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Chapter 5
Print Culture and Modern World
Key Points to Remember
• In 1295, Marco Polo, a great Italian explorer, brought the art of wood
block Printing from China to Italy.
• Bible was published by Gutenberg in 1448.
• Erasmus, a Latin scholar wrote his book "Adages" in 1508. In his book
shows great concern regarding printing.
• In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 thesis theses on
Protestant Reformation.
• In 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette. He is
widely known as Father of print culture in India.
• In 1820, Calcutta Supreme Court passed the Press Control Bill.
• In 1821, "Samvad Kamudi" was published by Raja Ram Mohan Ray.
• In 1822, Gujrati newspaper Bombay Samachar was published.
• In ancient times Manuscript were produced on Vellum and other
parchment, on papyrus.
• A parchment made from skin of animals known as Vellum.
• The art of beautiful and stylized writing is known as Calligraphy.
• Platen: In letter place printing, platen is board which is pressed onto the
back of the paper to get the impression from the type.
• Compositor : The person who composes the text for printing.
• Galley : Metal frame in which types are laid and the text composed.
• Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or
recited.
• Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic court for identifying and
punishing heretics.
• Diamond Sutra was the first printed book of Japan which was published
in 868 AD.
• Despotism : A system of government in which absolute power is
exercised by an Individual, unregulated by legal and constitutional
checks.
• Ulama : Legal Scholar of Islam and Sharia.
• Fatwa : A legal Pronouncement on Islamic law usually given by mufti to
clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.
• Almanac : An annual publication giving astronomical data, information
about the movements of the sun.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed. It gave the government
extensive 'right to censor reports and editorials in vernacular
newspaper.

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Key Points:-
• Print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea.
• China used to recruit bureaucrats through examination. For this reason
textbooks were printed in vast number in China.

Against
Print Culture

Church or Hindus &

Monarch
Religious Leaders Muslim Conservatives

Support Print
Culture or reading

Compulsory Liberal Husband

Education and Liberal Fathers

Increased Women and

Literacy Rate Children

New readers and reason for reading

Compulsory
Women
Education
Children
Increased
Labourers
Literacy Rate

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Very Short Answer Type Questions ( 1 Mark Each)

Q.1 Who brought Printing to Europe?
Q.2 Which was the first book printed by Gutenberg?
Q.3 When the first paperback edition of books published?
Q.4 Name the book sold by traveling paddler?
Q.5 Which of the reading source is famous among Women?
Q.6 Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was modeled on which Act?
Q.7 Name the oldest printed book of Japan.
Q.8 In which countries first printing was developed?
Q.9 Which reformer is responsible for Protestant Reformation?
Q.10 Who Wrote "Gulamgiri"?
Q.11 Who brought wood Block Printing to Europe?
Q.12 When and Who brought Print technology to India?
Q.13 Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one. Who spoke
these words?
Q.14 The first printed edition of ‘Ramcharitmanas’ by Tulsidas came out in
which year?
Q.15 Name two Persian newspaper published in 1822?

ANSWERS
Ans. 1 Yohana Gutenberg
Ans.2 Bible
Ans.3 With the start of Great Depession
Ans.4 Penny Chapbook
Ans.5 Penny Magazines
Ans.6 Irish Press laws
Ans.7 Diamond Sutra
Ans.8 China, Japan and Korea
Ans.9 Martin Luther
Ans.10 JyotibaPhule (1871)
Ans.11 Marco Polo
Ans.12 Sixteenth century, Portuguese
Ans.13 Martin Luther
Ans.14. Calcutta, 1810
Ans.15 Jam — I — Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar

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Long Answer Type Question ( 3 or 5 Marks only)

Q.1 "Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295" Explain.
Q.2 Print Culture created the conditions within which French Revolution
occurred? Give reasons.
Q. 3 What are manuscript? Discuss their limitations.
Q.4" Print did not only stimulate the publication of conflicting opinions
amongst communities, but also connected communities and people in
different parts of India." Elucidate.
Q.5 Discuss the role of print culture in encouraging the role of Nationalism in
India.
Q.6 Why printed books became popular among less literate people?
Q.7 Why was Vernacular Press Act passed in India?
Q.8 The division within the Catholic Church was brought about by Print
revolution. Discuss.
Q.9 What was the reaction of society towards women literacy? How women
reacted ?
Q.10 What methods were adopted to popularize printed books among
people?
Q. 11 Explain the effect of print revolution?
Q. 12 Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books?
Choose one example from Europe and one from India.
Q.13 Describe the drawbacks of handwritten manuscripts in comparison to
printed materials?
Q. 14 Why couldn't the production of handwritten manuscripts satisfy the ever
increasing demand for books? Give the reasons?
Q. 15 Explain the factors that helped in the rise of print culture in Europe?
Q. 16 What steps were taken by the British to curb the freedom of press in
India?
Q. 17 What were the impact of print culture on Indian women? Explain with
example.

