Melvin Jay O.
Abardo
I-BSABE-1A
LABORATORY ACTIVITY #4
(ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS)
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the meaning of Essential Nutrients?
Essential nutrients are ones that cannot be synthesized by the body and,
therefore, must be supplied from foods. These nutrients are essential for normal
body function and for growth. The body utilizes protein for the maintenance and
repair of tissues for growth and energy.
2. What are the criteria of essentially of nutrients?
The element must be essential for normal growth and reproduction, which cannot
proceed without it.
The requirement of the element must be specific and cannot be replaced by
another element.
The requirement must be direct and not the result of any indirect effect.
3. Enumerate the 18 essential nutrients.
Carbon (C) Sulfur (S)
Hydrogen (H) Copper (Cu)
Oxygen (O) Manganese (Mn)
Nitrogen (N) Iron (Fe)
Phosphorus (P) Zinc (Zn)
Potassium (K) Nickel (Ni)
Magnesium (Mg) Cobalt (Co)
Calcium (Ca) Boron (B)
Chloride (Cl) Molybdenum (Mo)
4. Which of these 18 essential nutrients are macronutrients and micronutrients?
MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS
Nitrogen (N) Copper (Cu)
Phosphorus (P) Manganese (Mn)
Potassium (K) Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg) Zinc (Zn)
Calcium (Ca) Nickel (Ni)
Sulfur (S) Cobalt (Co)
Chloride (Cl)
Boron (B)
Molybdenum (Mo)
5. What is the main function of each nutrient to plants?
Carbon (C) - Carbon is the primary energy source and building block for plant
tissues. Converted through photosynthesis into simple sugars, C helps plants
build starches, carbohydrates, cellulose, lignin, and protein.
Hydrogen (H) - Hydrogen ions are important in each helping proton gradients to
assist pressure the electron shipping chain in photosynthesis and for plant
respiration. Hydrogen is important for constructing sugars and different
molecules to supply glucose for plant energy.
Oxygen (O) - Oxygen (O) is liable for mobile breathing in plants. This detail
performs a essential position in photosynthesis and is each saved for strength
and launched as a byproduct.
Nitrogen (N) - Nitrogen performs a essential position in the plant to make certain
strength is to be had while and in which the plant desires it to optimize yield. This
important nutrient is even gift withinside the roots as proteins and enzymes assist
adjust water and nutrient uptake.
Phosphorus (P) - Phosphorus is, therefore, crucial in mobileular department and
improvement of recent tissue. Phosphorus is likewise related to complicated
power alterations withinside the plant. Adding phosphorus to soil low in to be had
phosphorus promotes root increase and iciness hardiness, stimulates tillering,
and frequently accelerates maturity.
Potassium (K) - Potassium is related to the motion of water, vitamins and
carbohydrates in plant tissue. It's concerned with enzyme activation inside the
plant, which impacts protein, starch and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
manufacturing. The manufacturing of ATP can modify the price of
photosynthesis.
Magnesium (Mg) - Magnesium is the primary center of the chlorophyll molecule
in plant tissue. Thus, if Mg is deficient, the lack of chlorophyll effects in terrible
and stunted plant growth. Magnesium additionally allows to prompt precise
enzyme systems.
Calcium (Ca) - Calcium (Ca) performs a very essential position in generating
plant tissues and it allows flora to develop better. Calcium is liable for preserving
collectively the cellular partitions of flora. It is likewise essential in activating sure
enzymes and to ship alerts that coordinate sure cell activities.
Chloride (Cl) - Chloride performs an vital function in vegetation as they
acclimate to converting water availability (or make osmotic adjustments).
Chloride helps the shipping of vitamins consisting of calcium, magnesium and
potassium inside a plant.
Sulfur (S) - Like any crucial nutrient, sulfur additionally has a few key capabilities
in plant life: Formation of chlorophyll that lets in photosynthesis thru which plant
life produce starch, sugars, oils, fats, nutrients and different compounds.
Copper (Cu) - Copper is an crucial steel for plants. It performs key roles in
photosynthetic and breathing electron shipping chains, in ethylene sensing,
mobileular wall metabolism, oxidative pressure safety and biogenesis of
molybdenum cofactor.
