5.5 EXERCISES

1–6 Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution.

1. ye !x
dx, u ! !x

2. y x !2 " x
3
" dx,
4 5
u ! 2 " x4

3. yx 2
sx 3 " 1 dx, u ! x3 " 1

dt
4. y !1 ! 6t"4
, u ! 1 ! 6t

5. y cos # sin # d#,

3
u ! cos #

sec 2!1#x"
6. y x2
dx, u ! 1#x



7– 46 Evaluate the indefinite integral.

7. y x sin! x 2
" dx 8. y x !x
2 3
" 5" 9 dx

9. y !3x ! 2" 20
dx 10. y !3t " 2" 2.4
dt

x
11. y !x " 1" s2x " x 2 dx 12. y !x 2 " 1"2
dx

dx
13. y 5 ! 3x
14. ye x
sin!e x " dx

x
15. y sin $ t dt 16. y x2 " 1
dx

a " bx 2
17. y s3ax " bx 3
dx 18. y sec 2# tan 2# d#



!ln x"2 dx
19. y x
dx 20. y ax # b
!a " 0"

cos st
21. y st
dt 22. y sx sin!1 # x 3#2 " d x

23. y cos ' sin6' d' 24. y !1 # tan ' " 5

sec 2' d'

25. y e x s1 # e x d x 26. ye cos t

sin t dt

z2 tan!1 x
27. y s
3
1 # z3
dz 28. y 1 # x2
dx

sin!ln x"
29. y e tan x sec 2x d x 30. y x
dx

cos x ex
31. y sin 2x
dx 32. y ex # 1
dx

cos!"#x"
33. y scot x csc2x d x 34. y x2
dx

sin 2 x sin x ;
35. y 1 # cos2x
dx 36. y 1 # cos2x
dx

dt
37. y cot x d x 38. y cos2 t s1 # tan t

39. y sec x tan x d x

3
40. y sin t sec !cos t " dt
2

dx x
41. y s1 ! x 2 sin!1x
42. y 1 # x4
dx
 x
cos x ex
31.


y sin 2x
dx 32. y ex # 1
dx

cos!"#x"
33. y scot x csc x d x
2
34. y x2
dx

sin 2 x sin x ;
35. y 1 # cos2x
dx 36. y 1 # cos2x
dx

dt
37. y cot x d x 38. y cos2 t s1 # tan t

39. y sec 3x tan x d x 40. y sin t sec 2!cos t " dt

dx x
41. y s1 ! x 2 sin!1x
42. y 1 # x4
dx

1#x x2
43. y 1 # x2
dx 44. y s 1 ! x
dx

x
45. y s
4
x#2
dx 46. y x 3sx 2 # 1 d x

; 47–50 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate and check that

your answer is reasonable by graphing both the function and its
antiderivative (take C ! 0).
sin sx
47. y x ! x 2 ! 1"3 d x 48. y sx
dx

49. y sin3x cos x d x 50. y tan2' sec2' d'

 49. y sin x cos x d x
3
50. y tan ' sec ' d'
2 2

51–70 Evaluate the definite integral.

76
y y
2 7
51. ! x ! 1"25 d x 52. s4 # 3x d x
0 0

y y
1 s"
53. x 2!1 # 2 x 3 "5 d x 54. x cos! x " d x 2
0 SECTION 5.5 THE SUBSTITUTION RULE ||||
0 407

y y
" 1#2
55. sec 2! t#4" dt 56. csc " t cot " t dt
0 1#6

y" y
"#6 1 2
57. tan3' d' 58. x e!x d x
! #6 0

e 1# x x 2 sin x
y y"
2 "#2
59. dx 60. dx
1 x2 ! #2 1 # x6
dx
y y
13 "#2
61. 62. cos x sin!sin x" d x
0 s
3
!1 # 2 x"2 0

