Exercise No.
4: Elements
and Compounds
Introduction
The two kinds of pure substances that exist are known as elements
and compounds. They exist in three common states of matter, namely: solid,
liquid, and gas, depending on the conditions. Compounds are composed of
elements chemically combined in definite ratios. Once combined, the
resultant compound may not resemble in any way the elements that compose
it. Water is physically and chemically different from both hydrogen and
oxygen. We breath elemental oxygen in the air and it supports combustion of
many materials. However, we could be asphyxiated in an atmosphere of
carbon dioxide where all the oxygen is chemically combined with carbon.
Carbon dioxide extinguishes most fires rather than supports them as oxygen
does. Consider also the difference between iron and its undesired oxidation
product, rust, or the difference between the toxic gas chlorine and table salt
(sodium chloride). Compounds can be broken down into elements but usually
only be chemical processes.
Every substance has a unique set of physical and chemical properties
that enable us to distinguish, identify, and utilize the substance. Physical
properties are those that are measured without a change in chemical
composition. Chemical properties are those that are determined when a
change in chemical composition occurs.
Learning Outcomes
1. To distinguish the differences between elements and compounds,
metals and non-metals, physical changes and chemical changes,
including the physical and chemical properties of solids, liquids, and
gases.
Materials
iodine (I2) crystals glass tubing test tube rack
mercuric oxide (HgO) test tubes Match
22 CHEM 113.2 : General Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
starch solution sulfur (S) powder Beaker
magnesium (Mg) ribbon test tube holder
carbon tetrachloride phenolphthalein
(CCl4)
Procedure
1. Place one small crystal of I2 in a dry test tube. Heat gently. Observe
the changes that the crystal undergoes during the heating process.
Observe the effect of cooling the vapor.
2. Compare the crystals of iodine formed after cooling with the I2
crystals with respect to state, color, solubility in water, and the
behavior of I2 in the presence of starch solution.
To observe the behavior of I2 in water, add a crystal of I2 to 3 mL
water in a test tube and shake.
To observe the behavior of I2 in starch solution, add two drops of
freshly prepared starch solution to a portion of the aqueous I2
solution.
NOTE: Reserve some of the aqueous I2 solution.
3. Take a pinch of solid HgO and place it in a test tube. Heat it gently
over a Bunsen flame. Introduce a lighted match into the mouth of the
test tube.
4. Take a piece of Mg ribbon with the aid of crucible tongs. Ignite the Mg
ribbon, drop while burning into a clean, dry test tube. Notice that there
is a residue. Dissolve the residue in 3-mL water. Moisten red and blue
litmus papers (placed on a watch glass) with a drop of the solution.
Test the solution with a drop phenolphthalein. Repeat the process
using a pinch Sulfur powder held at the open end of the glass tubing.
5. Add 3 drops of CCl4 (or CHCl3) to the aqueous solution that you have
set aside from Step 1.
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For instructional purposes only • 1 Semester SY 2020-2021 23
Results and Discussion
A. 1. Heating of Iodine (I2) crystals Observation
a. When iodine was heated _________________________
b. When heated crystals were cooled _________________________
c. Comparison of heated & unheated I2 _________________________
Property Unheated Heated & cooled I2
State ____________ __________________
Color ____________ __________________
Solubility in water ____________ __________________
Color with starch ____________ __________________
d. Type of change taking place: ____________________________________
A. 2. Heating of Mercury (II) oxide (HgO)
a. Color before heating __________________
b. State __________________
c. Color after heating __________________
d. When lighted matchstick was introduced __________________
into the mouth of the test tube __________________
e. Type of change taking place __________________
A. 3. Heating of magnesium ribbon (Mg) and sulfur powder (S)
Property Mg S
Color of the residue ______________ ______________
Color reaction with red litmus paper ______________ ______________
Color reaction with blue litmus paper ______________ ______________
Color reaction with phenolphthalein ______________ ______________
Type of change ______________ ______________
B. 1. When few drops of CCl4 was added to aqueous I2 with starch from A.1.
Property Unheated I2 Heated I2
Color(s) __________________ __________________
No. of layers __________________ __________________
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24 CHEM 113.2 : General Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
Guide questions and instructions on how to prepare
and submit the laboratory
1. Define / describe the following:
a. sublimation
b. adsorption
[Link]
d. colloid
e. extraction
f. Tyndall effect
g. suspension
2. Differentiate the following:
a. element vs. compound
b. metal vs. non-metal
c. physical change vs. chemical change
d. metallic vs. non-metallic oxide
e. mixture vs. pure substance
f. homogenous vs. heterogeneous mixtures
This guide questions will serve as your quiz and to be submitted along with
your lab report. The laboratory report sheets provided will be submitted by
the student after every exercise through email or courier.
See abridged for the schedule of submission.
Additional Resources
References
J. G. Jansalin and A. Ramal, Chem 13 [General Organic and Inorganic Chemisty ] Laboratoty
Manual
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