Manganese (Mn) - Manganese (Mn) is a vital micronutrient for plant boom and
improvement and sustains metabolic roles inside specific plant mobileular
compartments. The metallic is an crucial cofactor for the oxygen-evolving
complex (OEC) of the photosynthetic machinery, catalyzing the water-splitting
response in photosystem II (PSII).
Iron (Fe) - Iron is an important micronutrient for plant development. It performs a
key position as it's far concerned withinside the synthesis of chlorophyll and in
different enzymatic and metabolic procedures with out which flora can not
perform their lifecycle.
Zinc (Zn) - Zinc is an critical element of numerous enzymes which can be liable
for using many metabolic reactions in all crops. Growth and improvement might
prevent if particular enzymes had been now no longer found in plant tissue.
Carbohydrate, protein, and chlorophyll formation is notably decreased in zinc-
poor plants.
Nickel (Ni) - Nickel is part of a few plant enzymes, maximum considerably
urease, which metabolizes urea nitrogen into useable ammonia in the plant.
Without nickel, poisonous degrees of urea can acquire in the tissue forming
necrotic legions at the leaf tips.
Cobalt (Co) - Cobalt performs a crucial function withinside the standard boom
system of plants. Cobalt is vital for the techniques of stem boom, elongating the
coleoptiles, and increasing leaf discs. It is a crucial detail wished for a plant to
attain adulthood and for wholesome bud development.
Boron (B) - Boron performs a key function in a various variety of plant
capabilities which includes mobileular wall formation and stability, renovation of
structural and practical integrity of organic membranes, motion of sugar or
strength into developing elements of plants, and pollination and seed set.
Molybdenum (Mo) - Molybdenum is an critical issue in enzymes that convert
nitrate into nitrite (a poisonous shape of nitrogen) after which into ammonia
earlier than it's miles used to synthesize amino acids inside the plant. It
additionally wanted via way of means of symbiotic nitrogen solving micro
organism in legumes to repair atmospheric nitrogen.
6. What are the deficiency symptoms shown by plants when each nutrient is lacking
in soil?
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen (N) deficiency seems as a standard faded
yellowish-inexperienced plant with gradual boom and
decreased tiller development. If the deficiency
persists, flora stay faded inexperienced, have
decreased boom, and the stand seems thin.
Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus deficiency has a tendency to inhibit or
save you shoot growth. Leaves flip dark, dull, blue-
green, and might end up faded in intense deficiency.
Reddish, reddish-violet, or violet shadeation develops
from improved anthocyanin synthesis. Symptoms
seem first on older components of the plant.
Potassium (K) Potassium-poor flowers are effortlessly prominent via
way of means of their tendency to wilt on dry, sunny
days. The average look of the plant is wilted or
drooping. Deficient flowers can have a stocky look
with brief internodes. Younger leaves' boom is
inhibited, and that they have small leaf blades.
Magnesium (Mg) Older leaves are chlorotic in among veins, regularly
referred to as interveinal chlorosis. In intense
deficiency, plant increase fee drops, leaf length is
reduced, and decrease leaves are shed. Cropped
example: Lower leaves are paler and chlorotic in
comparison to top leaves, with darkish inexperienced
veins.
Calcium (Ca) Symptoms of calcium deficiency first seem on more
youthful leaves and tissues, increase is inhibited, and
flora have a hairy appearance. The youngest leaves
are normally small and misshapen with brown
chlorotic spots growing alongside the margins, which
unfold to subsequently unite withinside the middle of
the leaves.
Sulfur (S) Sulfur deficiency. Classic symptom description is
yellowing of recent leaves (withinside the whorl, from
time to time with interveinal striping), with lower
(older) leaves final uniform green
Copper (Cu) In maximum plants, younger foliage is critically
stunted in addition to chlorotic. Deficient foliage may
be cupped and deformed (tung), bleached (lettuce),
flaccid and blue inexperienced with chlorotic margins
(tomato), abscise early (walnut), and finally end up
necrotic withinside the interveinal areas (tung).
