SW325
Administration - refers to a process a Organization – the structure of
method or a set of different units of the
relationship between system.
and among people
working towards goals. Management – refers to utilization of
resources to attain the
organization goals.
Social Welfare
Social worker Administration
administration
Social Administration
Primary methods of Social Work – Government or public agency –
casework and group organization supported
work by public fund or taxes.
Secondary methods of social work – Non-government or private Agency –
Administration, supported by
Supervising Research businesses or private
enterprises or
Social Welfare agency -structured voluntary funds.
framework within
which the Semi or quasi government agency –
administrative task are private organization
carried out. but receive some form
of subsidy from
government
LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
TOP MANAGEMENT
Policy, BOD Policy making is
CEO level approve
MIDDLE
MANAGEMENT
Administrative/
Executive level Policy implementor
FIRST LINE
MANAGEMENT
The direct offer of
Direct Services Level services.
KNOW INDIVIDUALS IN SCIENTIFIC HUMAN RELATION THEORY
MANAGEMENT • GEORGE ELTON MAYO – father of
human relationship theory.
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR • ABRAHAM MASLOW – Hierarchy of
• Father of Scientific management. needs theory.
• Believe that employee is an economic • DOUGLAS MCGREGOR – x and y
and worker man theory autocratic and participative
• The employee work to fulfil his theory.
financial needs • FREDERICK HERZBERG –
Motivation and Hygiene theory.
ROBERT OWEN 1. Policy. Defined as a stated course of
• Refuse to hire 10 years old and below action adopted and followed by the
as employee. organization in doing its work.
• Built a house for his worker and bult a
merchant where his worker can buy at 2. Agency Policy. A written statement
cheap price. formally adopted by the board or legal
authority and publicly made known to guide
the provision of service.
CHARLES BABBAGE
• Division of labor 3. Policy Formulation. Refers to the
development, establishment and adoption
HENRY L. GANTT of certain guidelines to be observed in the
• Organize the schedule. operation and implementation of programs
• Gantt Chart and services.
KNOWN PEOPLE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE 4. Mission. Very broad statement of why the
MANAGEMENT organization or its subunit exists.
5. Goals. Broad statements of what an
HENRI FAYOL organization or program hopes to
• Father of Administrative and Modern accomplish.
Management
• Established the 14 principles of 6. Objectives. Specification of the
management accomplishments that will signify that goals
have been achieved, operationalization of
MARY PARKER FALLET goals.
7. Strategies. Specific plans of action
LILIAN M. GILBRETH designed to achieve goal. They involve
deployment of resources.
KNOWN PERSON FOR BUREAUCRATIC
MANAGEMENT 8. Policies. General statement or
understandings that are designed to guide
MAX WEBER or channel thinking, decision-making and
• Father of bureaucratic management behavior.
• 5 principles of management
9. Rules. Specific requirements that are
designed to standardize behavior and
decision-making and to eliminate the use of 20. Organizational Structure. Pattern or
judgment and discretion. network of relationships between the
various positions and the individuals
10. Procedures. Structure to influence the holding such positions.
nature and the chronology of events.
21. Organizational Chart. A pictorial
11. Programs. Packages of goals, policies, presentation of the form which the
rules, procedures and sometimes organization structure takes.
strategies assembled in a unique manner
to facilitate the achievement of a goal or 22. Vertical Chart. This shows the position of
objective. authority at the top with different levels in a
horizontal position and the functions
12. Budgets. Projections of future activities running vertically.
expressed in monetary terms.
23. Horizontal Chart. This shows the position
13. Plan. A course of action for reaching a goal of authority on the left side and presents
beginning now or at any predetermined the different levels in a vertical position
time in the future. while functions are shown horizontally.
14. Planning. The process of anticipating 24. Circular Chart. This shows the position of
goals or targets and then preparing a plan authority from the middle of the circle and
for reaching them. • It is a process of the functions flow from the center.
mapping out one’s activities towards the
accomplishment of goals and projecting 25. Work specialization or division of work.
the means or resources for achieving them. The task to be accomplished may be
divided and assigned to the personnel
15. Organization. Defines the work units and qualified to do the task.
the relationship of one to another. • The
setting up of the individuals and functions 26. Homogenous assignment. Jobs must be
into productive relationships and aimed related or allied; functions must not overlap
towards the accomplishment of certain and must be specific.
common objectives.
