0% found this document useful (0 votes)
420 views33 pages

Hypothyroidism in Children: IAP Guidelines

This document discusses hypothyroidism in children. It begins by covering congenital hypothyroidism, including the etiology, clinical features at birth and later age, investigations like newborn thyroid screening, and management through lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy. It then discusses acquired hypothyroidism, the most common cause being autoimmune thyroiditis. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism usually results in normal development and IQ, while delays can lead to neuropsychological issues.

Uploaded by

sathvik gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
420 views33 pages

Hypothyroidism in Children: IAP Guidelines

This document discusses hypothyroidism in children. It begins by covering congenital hypothyroidism, including the etiology, clinical features at birth and later age, investigations like newborn thyroid screening, and management through lifelong levothyroxine replacement therapy. It then discusses acquired hypothyroidism, the most common cause being autoimmune thyroiditis. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism usually results in normal development and IQ, while delays can lead to neuropsychological issues.

Uploaded by

sathvik gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HYPOTHYROIDISM 

IN CHILDREN

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 1


OBJECTIVES

• Introduction
• Congenital hypothyroidism 
– Etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, approach, 
treatment and prognosis
• Acquired hypothyroidism  
– Etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, approach, 
treatment and prognosis

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 2


INTRODUCTION

• Hypothyroidism occurs due to decreased production 
of thyroid hormone either 
– From the gland (primary hypothyroidism) 
or 
– Due to reduced thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) 
stimulation (central or secondary hypothyroidism)
• It may be manifested from birth (congenital) or 
acquired.

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 3


CONGENITAL
HYPOTHYROIDISM

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 4


INTRODUCTION

• Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most 
common preventable causes of mental retardation 
• May not have obvious manifestations at birth
– Due to transplacental passage of maternal thyroid 
hormone (T4)
– Half‐life of T4 is 6 days
– Maternal T4 will be metabolized and excreted by 
     3 to 4 wks of age.
– Around 3 – 4 weeks of age clinical features of 
congenital hypothyroidism are appreciated.
• INCIDENCE: 1:3000 to 1:4000

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 5


MATERNAL & FETOPLACENTAL UNIT IN THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORT

MOTHER PLACENTA FETUS


TRH
TRH
TSH HCG

T4 T4

TYPE 3 MONO
DEIODINASE
rT3 rT3

T3 T3

T2
IODINE
RADIOIODINE
TSH receptor Ab
ANTI THYROID DRUGS
β BLOCKING AGENTS IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 6 6
THYROID FUNCTION IN THE PRETERM

• Hypothalamo pituitary thyroid axis is immature
– Reduced hypothalamic TRH production and 
secretion
– Immature response of the thyroid gland to TSH
• Inefficient organification of  iodine 
• Reduced capacity to convert T4 into active T3
• Loss of the maternal T4 contribution
• Immaturity of peripheral tissue deiodination

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 7 7


ETIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
• PRIMARY / THYROIDAL: 
– Thyroid dysgenesis: (80 – 90%)
• Athyrosis, Hypoplasia, Ectopic thyroid
– Dyshormonogenesis : (10–20%)
• Sodium‐iodide symporter (trapping) defect, Thyroid 
peroxidase defect, Thyroglobulin defect, Deiododinase 
defect
– Others:
• Transient – maternal TSH‐receptor blocking antibodies, 
Maternal anti thyroid drugs, Maternal or neonatal 
Iodine deficiency/ excess iodine exposure
• SECONDARY/ CENTRAL (hypothalamic & pituitary):
– Isolated TSH deficiency , hypopituititarism 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 8 8


CLINICAL FEATURES OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
(NEONATAL PERIOD)

• Most common symptoms:
– Prolonged jaundice
– Feeding difficulty 
– Sluggishness / Lethargy
– Constipation
– Umbilical hernia
– Macroglossia
– Hypothermia
– Hoarse cry

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 9


CLINICAL FEATURES OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM 
( NEONATAL PERIOD)
• Birth weight & length – normal
• Head/CNS:
– Increased  head circumference (due to myxedema of brain)
– Wide open anterior and posterior fontanel
– Lethargy/ sluggishness/ excessive sleepiness
– Poor cry, hypotonia
• GIT:
– Constipation 
– Prolongation of physiological jaundice (delayed maturation 
of glucuronide conjugation)
– Protruded abdomen, umbilical hernia, protruded tongue