Manganese (Mn) The maximum not unusualplace symptom is for
leaves to show faded inexperienced among the veins,
with everyday colored regions subsequent to the
veins. As the deficiency progresses, the region
among the veins will become paler, enlarges and
might brown and die.
Iron (Fe) The number one symptom of iron deficiency is
interveinal chlorosis, the improvement of a yellow leaf
with a community of darkish inexperienced veins. In
intense cases, the whole leaf turns yellow or white
and the outer edges can also additionally scorch and
flip brown because the plant cells die.
Zinc (Zn) Leaves discolor while the soil is poor in zinc and plant
boom is stunted. Zinc deficiency reasons a form of
leaf discoloration referred to as chlorosis, which
reasons the tissue among the veins to show yellow
even as the veins continue to be green. Chlorosis in
zinc deficiency commonly influences the bottom of
the leaf close to the stem.
Nickel (Ni) One not unusualplace Ni deficiency symptom
throughout plant species is the necrosis of leaf
suggestions because of the buildup of urea to
poisonous concentrations. For non-woody plants,
deficiency signs also can consist of chlorosis of
younger leaves, decreased leaf size, and much less
upright leaf growth.
Cobalt (Co) The signs of cobalt deficiency in flowers have a
tendency to be vague, however might also
additionally consist of the following; Stunted growth,
reddening of stems, uniform paling, yellowing, or
reddening of leaves, small root nodules on legumes,
nitrogen deficiency signs in legumes, and Reduced
seed production.
Chloride (Cl) Chloride deficiency can lessen photosynthetic region
with the aid of using inflicting leaf bronzing or dappled
chlorotic spots, prominently visible in wheat. Another
symptom of chloride deficiency is wilting because of a
restrained and noticeably branched root gadget with
stubby tips.
Boron (B) Because of boron's involvement in mobileular growth,
signs of boron deficiency are expressed at developing
recommendations of the foundation or shoot, and
typically encompass stunting and distortion of the
developing tip which can cause tip death, brittle
foliage, and yellowing of decrease leaf
recommendations.
Molybdenum (Mo) The plant turns into stunted and the leaves display
signs and symptoms of nitrogen deficiency,
performing faded inexperienced or yellowish
inexperienced in coloration among the veins
Carbon (C) Stunted increase. Plants absorb much less water or
nutrient answer than normal. Cures: When carbon
dioxide stages are low, plant life aren't capable of
photosynthesize successfully and their increase
slows.
Hydrogen (H) General chlorosis of complete plant to a mild
inexperienced observed via way of means of
yellowing of older leaves intending toward more
youthful leaves.
Oxygen (O) Leaves may also wilt, be distorted and smaller than
normal. They can also drop prematurely, yellow from
the bottom to the pinnacle of the plant and from the
interior to the outside. Drooping and different drought
strain signs and symptoms in addition to chlorosis
may also develop. Petioles may also hunch even as
the leaves stay company and complete of fluid.
7. What are toxicity symptoms shown by plants when each nutrient is present in soil
in very high amount?
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Nitrogen (N) The maximum not unusualplace signs of nitrogen
toxicity in vegetation include: abnormally darkish
inexperienced foliage and leaves, became down leaf
tips, yellowing leaves, nutrient burn, clawed leaves,
plant stress, and pots on leaves frequently ensuing in
death.
Phosphorus (P) Toxicity signs and symptoms begin at the decrease
leaves and paintings up the principle stem. The
leaves die lower back to the stem. Interveinal
chlorosis of recent leaves with hints and edges green,
observed via way of means of veinal chlorosis.
Leaves on the pinnacle of the plant wilt without
difficulty observed via way of means of chlorotic and
necrotic regions withinside the leaves.
Potassium (K) Toxicity signs and symptoms encompass decreased
increase fee and necrosis alongside the primary
veins. Toxicity signs and symptoms begin at the
decrease leaves and paintings up the primary stem.
The leaves die lower back to the stem. Interveinal
chlorosis of recent leaves with recommendations and
edges green, observed via way of means of veinal
chlorosis.
Magnesium (Mg) When developing in soil, immoderate portions of
magnesium do now no longer seem quickly. Too a
great deal magnesium inhibits the uptake of calcium,
and the plant presentations widespread signs of an
extra of salts; stunted growth, and dark-colored
vegetation.
