Midterm Exam in EMATH 214-Eng’g Data Analysis

I. Hand-write your solutions in a Bond Paper with your name, course, and year. Take a
picture of your work and compile it on an MS word document file and turn it in our google
classroom.

#1 In an acid-base titration, a base or acid is gradually added to the other until they have completely neutralized
each other. Because acids and bases are usually colorless (as are the water and salt produced in the
neutralization reaction), pH is measured to monitor the reaction. Suppose that the equivalence point is reached
after approximately 100mL of a NaOH solution have been added (enough to react with all the acetic acid present)
but that replicates are equally likely to indicate from 95 to 104 mL to the nearest mL. Assume that volumes are
measured to the nearest mL.
a. What is the probability that equivalence is indicated at 100mL?
b. What is the probability that equivalence is indicated at less than 100 mL?
c. What is the probability that equivalence is indicated between 98 and 102 mL (inclusive)?

Nickel Proportions #2 In a NiCd battery, a fully charged cell is composed of Nickelic Hydroxide. Nickel is an
Charge found element that has multiple oxidation states that is usually found in the following states as
0 0.17 shown in the table.
+2 0.35 a. What is the probability that a cell has at least one of the positive nickel charged
+3 0.33 options?
+4 0.15 b. What is the probability that a cell is not composed of a positive nickel charge greater
than +3?

#3 Magnesium alkyls are used as homogenous catalysts in the production of linear low density polyethylene
(LLDPE), which requires a finer magnesium powder to sustain a reaction. Redox reaction experiments using four
different amounts of magnesium powder are performed. Each result may or may not be further reduced in a
second step using three different magnesium powder amounts. Each of these results may or may not be further
reduced in a third step using three different amounts of magnesium powder.
a. How may experiments are possible?
b. If all outcomes are equally likely, what is the probability that the best result is obtained from an experiment
that uses all three steps?

#4 The table lists the history of wafers in a semiconductor

Location in Sputtering
manufacturing process. Suppose one wafer is selected at
Contamination Tool Total
random. Let H denote the event that the wafer contains high
Center Edge
levels of contamination. Let C denote the event that the
Low 514 68 582 wafer is in the center of a sputtering tool. Find the following:
High 112 246 358 (a) P (H ∩ C) (b) P (H U C)
Total 626 314 940

Number of #5 Shown is the proportion of wafers in each category.

Contamination Center Edge Totals a. What is the probability that a wafer was either at the edge or
Particles that it contains four or more particles?
b. What is the probability that a wafer contains less than two
0 0.30 0.10 0.40
particles or that it is both at the edge and contains more than
1 0.15 0.05 0.20
four particles?
2 0.10 0.05 0.15
3 0.06 0.04 0.10
4 0.04 0.01 0.05
5 or more 0.07 0.03 0.10
Totals 0.72 0.28 1.00
 #6 The following circuit operates only if there is a path of functional devices.
0.8 0.9 Assume that devices fail independently. What is the probability that the circuit
operates?

#7 What is the probability that the circuit operates in the following diagrams?
(a) (b)
0.9 0.9

0.95
0.9 0.9 0.99

0.95
0.9

#8 The following circuit operates if and only if there is a path of functional devices from left to right. The probability
that each device functions is as shown. Assume that the probability that a device is functional does not depend on
whether or not other devices are functional. What is the probability that the circuit operates?
0.95 0.95 0.95

0.95 0.95 0.95

Surface Flaws #9 Sample of 400 parts is classified by surface flaws and as (functionally)
Defective Total defective. What is the probability that the part is defective given that it has a
Yes No
flaw?
Yes 10 18 28
No 30 342 372

#10 A maintenance firm as gathered the following information Evidence of Evidence of gas leaks
regarding the failure mechanisms for air conditioning systems: Electrical Failure Yes No
The units without evidence of gas leaks or electrical failure showed Yes 55 17
other types of failure. If this is a representative sample of AC No 32 3
failure, find the probability
(a) that failure involves a gas leak
(b) that there is evidence of electrical failure given that there was a gas leak
(c) that there is evidence of a gas leak given that there is evidence of electrical failure