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 10 10


CLINICAL FEATURES OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
 (NEONATAL PERIOD)

• Goiter / Thyromegaly – most commonly seen in 
dyshormonogenesis
• Skin:
– Hypothermia (<35oC), cold & mottled skin
• CVS:
– Bradycardia, slow pulse, cardiomegaly, pericardial effusion
• Respiratory difficulties (due to large tongue)
– Apnea, nasal obstruction, choking

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 11


CLINICAL FEATURES OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
(LATER AGE) 
• If undetected/ untreated: (by 3‐6 months of age)
– Physical & mental retardation
• Stunted growth, short extremities
• Delayed milestones, Delayed dentition
– Facies:
• Narrow palpebral fissures with swollen eyelids (myxedema)
• Mouth kept open, and the thick, broad tongue protrudes 
• Short and thick neck
• Dry  skin with pale/ sallow complexion and coarse hair
– Muscles:
• Hypotonia 
• Pseudo hypertrophy ‐ Kocher‐Debré‐Sémélaigne syndrome

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 12


CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

3 month old child with undetected congenital 
hypothyroidism

(note: apathic facies, dry and 
coarse skin, puffy eyelids and 
depressed nasal bridge)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 13


INVESTIGATIONS

• Low serum T4 and elevated TSH level
• Best and most sensitive identification strategy is newborn TSH 
screening program by heel prick 
– The best window for testing is 48‐72 hours of age
• Other helpful investigations:
– Serum thyroglobulin, Technetium 99m Scintigraphy of 
neck for thyroid morphology, ultrasonography of thyroid 
– X‐ray: Absent distal femoral epiphysis and stippled 
epiphysis, intra sutural wormian bones

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 14


NEWBORN THYROID SCREENING
• Heel prick capillary TSH level > 40 mU/L
–  Send venous sample for TSH & FT4 for confirmation 
– Start on thyroxine
• Capillary TSH level < 40 mU/L 
– Send venous sample for TSH & FT4 for confirmation 
• Venous TSH > 20 mU/L  : start on thyroxine
•  Venous TSH 6 ‐20 mU/L  and FT4 –low: (Probable 
secondary hypothyroidism) – start on thyroxine, work 
up for hypopituitarism
• Venous TSH between 6 ‐20 mU/L  and FT4 – normal: 
Diagnostic  imaging and repeat testing
• Capillary TSH level < 6 mU/L 
– Normal and reassure

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 15


SKELETAL X‐RAY IN CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Absence of distal femoral epiphysis in  Epiphyseal dysgenesis in the 
untreated congenital hypothyroidism head of the humerus in 
untreated hypothyroidism

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 16


MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Treatment:
– Replacement with levothyroxine (LT4)
– Dosage: 10‐15 µg/kg 
– Administration: fasting state, early morning and 
avoid food for 30‐60 min or pre‐feed in neonates

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 17


MONITORING TREATMENT 
     ‐ Clinical : growth monitoring, hearing and
        developmental assessment 
  ‐ Laboratory – TSH & FT4 levels 
•2 weeks after starting treatment 
•Every 2 weekly till normalization of TSH (0.5 – 
2 mU/L)
•Every 1‐3 months till 1 year of age
•Every 2‐4 months from 1‐3 years of age
•Every 3‐ 12 monthly till growth is completed
•4‐6 weeks after change in dose

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 18


PROGNOSIS

• Delay in diagnosis, inadequate treatment & poor compliance 
results in variable degrees of brain damage
• Early diagnosis and adequate treatment from the 1st weeks of 
life 
– Result in normal linear growth and development, normal 
scoring in psychometric testing
• Most severely affected infants (having lowest T4 levels and 
retarded skeletal maturation) 
– Can have reduced IQs (by 5‐20 points) and other 
neuropsychological sequelae
• 20% can have a neurosensory hearing deficit

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 19


ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 20


INTRODUCTION

• Incidence – 0.3%
• Female : male – 2:1
• Acquired hypothyroidism can be 
– Overt hypothyroidism (high serum TSH level and 
low serum free T4 level) 
– Subclinical hypothyroidism (high serum TSH level 
and normal serum free T4 level)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 21