y y
a a
63. x s x # a d x !a & 0"
2 2 64. x sa 2 ! x 2 d x
0 0

x
y y
2 4
65. x sx ! 1 dx 66. dx
1 0 s1 # 2 x
dx sin!1 x
ye y
e4 1#2
67. 68. dx
x sln x 0 s 1 ! x 2

ez # 1
y y
1 T#2
69. dz 70. sin!2" t#T ! %" dt
0 ez # z 0

; 71–72 Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the

region that lies under the given curve. Then find the exact area.
71. y ! s2 x # 1 , 0 $ x $ 1
 1 x2 !"#2 1 # x6
dx
y0 y0
13 "#2
61. 62. cos x sin!sin x" d x

 s
3
!1 # 2 x"2

y0 y0 x sa 2 ! x 2 d x
a a
63. x s x 2 # a 2 d x !a & 0" 64.

x
y1 y0
2 4
65. x sx ! 1 dx 66. dx
s1 # 2 x
dx sin!1 x
ye y0
e4 1#2
67. 68. dx
x sln x s1 ! x 2

ez # 1
y0 y0
1 T#2
69. dz 70. sin!2" t#T ! %" dt
ez # z

; 71–72 Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the

region that lies under the given curve. Then find the exact area.
71. y ! s2 x # 1 , 0 $ x $ 1

72. y ! 2 sin x ! sin 2 x, 0 $ x $ "

73. Evaluate x!2

2
! x # 3"s4 ! x 2 d x by writing it as a sum of
two integrals and interpreting one of those integrals in terms
of an area.

74. Evaluate x01 x s1 ! x 4 d x by making a substitution and inter-

preting the resulting integral in terms of an area.

75. Which of the following areas are equal? Why?

y y

y=2x´
y=eœ„x

0 1 x 0 1 x
 y ! cos m x cos n x d x !
"
$ ! if m ! n am !
SECTION
1 ! 7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
!
y! "
f ! x" sin m x d x
|||| 469

To evaluate this integral we substitute x ! a sin #. Then d x ! a cos # d#. To change

the limits of integration we note that when x ! 0, sin # ! 0, so # ! 0; when x ! a,
sin # ! 1, so # ! $!2. Also

7.3 sa 2 " x 2 ! sa 2 " a 2 sin 2# ! sa 2 cos 2# ! a cos # ! a cos #

TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION & &
In finding the area
sinceof0a&circle
# & or an. ellipse,
$!2 Thereforean integral of the form x sa 2 " x 2 d x arises,
where a ' 0. If it were x x sa " x d x, the substitution u ! a 2 " x 2 would be effective
2 2

but, as it stands, x sa 2 " x 2 d xAis! b a b $!2

more
y
4 difficult. If we
sa 2 " x ! 42 theyvariable
x22 dchange
a 0 1 " sin % ! cos %aallows
the substitution x ! a sin %, then the identity 0
# ! ax cos
a cosfrom to %#by
d#
us to get rid of the
root sign because
! 4 a b y cos 2# d# ! 4 a b y 12 $1 ! cos 2# % d#
$!2 $!2