27. Unity of command. Each and every
16. Bureaucratic. A form of organization member of the organization should report
which can be seen as a pyramid, that is, to one and only supervisor.
there is one authority on top and the base
is under. The chain of command therefore, 28. Delegation of authority. Scalar authority
is from top to bottom. must be from top to bottom; delegation of
authority stems at the lowest operational
17. Democratic. This is a form of organization level; command responsibility rests with
where employees participate and share in the administrator.
decision-making, policymaking, and so
forth. 29. Span of control. There is a limit as to the
number of people a person can supervise
18. Adhocracy. This modified organizational well, usually five to seven, is a good
structure is a blend of bureaucratic and number.
democratic characteristics.
30. Hierarchical or Scalar Principle. People
19. Collegial or professional team model. are organized in groups under leaders with
Group of professional colleagues ascending and descending levels of
organized in collaborative lifestyle that authority.
prizes well-used channels of
communication. 31. Short chain of command. There should
be few levels of supervision between the
top management and the rank and files.
and orderly pattern of group effort among
32. Division of labor. Only those qualified for his subordinates and secures unity of
the performance of a special function action in the pursuit of common purpose.
should be assigned to the job.
33. Balance. There must be a reasonable 41. Communication. The phase in the
balance between the size of different managerial process that transmits ideas
departments, and centralization and from one person to another for use in the
decentralization in decision-making. performance of management functions. • It
is the vital link that unites executives, board
34. Line and staff principle. The line people members, employees and clients of an
are directly involved in the implementation agency, or a program and proves a liaison
and accomplishment of objectives. The between the agency, the government
staff people assist the line personnel by representatives and the concerned
their specialized knowledge and skills. members of the community.
35. Staffing. The act of acquiring, developing, 42. Budget. A financial plan whether for an
and maintaining a competent workforce in agency or a program; a plan of action; it
such a manner as to accomplish with stands for the organization’s blueprint for
maximum efficiency and economy the the coming months or years expressed in
functions and objectives of the monetary terms.
organization. Also called as personnel
management or administration. 43. Recording. Includes making entries;
classifying includes sorting mass
36. Transfer. The movement of the worker transactions in an orderly and systematic
from one position to another with basically manner; summarizing means bringing
the same responsibilities and salary level; together of accounting data in a form that
horizontal movement. further enhances this information.
37. Promotion. Refers to the advancement of 44. Accounting. The art of recording,
a worker to a better job or position in terms classifying and summarizing in a significant
of greater responsibilities, more prestige, manner in terms of money transactions or
greater skills, and usually an increase in events which are in part of financial
salary; vertical movement. character and analyzing and interpreting
the results thereof.
38. Directing. The process of implementing
the total plan and bringing into being all the 45. Auditing. The state of making an audit or
necessary and available resources to an examination of some or all of the
achieve the objectives. It is a continuous following: documents, records, reports and
task of making decisions and embodying etc.
them in specific and general orders and
instructions. In short, directing is issuing 46. Financing. Defines as the allocation of an
instructions. organization/agency’s liquid assets to
assure their most productive use.
39. Controlling. The work of constraining,
coordinating and regulating action in 47. Record. Defined as an account in written
accordance with plans for the achievement or other permanent form serving as a
of specified objectives. The function of memorial or authentic evidence of a fact or
making action conform to standards that event.
assure satisfactory accomplishment of the
objectives of a plan. 48. Report. Means to make or give and
account of, often formally; based on
40. Coordinating. The process of interrelating accurate records, research and
the various parts of the work of an agency investigation.
so that it functions as a whole. • A process
whereby a supervisor/executive develops
49. Public relations. A management function 7. Tandem supervision. Two group
which evaluates public attitudes, identifies members decide to function apart from the
the policies and procedures of an individual group; collaboration, can cover each
or an organization with the public interest other’s cases.