#11 Suppose that in a semiconductor manufacturing the probability is 0.10 that a chip that is subjected to high
levels of contamination during manufacturing causes a product failure. The probability is 0.005 that a chip that is
not subjected to high contamination levels during manufacturing causes a product failure. In a particular production
run, 20% of the chips are subjected to high levels of contamination. What is the probability that a product using one
of these chips fail?
#12 Continuing with semiconductor manufacturing, assume the following probabilities for product failure subject to
levels of contamination in manufacturing:
Probability of Failure Level of Contamination
0.10 High
0.01 Medium
0.001 Low
In a particular production run, 20% of the chips are subjected to high levels of contamination, 30% to medium levels
of contamination, and 50% to low levels of contamination. What is the probability that a product using one of these
chips fails?
#13 Computer keyboard failures are due to faulty electrical connections (12%) or mechanical defects (88%).
Mechanical defects are related to loose keys (27%) or improper assembly (73%). Electrical connect defects are
caused by defective wires (35%), improper connections (13%), or poorly welded wires (52%).
(a) Find the probability that a failure is due to loose keys.
(b) Find the probability that a failure is due to improperly connected or poorly welded wires.

#14 The chance that a bit transmitted through a digital transmission channel is received in error is 0.1. Also,
assume that the transmission trials are independent. Let X = the number of bits in error in the next four bits
transmitted. Determine P(x = 2).

#15 An electronic product contains 40 integrated circuits. The probability that any integrated circuit is defective is
0.01, and the integrated circuits are independent. The product operates only if there are no defective integrated
circuits. What is the probability that the product operates?
#16 The phone lines to an airline reservation system are occupied 40% of the time. Assume that the events that
the lines are occupied on successive calls are independent. Assume that 10 calls are placed to the airline.
(a) What is the probability that for exactly three calls the lines are occupied?
(b) What is the probability that for at least one call the lines are not occupied?

#17 A multiple choice test contains 25 questions, each with four answers. Assume a student just guesses on each
question.
(a) What is the probability that the student answers more than 20 questions correctly?
(b) What is the probability that the student answers less than 5 questions correctly?

#18 A day’s production of 850 manufactured parts contains 50 parts that do not conform to customer requirements.
Two parts are selected at random, without replacement from the day’s production. That is, selected units are not
replaced before the next selection is made. What is the probability of having two, one or no nonconforming part?

#19 Magnetic tape is slit into half-inch widths that are wound into cartridges. A slitter assembly contains 48 blades.
Five blades are selected at random and evaluated each day for sharpness. If any dull blade is found, the assembly
is replaced with a newly sharpened set of blades. If 10 of the blades in an assembly are dull, what is the probability
that the assembly is replaced the first day it is evaluated?

#20 A mechatronic assembly is subjected to a final functional test. Suppose that defects occur at random in these
assemblies, and that defects occur according to a Poisson distribution with parameter λ = 0.02.
a. What is the probability that an assembly will have exactly one defect?
b. What is the probability that an assembly will have one or more defects?
c. Suppose that you improve the process so that the occurrence rate of defects is cut in half to λ = 0.01. What
effect does this have on the probability that an assembly will have one or more defects?

#21 A production process operates with 2% nonconforming output. Every hour a sample of 50 units of product is
taken, and the number of nonconforming units counted. If one or more nonconforming units are found, the process
is stopped and the quality control technician must search for the cause of nonconforming production. Evaluate the
performance of this decision rule.

#22 The life of automobile voltage regulators has an exponential distribution with a mean life of six years. You
purchase an automobile that is six years old, with a working voltage regulator. What is the probability that the
voltage regulator fails during your ownership?

#23 The time between calls to a plumbing supply business is exponentially distributed with a mean time between
calls of 15 minutes.
(a) What is the probability that there are no calls within a 30-minute interval?
(b) What is the probability that at least one call arrives within a 10-minute call interval?
(c) What is the probability that the first call arrives within 5 and 10 minutes after opening?
(d) Determine the length of an interval of time such that the probability of at least one call in the interval is 0.90.

#24 The tensile strength of a metal part is normally distributed with mean 40 lb and standard deviation 8 lb. If
50,000 parts are produced, how many would fail to meet a minimum specification limit of 34-lb tensile strength?
How many would have a tensile strength in excess of 48 lb?

#25 The photoresist thickness in semiconductor manufacturing has a mean of 10 micrometers and a standard
deviation of 1 micrometer. Assume that the thickness is normally distributed and that the thicknesses of different
wafers are independent. Determine the probability that the average thickness of 10 wafers is either greater than 11
or less than 9 micrometers.

“Failure is the best teacher.”

“Failure is an important key to success.”

“If you fail, you will no longer start from scratch, you start from experience.”

Prepared by

Engr. Marlon D. Mata, RMP, ME, [Link]-ME.

Instructor