0 0
( (
" #
468 |||| CHAPTER 7sa
TECHNIQUES sa 2 INTEGRATION
2 " x 2 ! OF " a 2 sin 2% ! sa 2!1 " sin 2% " ! sa 2 cos 2% ! a cos %
$
Notice the difference between the! 2 a b # ! 2usin
substitution [ 1
! 2a#2 "
$!2
0 x! ]
2 2ab
(in which ! 0 " 0 ! $ab
2 the new variable is
s9 ! x 2
a function of the old one) V and the substitution
EXAMPLE
the new one). We have shown that the area of an ellipse
1 Evaluate y x 2 withxsemiaxes
x ! a sin % (thedold . variable is a function of
a and b is $ a b. In particular,
In general we taking
can makea ! ba!substitutionr, we haveofproved the form x ! t!t"formula
the famous by usingthat thethe area of a circle with
Substitution
SOLUTION2 Let x ! 3 sin %, where !($2 " % " ($2. Then d x ! 3 cos % d% and
Rule in [Link] To make r is our$ r calculations
. simpler, we assume that t has an inverse func- M
tion; that is, t is one-to-one. In this case,
Rule (Equation 5.5.4), NOTEwe Since
if we replace u by x and
s9 ! x ! s9 ! 9 sin % ! s9 cos % ! 3 cos % ! 3 cos %
2
obtain the integral in Example 2SECTION
2 x
was a definite
by t in the
2
& &
Substitution
integral, we changed the limits |||| 471
7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
of integration(Note that and did cos not % )have 0 becauseto convert !($2 back " to %" the(original$2.) Thus the Inverse
variable x. Substitution Rule
gives y f ! x" d x ! y f !t!t""t&!t" dt
Although Formulas 1 and 2 look quite different, they are actually equivalent by
1 s9 ! x 2
invyerxse2ssubstitution.
3 cos %
V EXAMPLE
This kind of substitution is called
Formula3 Find 3.11.4.
x2 ! y 4 dxx2. d x ! y 9 sin 2% 3 cos % d% M

We can make the inverse substitution x ! a sin % provided that it defines a 2one-to-one
SOLUTION Let x NOTE ! 2 tan As Example
"$!2 %5%#illustrates,
by#,restricting % lie$!2 in. the hyperbolic
Then x !2 2substitutions
dcos sec # d# and can be used in place of trigo-
|||| %%"
function. This can be accomplished
SECTION
nometric
7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC
substitutions
In the following table we list2trigonometric substitutions and
to
SUBSTITUTION
sometimes y
!interval
they
that are effective lead
2
469!
dto
sin % for the given
! y!&2'
% &2,
simpler cot [Link].
% d% But we usually use
sx ! 4 !
trigonometric s4$tan 2# !because
substitutions
radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case the restric-
1% ! s4 trigonometric &
sec 2# ! 2 identities &
sec # ! are 2 sec # familiar than hyper-
more
To evaluate this integral we substitute bolic sin #. Then d x ! a cos # d#. To change2
x ! aidentities.
! 0, sin # ! 0, so # ! 0; when xy ! a,
tion on % is imposed Thusthat to ensure
we have xthat the function that defines the!substitution #csc % !is1% d%
one-to-one.
the limits of integration we note when
(These are the same intervals used in Section 1.6 in defining the inverse functions.)
sin # ! 1, so # ! $!2. Also dx 2 sec 2# d# 1 sec #
EXAMPLEy 6x 2Find y x3 ! !cot %!! %y$ C2 d#
s x y!
3 s3%2 !
2 4 4 tan # ! 2 sec #
2 d x . 4 tan #
sa 2 " TABLE
x 2 !OFsTRIGONOMETRIC
a 2 " a 2 sin 2# !SUBSTITUTIONS
Since this
sa 2 cos 2# !
is an
0 a cos
indefinite &
!4 x#2 "!9"a3%2
integral, we& cos #
must variable x. This can be
To evaluate this trigonometric integral we 2 put 3%2 everything 2in the
return to terms original
3 of sin # and cos # :
since 0 & # & 3 $!2Expression
. Therefore SOLUTION
done either First
by we
using
Substitution
note that
trigonometric !4 x " 9"
identities ! !s4
to x
express "
Identity
9 )
cot so
% trigonometric
in terms of sinsubstitution
% ! x$3 or
x byis drawing
appropriate. Although
a diagram, sec #as s4
in x 2 " 9 is not
Figure 1 1, where
cos # 2 quite % is one of
interpreted
cos # the expressions
as an angle in
of the tabletri-
a right of
b trigonometric
angle. Since b !$!2
sin substitutions,
x $3!2, we!label it becomes
the !opposite one !of
side them 2 if
2and thewe 2 make the as
hypotenuse preliminary
having substitu-
lengths x
A !s4a "yx sa 2 "x x!2tion y
¨
2 a2
adsin %,4 " ( a% cos % ! (tan##! a cos cos# #d# sin #1 " sin 2
sin% #! cos %
x! u 2 x 2.0When we 2 combine this with the tangent substitution, we have x 3
tan2 ,#,
a 0 and 3 . Then! a the Pythagorean Theorem gives the length of the adjacent side as s9 ! !
2 x
9-≈
œ„„„„„ Therefore, sowhich
we can
making gives !dsubstitution
simply
the x! read
3
2 sec !
2
the#valuedu#!and of cot
sin #, we % from havethe 2figure: 2
! 4 a b y cos # d# ! 4 a b y 2 2 $1 ! cos
s 2!2 !2
a 2
#x $ 2 x ! a tan %, " $ 1 ) % ) 1 # tan % ! sec %
2 2# % d#
FIGURE 1
s41 cos s9 s9
0 0
d x! x 2 " 9 ! tan x 2 9 ! 3 sec #
du