ETIOLOGY OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Primary Hypothyroidism ‐ Most common
– Autoimmune Hypothyroidism 
• Hashimoto thyroiditis – most common
• Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome  (APS ‐1 &2)
• Down syndrome (30% prevalence)
• Turner syndrome (40% prevalence)
• Klinefelter syndrome (20% prevalence)
– Thyroid surgery / Irradiation/ Post thyroiditis/ 
infiltrative disorders
– Drugs ‐ lithium, iodine, amiodarone, methimazole, 
propylthiouracil, anticonvulsants

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 22


ETIOLOGY OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Secondary / Central Hypothyroidism
– CNS tumors / CNS irradiation/ 
meningoencephalitis/ infiltrative disorders
– Hypopituitarism (multiple pituitary hormone 
deficiency)
• Peripheral Hypothyroidism: 
– Resistance to thyroid hormones
– Consumptive hypothyroidism (large hemangiomas)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 23


CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Goiter
• Growth retardation
• Delayed bone age
• Pubertal disorders 
– Pubertal delay  
– Pseudo precocity (breast development, vaginal 
bleed in girls/ macrorchidism in boys)
– Menometorrhagia
– Galactorrhoea 
• Lethargy, fatigue
IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 24
CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Weight gain (fluid retention due to impaired renal 
free water clearance)
• Bradycardia, pericardial effusion, heart failure
• Constipation
• Cold intolerance, hypothermia, dry and 
myxedematous skin
• CNS:
– Muscle hypotonia, Delayed deep tendon reflexes
– Muscle pseudo hypertrophy
– Scholastic performance – unaffected
• Headaches & vision problem (due to thyrotroph 
hyperplasia)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 25


Smooth, uniform enlargement of 
thyroid – Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Asymmetric enlargement of 
thyroid – benign adenoma Rt. 
Lobe of thyroid 

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 26


Multinodular goiter – 
papillary ca. thyroid

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 27


DIAGNOSIS OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Serum Free T4, Serum TSH (to use age specific 
ranges)
• Serum thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin 
antibodies
• X‐ray Bone age – for assessment of retarded skeletal 
maturation (delayed bone age)
• Ultrasonography for thyroid morphology
• Technetium 99m scan of thyroid – rarely required (if 
nodular goiter)

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 28


APPROACH TO ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM
• Elevated TSH and low FT4
–  Overt Primary hypothyroidism
• Do thyroid antibodies
– Positive ‐ Autoimmune thyroid disease
– Negative ‐ Autoimmune thyroid disease, Drug 
induced, Dyshormonogenesis 
• Start thyroxine
• Elevated TSH and normal FT4
– Subclinical hypothyroidism – start thyroxine if 
thyroid antibodies are positive

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 29


APPROACH TO ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Low FT4  and normal TSH
– Secondary hypothyroidism – screen for 
hypopituitarism
• Goiter with normal Thyroid function test and 
negative for thyroid antibodies 
– Reassure, Needs only follow up

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 30


TREATMENT OF ACQUIRED HYPOTHYROIDISM

• Levothyroxine (L‐T4)  is the treatment of choice
• Dosage:
– For children age 1‐3 yr: 4‐6 μg/kg/day
– For age 3‐10 yr: 3‐5 μg/kg/day
– For age 10‐16 yr: 2‐4 μg/kg/day
• Administration: fasting state, early morning and 
avoid food for 30‐60 min
• Monitoring:
– Clinical – growth monitoring
– Laboratory – TSH and FT4 – 6 weeks after starting 
treatment and dosage change ; otherwise 4‐6 monthly

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 31


PROGNOSIS

• 1st year of therapy ‐ Transient deterioration of 
schoolwork, poor sleeping habits, restlessness, short 
attention span, and behavioral problems can occur. 
– Needs only reassurance
• Catch up growth – adequate growth can be achieved 
if diagnosed early and adequately treated.
• Poor catch up growth is observed in long standing or 
untreated hypothyroidism

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 32


THANK YOU

IAP UG Teaching slides 2015-16 33

You might also like