66

WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SCIENCE GRADE
Department of Education 8
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF LAOAG CITY
Laoag City
LEARNING QUARTER 2
MODULE WEEK 3

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 0

 MODULE IN SCIENCE 8

QUARTER 2
WEEK 3

Earthquake Waves
and the Interior of the Earth

Development Team

Writer: Verna Rica Joy A. Viernes

Editors/Reviewers: Junel L. Corpuz Madelyn Pedro
Flenie A. Galicinao
Illustrator: Ryan James J. Pascual
Layout Artist: Ryan James J. Pascual

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan
Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 1

 What I Need to Know

This module provides you understanding of the concepts of Earth and Space
particularly about what seismic waves are and its different types. You will also learn
how seismic waves (earthquake waves) helped our scientists figure out what is inside
the Earth.

In your journey through the discussions and different tasks, you are expected
to attain the following:

Content Standard:
Demonstrate understanding of the relationship between faults and
earthquakes.

Process Standard:
You will be able to:
1. participate in decision making on where to build structures based on knowledge
of the location of active faults in the community
2. make an emergency plan and prepare an emergency kit for use at home and
in school

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC):

Explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of the
Earth; S8ES-IIc-17

Objectives:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Define seismic waves
2. Identify and describe the two main types of seismic waves
3. Differentiate P-waves and S-waves
4. Explain how earthquake waves instrumental in providing about the Earth’s
interior

This module contains lessons on:

Lesson 1 Earthquake Waves

Note: All answers to activities/assessment must be written on a separate sheet of

paper.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 2

 What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call the waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and
which are results of earthquakes?

A. sound waves C. seismic waves

B. mechanical waves D. electromagnetic waves

2. Which of these is not an energy wave from an earthquake?

A. P-waves C. surface waves
B. S-waves D. tidal waves

3. The study of earthquake indicates the outer core is liquid and the inner
core is solid.
A. P waves C. surface waves
B. S waves D. ocean waves

4. Seismic waves start at the .

A. epicenter C. seismopoint
B. focus D. seismic gap

5. Which of the seismic waves is fastest?

A. primary wave C. surface wave
B. secondary wave D. intermediate wave

6. Which type of seismic wave can only travel through the solid parts of Earth's
interior?
A. S-wave C. surface wave
B. P-wave D. body wave

7. Which earthquake waves travel through the outer core?

A. only P-waves C. only S-waves
B. only P-waves and S-waves D. only P-waves and surface waves

8. Which type of seismic wave would cause the most damage?

A. primary Wave C. surface Wave
B. secondary Wave D. intermediate Wave

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 3

9. What type of seismic wave causes rock particles to move in the same direction as
the wave movement (like vibrations)?
A. shear waves C. S-waves
B. surface waves D. P-waves

10. What type of seismic wave causes rock particles to move up and down, or side-
to-side--perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling in.
A. P-waves C. surface waves
B. S-waves D. shear waves

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 4

 Lesson
1 Earthquake Waves

What’s In

Brain Teaser

Directions: Write the term that is described by the statements below. Answers can be
found in the word box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The point on the Earth’s interior where seismic waves originate.

2. These are waves that are produced every time there is an earthquake.
3. It is the outermost layer of the Earth.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 5

 4. It is the Earth’s thickest layer. It lies below the outermost layer of the Earth.
5. It is the innermost layer of the Earth. It is made up from solid iron and nickel.
6. This part of the core is also made from iron and nickel, just in liquid form.
7. Sea waves produced as a result of seismic vibration of the sea floor.
8. It is a device that plots the shake of the ground and gives a wavelike pattern
called a seismogram.
9. Surface waves are seismic waves that move along Earth’s surface, not through
its interior.
10. Seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth.

What’s New

EARTHQUAKE WAVES

Have you ever played with a coiled-spring toy? Do you notice how it behaves
as you play it? A coil can help you get an idea of how waves travel through matter.

When you stretched a coiled spring, squeeze and let it go, you create a
compression wave. Matter that is squeezed and stretched has a compression wave
traveling through it.

On the other hand, when you move a rope up and down, you create a
transverse wave. Matter moves up and down at right angles to the direction that the
wave is moving.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 6

 Energy is released and radiated to the different parts of the earth resulting in
vibrations that are felt on the crust. Waves are produced every time there is an
earthquake. These waves are called seismic waves.