" #
! # %d# 1 2!#"
sx 2 " a 2 1 x ! $a!2sec %, 0y (x 2$ !( % y) 3cot ! 2% "y 1 !
x !sec
sin ¨= %s) x 2! 4 or ! 4 sin 2
4 x u 2 tan %
2

[ ]
2
3 ! 2 a b # ! 2 sin 2# When ! 2 a b ! 0 " 0 ! $ a b2 #
x ! 0, 2tan # ! 0, so # ! 0; when x ! 3s3 %2, tan # ! s3 , so # ! $%3.
" #
0

(Although % ' 0 in the diagram, 1 this1 expression for cot 1 % is valid even when % & 0.)
TER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION ! 3 " !1 ! C ! 27" 3 !C
We have shown that the area of an ellipse Since with sin %semiaxes! x$33 s3%2 , we a andhavebx%is ! $ a b
sin .u In# $3%
particular,
x and so tan # #3
y 4
y 8 4 sin
$ %3
œ„„„„„
≈+4 d x ! sec 2# d#

!"
taking a ! b ! r, we have proved the famous
SECTION 7.3
formula
TRIGONOMETRIC0 that!4 the
x 2 area
" 29"of 3%2 a circle with
SUBSTITUTION 0
|||| 27471 sec 3
# 2

x s9 ! x csc # s9 ! x 2 M x
radius r is $ r 2.
V EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate y
s9 ! x 2
d x . y x
!2 " d x !!
4
!C
x$%3 tan #
!3 sin
!1
3
$C 3
$%3 sin #
M
¨ y0 limits d# ! 16 y
2
Although x ! 3 3
d#
NOTE Formulas
Since the1 integral
and 2 look quite different,
in Example 2 was they a definiteare actuallyintegral, equivalent
we changed by16 the sec # 0 cos2#
Formula2 3.11.4. We use Figure 3 to determine that csc s x 2 ! 4 !x and so
SOLUTION Let x !
of integration and3 did
sin %not, where
have ! $2V"EXAMPLE
to(convert %back
" (to $22the. Then
Find dthe
original x! area 3 cos
variable # !
% xd.% and
enclosed by the ellipse M

