CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Literature
Face to Face Learning
New Cornell psychology research finds that sitting face-to-face, rather than shoulder-to-
shoulder, enhances learning and innovation – even when we’re learning complex physical skills
that should be harder from that perspective.
This shared mental perspective might be more important for some types of learning than
sharing a common visual perspective,” said Ashley Ransom, M.A. ’18, a doctoral student in the
field of developmental psychology. “Face-to-face interaction might facilitate creativity and
innovation rather than strict mimicry of the teacher.”
However, traditional face to face classes are still more beneficial for learners that are not so
self‐sufficient and lack discipline in working through the class material in the required time
frame (Arias et al., 2018).
Therefore, Face to Face Learning, increased metacognition, responsive, integration towards
different subject matter and in physical skills. (Nahne, 2020)
Modular Learning
Myra Itorralba, stated seven inciting challenges face by the students using modular learning
that may affect their academic performance; game addiction among students, inability to
comprehend the lessons, personal teenage problem, poor internet connections, and inability to
submit requirements on time. Those problem creates late progress of students learning, and
delayed academic performance that leads to low grade mark.
Local Literature
Face to face Learning
According to CIIT Philippines, before the pandemic, face-to-face education was the standard learning
setup for most academic institutions in the country. Some of the advantages of learning in a classroom
are, students may feel more comfortable learning in a classroom setup. Students can understand better
from ‘real world’ examples and stories from classmates and teachers. It is easier to empathize and learn
from one another because they on the same learning journey. Learners have the opportunity to learn
from other students. Students can concentrate better in a classroom and collaborate with others easily.
In addition, J. Lakim (2020), state that the better students enages in class, collaborates, understand and
concentrate can increased participations skills both written and oral, gain retention, communication
skills and cooperation with peers,.
Modular Learning
Using modules has its advantages and disadvantages. According to (Nardo, M.T.B, 2017), the use of
modules advocates self-directed learning. Using modules for learning leads to better self-study or
learning skills among students. The concepts presented in the modules engross students in learning. The
tasks provided develop a sense of responsibility among students. and they progressed on their own.
The use of modules has its disadvantages also. According to Bijeesh (2017), without the presence of the
faculty and their classmates who remind them of their assignments the chances of getting distracted
and losing track of deadlines are high.
In addition, in the study of Dangle, and Sumaoang (2020) they revealed the main challenges that
emerged in the implementation of modular distance learning where budget is not enough in the making
and delivery of modules; students had a hard time answering their tasks on their modules and the lack
of knowledge of parents academically to guide their child/children.
Foreign Studies
Face to Face Learning