TWO MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in
different ways. The two main types of seismicwaves are body waves and surface
waves. Body waves can travel through the earth's inner layers, but surface waves can
only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes radiate
seismic energy as both body and surface waves.

1. BODY WAVES
Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the
surface waves emitted by an earthquake. These waves are of a higher
frequency than surface waves. There are two types of body waves: P-waves
and S-waves.

a. P-waves
The first type of body wave is the P-wave or primary wave. It is the
fastest type of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic
station. The P-wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the
liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like
sound waves push and pull the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder
and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because
the sound waves were pushing and pulling on the window glass much like
P waves push and pull on rock. Sometimes animals can hear the P waves of

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 7

 an earthquake. Dogs, for instance, commonly begin barking hysterically just
before an earthquake 'hits' (or more specifically, before the surface waves
arrive). Usually people can only feel the bump and rattle of these waves.

P waves are also known as compressional waves, because of the pushing

and pulling they do.

b. S-waves
The second type of body wave is the S-wave or secondary wave,
which is the second wave you feel in an earthquake. An S-wave is slower than
a P-wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium.
S-waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side--perpendicular to the
direction that the wave is traveling in.

2. SURFACE WAVES
Surface waves are seismic waves that move along Earth’s surface, not
through its interior. They make the ground roll up and down or shake from side
to side. Surface waves cause the largest ground movements and the most

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 8

damage. Surface waves travel more slowly than the other types of seismic
waves.

a. Love Waves
The first type of surface wave is called a Love wave, named after A.E.H.
Love, a British mathematician who worked out the mathematical model for this
kind of wave in 1911. It is the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from
side-to-side. Confined to the surface of the crust, Love waves produce entirely
horizontal motion.

b. Rayleigh Waves
The other type of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John
William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of
this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a
wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up
and down, and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most
of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can
be much larger than the other waves.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 9

 What is It

WHAT CAN SEISMIC WAVES TELL US?

We often think of earthquakes as something harmful and the reason is obvious.

But earthquakes help scientists figure out what is inside the Earth. How? As you know
by now, when a fault suddenly moves, an earthquake is generated.

When an earthquake occurs, waves are propagated and are recorded in a

seismogram. The time it takes for waves to travel to be recorded varies, and this gave
scientists an idea that the interior of the earth is composed of different materials that
affect the propagation of waves.

The shaking starts from the focus and spreads out. You can get an idea of how
this happens by throwing a pebble into a pond. See the ripples that move out in circles?
The vibrations from the focus are something like that. You have learned that these
vibrations are called seismic waves.

As seismic waves (P-waves and S-waves) travel through the body of the Earth,
they behave in different ways, depending on what they encounter along way. As these
seismic waves travel deeper into the crust, they speed up. That means that at depth
the rocks are denser (thicker and closely compact). In the upper part of the mantle,
the waves slow down. That means the rocks there are partially molten. Base from the
figure below, P-waves and S-waves are able to pass through the mantle. As the waves

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 10

reach the core, S-waves (secondary waves) disappear. That means that the outer core
is liquid. Remember that S-waves cannot travel through the liquid layers of the
earth while P-waves can.

We cannot drill right down to the center of the Earth to see what it is made of.
The waves from earthquakes are the key to mapping the inside of the Earth. At certain
depths, seismic waves are reflected and refracted (bent). That means the Earth must
be layered. Thus, earthquake waves give us a picture of the Earth’s interior, the way
an “ultrasound” provides an image of a baby inside the womb. This is why scientists
know a bit about the interior of our home planet, even if no one has gone deep into
the Earth yet.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 11

 What’s More

You Complete Me! Fill in the graphic organizer below.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 12

 What I Have Learned

Directions: FILL IN THE BLANKS. Fill in the blanks with the correct word. You may
refer to “What is It and What’s New”.

The location of the beginning of an earthquake is its _______(1)_______. This

is the underground point in the crust where the built-up pressure of the caught plates
is released.

When you throw a pebble into a pond, it creates waves in the water. The energy
released during an earthquake also travels in waves called _______(2)_______.
There are two main types of seismic waves. These are _______(3)_______ and
_______(4)_______.

There are two types of body waves, the _______(5)_______ and the
_______(6)_______. P-waves are also called _______(7)_______ waves. These
longitudinal waves are the _______(8)_______ moving waves and can move through
_______(9)_______, _______(10)_______ and _______(11)_______. S-waves are
also called _______(12)_______. These transverse waves travel
_______(13)_______ than P-waves. They can only pass through
_______(14)_______ and are therefore stopped on the liquid outer core of the Earth.

