Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
The equivalent circuit diagram of a transformer is a simplified circuit in which the impedance,
resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer can be more easily calculated.
The equivalent impedance of transformer is an important parameter to be calculated. This
calculation requires the equivalent circuit of transformer referred to the primary or equivalent
circuit of transformer referred to secondary sides respectively. Percentage impedance is also a very
essential parameter of the transformer.
The percentage impedance can be derived from the equivalent impedance of the transformer so, it
can be said that the equivalent circuit of the transformer is also required during the calculation of
the % impedance.
In a practical transformer,
(a) Some leakage flux is present at both primary and secondary sides. This leakage gives rise
to leakage reactance at both sides, which are denoted as X1 and X2 respectively.
(b) Both the primary and secondary winding possesses resistance, denoted as R1 and
R2 respectively. These resistances causes voltage drop as, I1R1 and I2R2 and also copper
loss I12R1 and I22R2.
(c) Permeability of the core cannot be infinite, hence some magnetizing current is needed.
Mutual flux also causes core loss in iron parts of the transformer.
We need to consider all the above things to derive equivalent circuit of a transformer.
For drawing equivalent circuit of transformer referred to primary, first we have to establish general
equivalent circuit of transformer then, we will modify it for referring from primary side. For doing
this, first we need to recall the complete vector diagram of a transformer which is shown in the
figure below.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Resistances and reactance of transformer, which are described above, can be imagined
separately from the windings (as shown in the figure below). Hence, the function of windings,
thereafter, will only be the transforming the voltage.
The no load current I0 is divided into, pure inductance X0 (taking magnetizing components Iμ) and
non-induction resistance R0 (taking working component Iw) which are connected into parallel
across the primary. The value of E1 can be obtained by subtracting I1Z1 from V1. The value of
R0 and X0 can be calculated as, R0 = E1 / Iw and X0 = E1 / Iμ.
But, using this equivalent circuit does not simplifies the calculations. To make calculations
simpler, it is preferable to transfer current, voltage and impedance either to primary side or to the
secondary side. In that case, we would have to work with only one winding which is more
convenient. From the voltage transformation ratio, it is clear that,
E1 / E2 = N1 / N2 = a
Now, let’s refer the parameters of secondary side to primary. Z2 can be referred to primary as Z2'
where, Z2' = (N1/N2)2Z2 = a2Z2. ............where a= N1/N2.
that is, R2'+jX2' = a2(R2+jX2) equating real and imaginary parts, R2' = a2R2 and X2' = a2X2 .
And V2' = aV2
The following figure shows the equivalent circuit of transformer with secondary parameters
referred to the primary.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Now, as the values of winding resistance and leakage reactance are so small that, V1 and E1 can
be assumed to be equal. Therefore, the exciting current drawn by the parallel combination
of R0 and X0 would not affect significantly, if we move it to the input terminals as shown in the
figure below.
Now, let R1 + R2' = R'eq and X1 + X2' = X'eq
If only voltage regulation is to be calculated, then even the whole excitation branch (parallel
combination of R0 and X0) can be neglected. Then the equivalent circuit becomes as shown in
the figure below:
Similarly, E2 / E1 = N2 / N1 = k
Now, let’s refer the parameters of primary side to secondary. Z1 can be referred to primary as Z1'
where, Z1' = (N2/N1)2Z1 = k2Z2 = Z2/a2 ............where a= N1/N2 and k= N2/N1
that is, R1'+jX1' = k2(R1+jX1) equating real and imaginary parts, R1' = k2R1 and X1' = k2X1 .
And V1' = kV1
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Then Equivalent Circuit Can be write as
Equivalent Circuit of Synchonous Generator
The voltage (EA) is the voltage produced at a single phase of the synchronous generator. But this
is not the voltage that we get normally at output points of the generator. The internal generated
voltage (EA) can be equal to the phase voltage (Vø) when there is no armature current is moving
through the generator.
There are some factors that explain why the internally generated voltage is not like the phase
voltage (Vø), The structure (shape) of the salient poles rotor,The self-inductance of the stator
(armature) windings,The armature reaction, The resistance offered by the armature windings.
Terminal Voltage, Vø = EA – IA (jXa+Ra)
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Motor:
Terminal Voltage, Vø = EA + IA (jXa+Ra)
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Per Unit System:
The per-unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of actual value in any unit to the base or
reference value in the same unit.
Any quantity is converted into per unit quantity by dividing the numeral value by the chosen base
value of the same dimension. The per-unit value is dimensionless.
Reasons of Per Unit System Used:
There are several reasons for using a Per Unit System. Some of them are mentioned below:
Similar apparatus like generators, transformers, transmission lines etc. will have similar
per unit impedances and losses expressed on their own rating, regardless of their absolute
size. Because of this, per unit data can be checked rapidly for gross errors. A per unit value
out of normal range is worth looking into for potential errors.
Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of apparatus in per unit values.
Use of the constant is reduced in three phase calculations.
Per unit quantities are the same on either side of a transformer, independent of voltage
level.
By normalizing quantities to a common base, both hand and automatic calculations are
simplified.
It improves numerical stability of automatic calculation methods.
Per unit data representation yields important information about relative magnitudes.
