.
5. Have you ever considered why people are so rude when they drive, especially at rush
hour?
6. Christopher Reeves’ physical disability has not prevented him from becoming an
advocate for research on spinal cord injury, and his story should be made into a book.
7. How to grow beautiful orchids.
8. I think it is interesting how many people enjoy horror movies.
9. If you don’t care about spending a little bit more money, I think you’ll agree that dinner
is a much more satisfying experience at The House of Prime Rib than at Sizzler’s.
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10. This paper is an attempt to tell you about how I felt viewing the devastation at Ground
Zero in New York.
Exercise 3
Again keeping in mind the above thesis development guidelines, analyze the following
troublesome statements, but this time suggest a revision for each of them.
Example: In Gone with the Wind, Scarlett O’Hara is a proud,
headstrong woman.
Analysis: Not a good thesis.
Simply a statement of fact.
Better: Scarlett’s headstrong nature is the primary reason why Rhett
Butler both loves and leaves her.
Example: Romeo and Juliet die because each one unfortunately thinks
the other is dead.
Analysis: Not a good thesis.
Another statement of fact that no one would disagree with; it
does not state an assertion that needs to be argued.
Better: Shakespeare uses Romeo’s and Juliet’s needless deaths as
metaphors to show the pettiness of feuding families and
countries.
Example: The thesis of this paper is the difficulty of solving our
economic problems.
Analysis: Not a good thesis.
This is simply an announcement of the subject or topic of the
essay, not a thesis.
Better: Solving our country’s economic problems is a lot more
difficult than most people believe.
1. Advertisers like to use beautiful models in their ads to sell their products.
2. This paper will consider the reasons why detective fiction is worth reading.
3. I believe that the federal government should give more money to breast cancer
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research.
4. Not much has been done to save the condor from extinction.
5. Writing an essay can be a fairly easy process.
6. In my opinion, the Writing Center at CSM is a great resource for students.
Show that you’ve mastered this skill
In the space below, write in your own words what you’ve learned about thesis statements and
explain how you will use what you’ve learned in your own essays.
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