_______(15)_______ waves travel just below the surface of the ground.

Although they move even more slowly than S-waves, they can be much larger in
amplitude and are often the most destructive type of seismic wave. There are two
common types of surface waves, the Love waves and the Rayleigh waves.

Love waves move the ground from _______(16)_______. These waves are the
most _______(17)_______ outside the area of the epicenter. They are what most
people feel directly during an earthquake. On the other hand, Rayleigh waves roll
along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it
moves the ground _______(18)_______ and _______(19)_______ in the same
direction that the wave is moving.

Scientists are able to understand Earth's _______(20)_______ by

studying seismic waves.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 13

 What I Can Do

Directions: In essay form, explain how are earthquake waves (seismic waves)
instrumental in learning about the Earth’s inetrior.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze each item and chose only the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Seismic waves start at the .

A. epicenter C. seismopoint
B. focus D. seismic gap

2. What do you call the waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are
a result of earthquakes?
A. sound waves C. seismic waves
B. mechanical waves D. electromagnetic waves

3. The study of earthquake indicate the outer core is liquid and the inner
core is solid.
A. P waves C. surface waves
B. S waves D. ocean waves

4. What type of seismic wave causes rock particles to move up and down, or side-to-
side--perpendicular to the direction that the wave is traveling in.
A. P-waves C. surface waves
B. S-waves D. shear waves

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 14

5. Which earthquake waves travel through the outer core?
A. only P-waves C. only S-waves
B. only P-waves and S-waves D. only P-waves and surface waves

6. Which of these is not an energy wave from an earthquake?

A. P-waves C. surface waves
B. S-waves D. tidal waves

7. What type of seismic wave causes rock particles to move in the same direction as
the wave movement (like vibrations)?
A. shear waves C. S-waves
B. surface waves D. P-waves

8. Which type of seismic wave can only travel through the solid parts of Earth's interior?
A. S-wave C. surface wave
B. P-wave D. body wave

9. Which type of seismic wave would cause the most damage?

A. primary wave C. surface Wave
B. secondary wave D. intermediate wave

10. Which of the seismic waves is fastest?

A. primary wave C. surface wave
B. secondary wave D. intermediate wave

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 15

16 Science 8 Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE
What I Know
1. C 6. A
2. D 7. A
3. A 8. C
4. B 9. D
5. A 10. B
What’s In
1. FOCUS
2. SEISMIC WAVES
3. CRUST
4. MANTLE
5. INNER CORE
6. OUTER CORE
7. TSUNAMI 1
8. SEISMOGRAPH
9. SURFACE WAVES
10. BODY WAVES
What’s More
Answer Key
17 Science 8 Self-Learning Module MELC-Aligned WBLS-OBE
What I Have Learned
1. focus 11. gas
2. seismic waves 12. secondary
3. body waves 13. slower
4. surface waves 14. solid
5. P-waves 15. surface
6. S-waves 16. side to side
7. primary 17. destructive
8. fastest 18. up and down
9. solid 19. side to side
10.liquid 20. interior
Assessment
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. C
10.A
References
Evangelista, Luisito T. et. al (2013). Grade 8 Practical Science Concepts
and Skills. United Eferza Academic Publication Co. pp.364-370
K to 12 Curriculum Guide for Science

Learner’s Material for Science Grade 8

MELC for Science

Online Resources:
Seismic Waves
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html

Types of Seismic waves

http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html#:~:text=There%20are%20s
everal%20different%20kinds,planet%20like%20ripples%20on%20water.

Images of compression and transverse waves

https://www.twinkl.com/illustration/longitudinal-waves
https://www.twinkl.co.za/illustration/transverse-waves

Images of P-waves and S-waves

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/images/p_image.gif
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/images/s_image.gif
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/p-waves-and-s-waves-crust

Image of seismic waves and focus

https://o.quizlet.com/xzuV5EaPGLLQiSr7pWFamQ.jpg/
Image of interior of the earth
https://www.britannica.com/science/wave-velocity
https://www.helpteaching.com/tests/printKey.htm?test=492226
http://rockyrexscience.blogspot.com/2015/02/inside-earth.html

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 18

 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Science 8 19