and executes a program of action to earn
public understanding and acceptance. 8. The team. This model consists of varied
members within the agency structure; meet
50. Evaluation. The systematic process of regularly; team decides in every case
collecting and analyzing data in order to presented.
determine whether and to what degree
objectives have been or are being 9. Professionals. People who through
achieved. extensive formal preparation in a program
or advanced study, have acquired a
specialized mix of knowledge, values, and
SUPERVISING skills as well as credentials that allow them
to perform certain highly skilled work. Other
1. Supervision. A dynamic enabling process criteria include: maintenance of certain
by which individual workers, who have a ethical standards, decisions not based on
direct responsibility for carrying out some self-interest etc.
of the agency program plans, are helped by
the designated staff member to make the 10. Preprofessional. People who aspire to be
best use of their ability so that they can do professionals and how have met most (but
their job more effectively and with not all) of the prerequisites for becoming
increasing satisfaction to themselves and professionals. Because they lack the
to the agency. • The act of overseeing the required academic degree or some other
work of another in order to improve its credentials; they are not allowed to do
quality and spur productivity. some of the same work that professionals
can do.
2. Supervisor. An agency administrative
staff member to whom authority is 11. Paraprofessionals. People who have
delegated to direct, coordinate, enhance undergone specialized education and
and evaluate the on-the-job performance training that has prepared them to perform
of the supervisees for whose work he/she some of the tasks once reserved for
is held accountable. professionals.
3. Tutorial model. It consists of a supervisor 12. Indigenous nonprofessionals. People
and a supervisee in one-to-one who lack the formal education and
relationship. credentials of professionals, and except in
rare instances, of paraprofessionals.
4. Group supervision. There is a designated However, they have life experiences and/
supervisor and a group of supervisees; or cultural identification that makes them
members of the group learn from each especially well-suited to relate certain
other; done with a homogenous group. clients and their problem.
5. Case consultation. There is a designated 13. Support staff. People who are unskilled or
consultant, and the worker schedules the semi-skilled employees who perform
contacts as needed; worker is responsible needed task within the organization (e.g.
for the focus. secretaries, custodians, maintenance
workers, etc. They do not offer direct
6. Peer group supervision. There is no services to clients, but facilitate the work of
designated supervisor, and all the others who offer them.
members of the group participate as
equals. 14. Volunteers. People who, for a variety of
reasons, offer their time and services
without pay. They can be used to perform
a wide variety of tasks within an skills, teaching skills and supportive
organization dependent upon their skills; intervention skills.
education, experiences and willingness 10. Experience. The supervisor must have
and the needs of the organization. clinical experience or doing/practicing
BFT.
FAMILY THERAPHY
IMPORTANCE OF THEORY
1. Beginning Family Therapy (BFT).
Family therapy is conducted by a 1. Style of relating. The BFT analyzes
therapist or team of therapists who are family’s style of relating and moves
trained and experienced in family and to adjusting or adapting her/his own
group therapy techniques. Therapists natural style of intervention to the
may be psychologists, psychiatrists, family’s style.
social workers, or counselors. Family 2. Enabling. The BFT enables family
therapy involves multiple therapy members to express themselves or
sessions, usually lasting at least one protect one from other members, or
hour each, conducted at regular to assist the whole family to mobilize
intervals (for example, once weekly) for its resources for the
several months. accomplishment of any task.
2. Structural family therapy. An action- 3. Encountering. The BFT
oriented, directive family therapy that encounters the family by clarifying
works to effect quick changes in the family patterns of relating and
family functioning. behaving. This is a kind of
3. Strategic family therapy. This model confrontation without anger and
is directive, time limited, and focuses on done in a caring way.
the present, not the past. Also known as 4. Shifting dysfunction. The BFT
problem-focused or problem-oriented encourages family members to
model and brief therapy approach. relate in a different way after the
4. Solution-focused model. Developed encounter. A situation may be set up
as a reaction to the strategic approach, as it would normally occur. The
which heavily dealt with talking about family members must be
the problem. Emphasizes discussing encouraged to make the change as
solutions to problems. powerful and workable so the family
5. Supervision. Dyadic human cannot return to the old patterns of
interaction with a focus on modifying relating.
the behavior of the supervisee, so
he/she may provide better services to 1. The “ABC” Triangle – Therapeutic
the third person. change may be initiated on any side
6. Theory. Important in doing diagnosis in of the triangle.
family therapy. Consistent and clear 2. The Bio-psychosocial Triangle –
use of theory can help to keep the Biological factors include all the
treatment from becoming unfocused neurological/physiological/chemical
and nonspecific. concomitants in the individual.