ANSWER
Ans. 1 Wood Block Printing came to Europe after 1295 because:
• This technique was with China first.
• Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought this knowledge with
himself.
• Now Italian began producing books with Wood Block.
• Soon the technology spread in other parts of world.

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Ans.2
• Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers.
• Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate
• By the 1780 there was on outpouring of literature that mocked the
royalty and criticized their morality.
Ans.3 Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
• Manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile.
• They have to be handle carefully.
• They could not be read easily.
Ans. 4 It created new platform for expression of ideas.
• It is the cheapest and most simplest way of communication.
• It brought about the problems of Indian Masses.
• A large number of religious book were being transmitted to Indian
Masses.
Ans. 5
• Despite repression nationalist newspaper were reaching every nook
and corner of the country.
• They brought to light the misrule of the British.
• Revolutionary Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the newspaper named
Kesari.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was imprisoned in 1908 which led to
widespread protest all over India.
Ans. 6
• Those who could not read at least can listen and enjoy.
• Folk songs and folk lore were published.
• Illustrated books were published.
• These were read out at rural meetings pubs etc.
Ans. 7
• As Vernacular newspaper became more assertive the colonial
government sought to crush it.
• In 1878, Vernacular Press Act was passed.
• From now on the government can track the vernacular newspapers.
Ans. 8
• Religious reformer Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing Roman
Catholic Church.
• A printed copy of these was posted on the church door in Wittenberg.
• It challenged the church to debate its ideas.

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Ans. 9
• Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at
home.
• They were sent to women schools at city and towns.
• Educated women encourage education for girls.
Ans.10
• Cheap books were being sold at Madras so that poor people were
also buy read.
• Lending library were setup.
• Paperback edition of novels were printed to make them affordable to
the masses.
• Literacy Rate was increased in Labour Class.
• It helps to send the message of Nationalism to masses

Ans. 11 Printing reduces the cost of books,the time and labour required to
produce each book came down.
-Multiple copies could be produce easily.
-circulation of ideas and open new world of debate and discussion.
-Brought new intellectual atmosphere, helped spread the new ideas
that led to reformation.
-Indivisual interpretation of faith even among little educated people.
-The writing of enlightened thinkers helped in French revolution.
Ans. 12 Rebellious and irreligious thoghts might spread.
-The authority of valuable literaturebwould be destroyed.
-it could encourage the revolution against political system and
religious institution.
-Ex-In Europe,writings of enlightened authors helped in french
revolution and started debate on the teachings of the church.
-in India,print encouraged the reading of religious texts in the
vernacular languages.Debates were began on Sati and widow
marriage etc.
Ans. 13 handwritten manuscripts were highly expensive and fragile while
printed materials were cheap and easy to carry.
-Handwritten manuscripts had to be handlled carefully and could not
be carried around.
-They could not be read easily as the scripts were in different style
too.

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Ans. 14 copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming

business. -Manuscripts were fragile and difficult to handle.
-Not easily carried around or read easily.

Ans.15 Handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing

demand for books.
-copying was an expensive,laborious and time consuming
business.
-manuscripts were fragile that’s why circulation was limited.
-Woodblock were used for printing by early 15" century but this
couldn’tcater to the ever increasing demand for print materials.
-Need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of books.

Ans. 16 After the revolt of 1857 ,enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp

down on the native press.
-The Venacular Press Act, 1878 was passed. it provided the
government with extensive rights to censor reports in the vernacular
press.
-Government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers.
-when a report was judged as seditious, newspaper was warned and
if the warning was ignored the press was liable to be seized and the
printing machinery confiscated.

Ans. 17 Print enabled women to read in silence,discuss and debate among

the like minded persons. - Women express themselves and shape
their ideas. -It connects women across caste religion or class.
-many women writes their experiances and stories . -Many liberal
husband and fathers allowed their wife and daughters to study.
-many liberal husband & fathers allowed their wife and daughter to
study.

39 Class X - Social Science

Source: EDUDEL