Calcium (Ca) Toxicity signs and symptoms begin at the decrease
leaves and paintings up the principle stem. The
leaves die lower back to the stem. Interveinal
chlorosis of latest leaves with suggestions and edges
green, observed via way of means of veinal chlorosis.
Leaves on the pinnacle of the plant wilt without
difficulty observed via way of means of chlorotic and
necrotic regions withinside the leaves.
Sulfur (S) Leaf length can be decreased and typical increase
can be stunted.
Copper (Cu) Thus, at excessive concentrations, copper can
emerge as extraordinarily poisonous inflicting signs
consisting of chlorosis and necrosis, stunting, leaf
discoloration and inhibition of root growth.
Manganese (Mn) Yellowish brown spots among leaf veins, extending to
the entire interveinal area, brown spots on veins of
decrease leaf blades and leaf sheaths, leaf hints dry
out 8 weeks after planting, chlorosis of younger
(upper) leaves, stunted plants, and decreased
tillering.
Iron (Fe) Classic signs and symptoms of Fe toxicity are leaf
discoloration (bronzing) and a stunted root system. To
cope with, and survive, destructive iron-poisonous soil
situations and immoderate iron accumulation in
tissue, plant life have developed morphological and
physiological avoidance and/or tolerance strategies.
Zinc (Zn) High concentrations of zinc can purpose toxicity in
plants. The preferred signs are stunting of shoot,
curling and rolling of younger leaves, dying of leaf
guidelines and chlorosis.
Nickel (Ni) The maximum not unusualplace signs of nickel
toxicity in vegetation are inhibition of growth, induction
of chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. Nickel strongly
affects metabolic response in vegetation and has the
cappotential to generate Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROSs) which might also additionally reason oxidative
stress.
Cobalt (Co) Toxic impact of cobalt on morphology encompass leaf
fall, inhibition of greening, discolored veins, untimely
leaf closure, and decreased shoot weight.
Chloride (Cl) Chlorine is a micronutrient, critical to plant growth.
However, an excessive amount of chlorine can
acquire in leaf tissue, ensuing in leaves with a
scorched or burned appearance. Trees with scorched
leaves have brown or useless tissue at the tips,
margins, or among the veins of the leaf.
Boron (B) Early signs of boron toxicity will seem as wrinkling of
the decrease leaves and interveinal chlorosis
alongside the leaf margin.
Molybdenum (Mo) In contrast, molybdenum toxicity in flowers
beneathneath maximum agricultural situations is rare.
In tomato and cauliflower, flowers grown on excessive
concentrations of molybdenum can have leaves that
gather anthocyanins and flip purple, whereas, in
legumes, leaves had been proven to show yellow.
Carbon (C) Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) attention and salinity
pressure closes stomata and gets rid of carbon
uptake. Toxicity signs and symptoms of CO2 had
been found at 10,000 ppm CO2 withinside the air
after six days in seven plant species. Maize is a
trademark plant, growing zebra-like stripes withinside
the leaves.
Hydrogen (H) Toxicity signs consist of decreased boom price and
necrosis alongside the primary veins. Toxicity signs
begin at the decrease leaves and paintings up the
primary stem. The leaves die again to the stem.
Interveinal chlorosis of recent leaves with pointers
and edges green, accompanied through veinal
chlorosis.
Oxygen (O) When there's an excessive amount of oxygen the
roots have much less motivation to develop large due
to the fact they're getting the whole lot they want with
a smaller floor area. That can then translate to the
flora generating much less biomass ensuing in much
less leaf tissue. So in some unspecified time in the
future an excessive amount of oxygen can really
reason much less growth.
8. Collect pictures of deficiency symptoms of each nutrients.
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Copper (Cu)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Nickel (Ni)
Cobalt (Co)
Chloride (Cl)
Boron (B)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
9. Collect pictures of toxicity symptoms of each nutrients.
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS TOXICITY SYMPTOMS
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Copper (Cu)
Manganese (Mn)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Nickel (Ni)
Cobalt (Co)
Chloride (Cl)
Boron (B)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