Per unit (pu) system advantages:
Circuits are simplified
Voltages have same range in per unit in all parts of the system from EHV system to
distribution and utilization
When expressed in the per unit system, apparatus parameters usually fall in narrow range
regardless of apparatus size. For example, generator reactances in per unit are similar for
both 100 MVA machines and 1000MVA machines. This facilitates data checking and hand
calculations.
For circuits connected by the transformers, per unit system is particularly suitable. By
choosing suitable base kV for the circuits the per unit reactance remains the
same, referred to either side of the transformer. Therefore the various circuits can be
connected in the reactance diagram.
This method is ideal for eliminate ideal transformers as circuit components since the typical
power system contains hundreds, if not thousands of transformers and this is non trivial
saving
Sqrt (3) factor in the three phase circuit calculations is eliminated
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Per unit (pu) system disadvantages:
For transmission lines, its value of impedance and admittances in physical units (eg:
ohms/km) that are of same magnitude regardless of voltage level or MVA rating
Equivalent circuits of the components are modified, making them somewhat more
[Link] phase shifts that are clearly presented in the unscaled circuits varnish
in per-unit system.
Equation for PU
Spu=SActual/SBase ,
Ppu=PActual/SBase
Qpu=QActual/SBase
Vpu=VActual/VBase
Ipu=IActual/lBase
In three phase system ,
𝑆𝑏 ×103 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏 ×103
𝐼𝑏 = =
√3×𝑉𝑏 √3×𝐾𝑉𝑏
𝑉×√3 𝑉𝑏 3 𝐾𝑉𝑏 2
𝑍𝑏 = = =
𝐼𝑏 𝑆𝑏 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑏
Conversions from one Base to another
It is usual to give data in per-unit for each component in the system referred to its own rating. As
different components can have different ratings and different from the system rating, it is necessary
to convert all quantities to a common base to do arithmetic or algebraic operations. This can be
done for three phase systems as follows.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Proved that the per unit impedance of a transformer is equal value
reference on Primary and Secondary side
A single-phase transformer in terms of primary and secondary leakage reactances Zp and Zs and
an ideal transformer of ratio “a”
So, V1b/V2b =a
I1b/I2b=1/a
Z1b= V1b/I1b
Z2b=V2b/I2b
V2= V1/a – I1Zp/a-I2ZS
V2pu= V1pu-I1puZPpu –I2puZSpu
I1pu=I2pu=Ipu and Zpu=
ZPpu+ZSpu
V2pu = V1pu- IpuZpu
Zpu can be determined directly from the equivalent impedance on primary secondary side of a
transformer by using the appropriate impedance base.
On Primary Side,
Z1= ZP+a2ZS
Z1pu=Z1/Z1b= (ZP+a2ZS )/ Z1b But Z1b/a2= Z2b
Z1pu= ZPpu+ZSpu= Zpu
On Secondary Side,
Z2= ZP/ a2+ ZS
Z1pu=Z1/Z2b= (ZP/ a2+ZS )/ Z2b But a2 Z2b = Z1b
Z2pu= ZPpu+ZSpu= Zpu
Thus the per unit impedance of a transformer is the same whether computed from primary or
secondary side so long as the voltage bases on the two sides are in the ratio of transformation
(equivalent per phase ratio of a three-phase transformer which is the same as the ratio of line-to-
line voltage rating).
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
P-1: An electrical generator has a power of 40MW, a power factor of 0.8 lagging and a voltage of
210kV. The synchronous impedance of the generator is 0.5pu. Find values of power, voltage,
current and impedance in per-unit referred to 50MVA and 220kV.
P2: Draw the per-unit reactance diagram for the power system shown in figure below assuming
that the base is 30MVA and 6.6kV in generator G1 circuit
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
P3: A 100MVA, 33kV three-phase synchronous generator has a reactance of 15%. This generator
is connected to a group of motors through a transmission line and two transformers as shown in
figure. Draw the per-unit reactance diagram for this system.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
P4: The single-line diagram of a 3-phase power system is shown in figure. Choose as a common
base the values 100MVA and 13.8kV in the generator circuit. Draw the per-unit diagram for this
system.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Single Line Diagram
Power system components is represented by simplified diagram as single line and some standard
symbol of connected transmission line and associated equipment in electrical power system. The
purpose of the one line diagram is to supply in concise form of the significant information about
the system.
Apparatus symbol
Example-01:
Impedance diagram formation procedure
Choose an appropriate common MVA (or kVA) base for the system.
Consider the system to be divided into a number of sections by the transformers.
Choose an appropriate kV base in one of the sections. Calculate kV bases of other
sections in the ratio of transformation
Calculate per unit values of voltages and impedances in each section and connect
them up as per the topology of the one-line diagram. The result is the single-phase
per unit impedance diagram.
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
Manarat International University
EEE447 (Power Systems Engineering) Lecture Sheet
Example of Impedance diagram
Reactance diagram
To draw the reactance diagram the following quantities are omitting from impedance diagram.
✓All static loads.
✓All resistances.
✓Shunt admittance of each transformer.
✓Capacitance of the transmission line.
Example of Reactance diagram
See Some Related Example In BOOK
Prepared By, Md. Nazmul Islam (nazmulislam1581@[Link])