7. Knowledge. The body of information Psychological factors include the
such as the theoretical and conceptual impact of, and the unique meaning,
foundations, purpose and boundaries the “disorder” has on the individual.
of supervision. Social factors include the impact of,
8. Attitudes. The values, morals, and and the unique meaning, the
ethical aspects, the professional disorder has on the “significant
attitude. others” in the person’s life.
9. Skills. This refers to the adequate
ability to do things sufficient for the
purpose’ the practical application of
techniques and strategies; basic
communication skills, basic managerial
GENOGRAM BASICS Lines connect those smaller
A genogram is a type of family circles to the center circle. The type of line
tree with additional details to provide more provides information about the connection. For
information about your family history. People example, a double line shows there is a strong,
in your family appear in a hierarchy with the positive connection between the two. A
oldest generation at the top and subsequent dashed line shows the relationship is distant.
generations spanning out below. A zigzag line can indicate a stressful
Lines connecting the people in connection. Line thickness can also be used to
your family show various relationships. show the intensity of the relationship. Arrows
Genograms use a distinct set of symbols to at the ends of the lines show which way the
help define relationships. People displayed influence goes. If a relationship is mutually
with a square are males. Circles represent the positive and strong, the line has arrows on
females in the family. An X through someone's both ends. If the influence flows only one way,
symbol indicates that the person passed away. the arrow is on one end. For example, if the
The relatives in a genogram are person receives a service like health care or
arranged with parents side by side and their social security, the arrow would point only to
kids below them. Horizontal lines connect the the person in the middle.
parents, and a vertical line leads down to their
kids. The kids show up from oldest to youngest SIMILARITIES BETWEEN GENOGRAMS
with the oldest on the left. Different types of AND ECOMAPS
lines can connect people to give additional The presentation and specific
details about their relationship. Lines can details on genograms and ecomaps may be
indicate marriages, divorces, engagements, slightly different, but the two charts do overlap
affairs, friendship, love, hostility, abuse and in some areas. Both provide detailed
other types of relationships. information about relationships. A genogram
may be used as a starting point for an ecomap.
ECOMAP BASICS The genogram provides the basic family
Is An ecomap typically focuses relationships to include on the ecomap along
on one person and details that person's social with details on the state of those relationships.
and personal relationships, taking the person's Both genograms and ecomaps may need to be
environment into account. It is less about updated regularly since relationships often
documenting family history and more about change. Uses for Genograms and Ecomaps
dissecting the person's relationships and both Both types of charts have practical
positive and negative factors in his life. The applications, but the situation in which they are
person who is the focus of the ecomap goes used may differ. Genograms can be used for
inside a large circle at the center of the chart. general family history documentation. You can
Smaller circles around the middle circle gain knowledge on your family history that can
represent different relationships, groups, shed light on your situation and relationships.
institutions and other relevant factors in the Genograms are also useful from a health care
person's life. Information often put on an perspective if they have enough detail. Your
ecomap includes: health care provider can use the information to
• Extended family learn about the medical conditions that run in
• Sources of income and financial your family. This can influence your care and
status what you do to prevent those diseases. A
• Friends social worker often uses ecomaps to identify
• Medical and health care areas of need for a client. The social worker
information may create the ecomap based on information
• Work gathered from the client. Ecomaps can help
• School evaluate family dynamics and help solve
• Neighborhood details problems facing the client. The chart can help
• Religious affiliations identify potential resources and support.
• Social services received
• Recreation, interests and hobbies