 $%3 1 ! cos #
2
2 y!2 4
FIGURE 3
& &
3
s9 ! x 2 !
s9 ! 9 sin 2% !
s9 cos 2% ! 3 cos % ! 3 cos %!
d x x 2
s x y sin # d#
NOTE As Example 5 illustrates, hyperbolic substitutions
y can be used in place of trigo-
16
x 1 cos 2
#
3 Find y and C
0
tan ¨= V EXAMPLE d x. ! " $ ! !1 M
2 nometric substitutions x 2ssometimes
x 2! !(4$2 "they lead to simplerx 2answers. s x 2 ! 4But we a 2 usually 4 xb 2 use
(Note that cos % ) 0 because % " ($2.) Thus the Inverse Substitution Rule
trigonometric substitutions because trigonometric Now we substitute identities u! arecos more # so familiar
that duthan ! !sin hyper- # d#. When # ! 0, u ! 1; when
gives
SOLUTION Let x ! 2 tan #, "$!2 % # SOLUTION %# $!!2$.%3, Solving
Then d x1the
! equation
2 sec 2
# d #ofandthe ellipse for y, we get
bolic identities.
y u ! . Therefore
s9 ! x 2
2
3 cos %
2 ! 4 y 2# d! 1% y!9s4
x! 2 % d%
s(0, b)
x ! s4$tanx 2 sec
2
sin3 s3%2
32 cos
% #y !!x231sec & 2
& 2
#x ! 2asec!#x1%2 1 ! u 2
2
or
b
y ! 3# 1%2sa 2 ! x!22
y a16 y 16 y a !1 ! u
x 3 ! !
EXAMPLE 6 Find y
3 s3%2 3
d x. b 22
3%2a d
2
x ! ! 2
du ! " du
Thus we have !4 x 2 " 9"3%2 cos02% !4 x " 9"2 u2
!y d% ! y cot % d%
0 1 1

# $
(a, 0)
d!4
x x 2 " 9"3%2 Because 2!s4 sinthe
sec 22#%dellipse
2 "# 9 )3 so is 1symmetric sec # with respect to1%2both axes, the total area A is four times
SOLUTION First0 we note
is appropriate. Although
y that
x ss4
2
x !
2
x!y
x 4" 9 is not
the
!
area
4 tanquite
2
x
in
# ! 2one the first !quadrant
2 secof# the expressions
y
trigonometric
(see
4 tan # in16theutable
2 ! # 3substitution
dFigure 1
2). The part
" [
of ! 16 ( 2 " 2) ! !1 " 1" ! 32
3
of 1
the ] 3
ellipse in the first quadrant is M
! y by
2
given #cscthe% function! 1% d% u 1
trigonometric
To evaluate this substitutions,
trigonometric it becomes
integral one we put of them everything if we make in terms theof preliminary
sin substitu-
tion u ! 2 x. When we combine this with the tangent substitution,ywe b # and
have x
cos
3
#:
! s a 2 !
! 2xtan
2 #, 0 " x " a
! !cot % !2 % $ C xa
which gives d x ! 32 sec 2# d# and
FIGURE 2
sec #
!
1
EXAMPLE
!
cos7 #Evaluate
!
cos y s3 ! 2 x ! x 2
# d x .
2 2 2
Since¥ this is an indefinite tan
integral, # we cos
must #return sin to # the sin
original # variable x. This a bcan be
≈ s4 x 2 " 9identities s9sotan 2# " 9 ! 3 sec #
! %y !into saa2 function
1
+ either
=1 by using trigonometric !and
SOLUTION We can cot transform 4 Asin
the integrand ! x 2 d x for which trigonometric substitu-
done b@
a@ Therefore, to express % in terms of 0 a x$3 or
x making the substitution
by drawing a diagram, as in Figure 1, where u ! sin # , we
tion is %appropriate have
is interpreted by first
as ancompleting
angle of a the right squaretri- under the root sign:
When x ! 0, tan # ! 0, so # ! 0; when x ! 3s3 %2, tan # ! s3 , so # ! $%3.
angle. Since sin % ! x$3, we dx label the opposite
1 cos # side and the
1! 2duhypotenuse as having lengths x
y y y ! x 2 ! side 3 !as! xs9 "!2 xx"2! , 3 " 1 ! ! x " 2 x " 1"
2 2
and 3. Then the Pythagorean Theorem ! gives the d
length
# ! 3of the xadjacent
27
3 s3%2 x sx ! 4
32 3
%3 # tan # 4
2 2 2
4 $sin u2
≈
„ so we can simply y read the2 value3%2ofdcot x !%yfrom 8the figure: 3
3
2 sec # d# ! 4 ! ! x " 1"2
 7.3
7.3 EEXXEERRCCIISSEE SS
1–3 Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric sub-
1–3

 Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric sub-
stitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
stitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
1
1.y 1 d x ; x ! 3 sec #
1. y x2 2 sx22 ! 9 d x ; x ! 3 sec #
x sx ! 9

2. yxx3 3
s9 ! x 2 d x ; x ! 3 sin #
2. y s9 ! x 2 d x ; x ! 3 sin #
x3
3. y x 3 d x ; x ! 3 tan #
3. y sx2 " 9 d x ; x ! 3 tan #
2

sx " 9

4 –30 Evaluate the integral.

4 –30 Evaluate the integral.
x3
4. y
2 s3
dx
20s3 s16x ! x
3 2
4. y dx
0 s 161 ! x 2
sx 2 ! 1
5. y 3 2 6. y
2 2
dt dx
s2 t st ! 1 x
1 2 sx ! 1
1 2
5. y 3 2 6. y
2
dt dx
s2 t st 1 ! 1 xx3
7. y 2 8. y
1
dx dx
x s25 1 ! x 2
sx 2 "x 3100
7. y 2 dx 8. y dx
x s25 dx ! x 2 s xt 25 " 100
9. y 10. y dt
sx 2 " 16 s t 2 "5 2
dx t
9. y 10. y1 dt
11. ys sx1 ! 12. y xs stx 2"
2 " 16
" 24 d x
2
4x 2 dx
0

y y
1
11. ss1 x! 4 x92 d x
2 ! 12. x sdu
x 2 " 4 dx
13. y dx 14. y 0u s5 ! u
x3 2

sx 2 ! 9 du
13. y a 2 3 d x2 14. y dx 2
15. y x xsa ! x d x y
2%3
2 16. u s55 ! 2u
0 s2%3 x s9x ! 1
dx
y 18. yys2%3 x2 5s9x22 3%2
a 2%3
15.
17. 0y
x 2
s ax2 ! x 2 dx 16. d x
dx !1
2
sx ! 7 &#ax$ ! b '
 yx 2
s25 ! x 2
dx 8. y sx 2 " 100
dx

dx t5


9. y sx 2 " 16
10. y st 2 " 2
dt

y s1 ! 4 x 2 d x y
1
11. 12. x sx 2 " 4 d x
0

sx 2 ! 9 du
13. y x 3
dx 14. y u s5 ! u 2
dx
y y
a 2%3
15. x 2 sa 2 ! x 2 d x 16.
0 s2%3 x 5s9x 2 ! 1
x dx
17. y sx 2 ! 7
dx 18. y &#ax$2 ! b 2 ' 3%2
s1 " x 2 t
19. y x
dx 20. y s 25 ! t 2
dt
ub- x2
y0 y0 s x 2 " 1 d x
0.6 1
21. dx 22.
s9 ! 25x 2
dt
23. y s5 " 4 x ! x 2 d x 24. y st 2 ! 6 t " 13
x x2
25. y s x 2 " x " 1
dx 26. y #3 " 4 x ! 4 x 2 $3%2
dx

x2 " 1
27. y sx 2 " 2 x d x 28. y # x 2 ! 2 x " 2$2
dx

cos t
y x s1 ! x 4 d x y0
% %2
29. 30. dt
s1 " sin t
2

31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

dx
y sx 2 " a 2
! ln ( x " s x 2 " a2 ) " C

(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x ! a sinh t to show that

y
dx
sx 2 " a 2
! sinh!1
!"
x
a
"C

These formulas are connected by Formula 3.11.3.

32. Evaluate
x2
y 2 3%2 d x
#x " a $
2

(a) by trigonometric substitution.

(b) by the hyperbolic substitution x ! a sinh t.

33. Find the average value of f # x$ ! sx 2 ! 1%x , 1 $ x $ 7.