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LEARNING KIT
I. TITLE
Subject: Understanding, Culture, Society and Politics
Time Frame: 2 Days (Week 6 / Quarter 1)
Topic: Enculturation and Socialization
Grade Level: 12 (STEM, ABM, HUMSS)
II. OVERVIEW
The self is a product of social processes. Although people mature as biological entities, the
development of their selves is not a parallel process. That means the self, according to sociologists
and anthropologists, emerges from social interactions. Interactions take the forms of socialization and
enculturation. They are not episodic but lifetime, and hence “womb-to-tomb,” experiences. Interested
in this lesson? Get ready to explore the world of socialization. This is equipped with various activities
that will help you to further understand the lesson.
III OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
Explain the development of myself and others as a product of socialization and enculturation.
Identify the context, content, processes, and consequence of enculturation and socialization.
Identify the social goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving these goals.
IVCONTENT
A. Let’s Get Involved.
If you are to list in order of importance the many socialization agents in
Socializati
your life, how would your list look like? Use the table below to construct
your list. In column B, try to identify the most critical influence each
exerted on you and give an example of this influence.
on A
Socialization Agent
B
Key Influence and Example
B. Let’s Explore.
Read the article on the link which discusses the power of Instagram and other social media
platforms in influencing our perception of ourselves:
[Link]
After reading the article, answer the following questions:
1. How do social media influence our notion of our self?
2. How do social media influence our nation of the world?
3. What kind of culture does Instagram create in the virtual world?
C. Let’s Clarify Things.
How is culture ingrained in children?
-Is it through biological inheritance (nature) or through cultural inheritance (nurture)?
-The issue on nature and nurture has been a long-standing debate in the fields of social science such as
sociology and anthropology.
-Two primary opposing perspective are held by social learning theorists and socio-biologists.
Social Learning Theorists
-argue that the set of behaviors of an individual is acquired through enculturation and socialization processes.
-The variation in human behavior is attributed to the differences in cultural templates of every society that the
individual learns from.
Socio-biology -argue that the human acquire their behavior genetically.
Socialization
-Today, the social learning perspective is more accepted by sociologist and anthropologists in explaining the
development of behavior and attitude among humans.
-Socialization is the term used to refer the process by which an individual is oriented and taught by his or her
social norms.
-This norms include beliefs, attitude, practices, and behaviors. Similarly, this process is studied in anthropology
through the concept of enculturation.
Identity Formation
-Social Identity is a person’s notion of who he or she is in the society. This includes the roles and statuses that
he or she performs in accord to what the society expects of him or her.
-There are two primary types of identity that an individual takes on: Primary Identity and Secondary Identity
Primary Identity -consists of the roles and statuses that an individual learns as a child. This includes the core
social identities that are often ascribed to an individual such as sex, age, and ethnicity.
Secondary Identity -This includes roles and statuses that are achieved such as occupation, education
background, economics status, and gender.
Identity Formation
-the existential “I,” the doing “me,” the cultural “I,”
and the performing “me.”
-These categories promote a holonic concept
of the self- the self is both a whole and a part.
Theories on Identity
-There are two primary theories related to the
understanding of identity formation and practice.
-The Role Learning Theory and the Theory on Symbolic
Interactionism
Role Learning Theory
-promotes the argument that individuals learn a repertoire of social roles from their society. They then
reproduce this repertoire in their behavior. Roles constitute the social facts (e.g., gender role, occupation role,
family role) that inhibits, empower, and influence an individual’s actions.
Theory on Symbolic Interactionism
-promotes the idea that individuals construct their notion of the self through social interactions performed
within a society. This implies that roles and their performance are part of a creative process wherein the
individual sees the behavior of others and responds to it by creating a role that it can play.
-This presents humans as social actors performing within a cultural or social field.
Norm and Values
-The concept of cultural values refers to all those ideas held in society that are considered good, acceptable, and
right.
-Cultural Values inform the types of aspiration that members of society aspire for, and these are labelled as
social goals.
-A society that is rooted in individualism would have one of its social goals to have its dependent population
emancipated from parental support at an earlier age.
Conflict Theory
-Using Conflict Theory, it can be said that these goal are sometimes the source of conflict within a society, as
individuals have varying access and experiences relating to it.
-For example, the values which center on wealth acquisition and its accompanying prestige and power are not
held true by all individuals in a society, as these values are scarce and unattainable for some individuals.
CATEGORY OF NORMS
Folkways – are the socially approved behaviors that have no moral underpinning.
Mores – are the norms related to moral conventions. These includes behavior that are considered acceptable in
relation to religion practices.
Taboos – are behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in a specific culture. Performance of taboos are met with
stricter punishment.
Laws – consist of the rules and regulations that are implemented by the state, making them the prime source of
social control.
Status and Role
-Our forms of social interaction are always within the context of our status and that of the people we are
interacting with.
-This is to say that we speak and behave differently towards different sets of people.
-You have a set of vocabularies and nonverbal cues that you use for your parents, which you may not use with
your peers.
Status
-A Status is an individual’s position in his or her society, which carries with it a set of defined rights and
obligations.
-Your status as a student comes with obligations and rights, which are defined as your roles.
Roles
-are set of expectation from people who occupy a particular status. From the vocabulary that they would use to
their performance of their statuses, these are all within the framework of roles.
Role Performance -behavior of an individual within a social space in accordance to his or her status.
Role Set -Sometimes a status has multiple roles attached to it. This multiplicity of roles within a given status is
called role set.
Role Strain -Role conflict stems from the divergent expectations of the statuses that an individual
simultaneously occupies. Such conflict may create role strain on the individual.
Conformity and Deviance
Conformity– is the act of following the roles and goals of one’s society. This behavior is often met with rewards
and acceptance from other members of the society.
Deviance– is the act of violating the prescribed social norms. Acts of deviance are often associated with a
stigma. A stigma is a strong sense of disapproval on nonconforming behavior from members of a society.
THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE EXISTENCE OF DEVIANCE
Social Control Theory – Deviance is primarily caused by a lack in stronger social bonds within a society. As an
individual feels less attached to his or her society, there is a higher chance for him or her to deviate from social
norms.
Rational Choice Theory – The individual’s decision to follow or to go against social norms is dependent on
their perceived cost and benefits of such actions.
Differential Association Theory – Conformity or deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she
associates with.
Labelling Theory – Actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labelled as such by members of
the community. There are two stages of deviance.
-Primary Deviance is a type of act that does not end with the individual being labelled as such.
-Secondary Deviance is the type of act that results from being labelled by society as a deviant.
Conflict Theory – Society consists of opposing groups of people whose access to power is unequal. The group
that has access to power determines which actions are deviant based on their perceived advantage.
Structural-Functionalist Theory – This theory proposes two perspectives in the formation of deviant behavior.
Two Perspective of Structural-Functionalist Theory
Macro Level – deviance is a product of the breakdown of social norms which produces anomie or social
disorganization.
Micro level –deviance is a product of the role strain that an individual experiences due to lack of resources to
cope with the demands of the social norms.
Cultural Goals-Consist of the values that are important for the society.
Institutional Means-are the processes that have been established through social structures such as the
government, school, church, and even family.
Cultural Goals
-In Merton’s typology, individuals who accept their society’s cultural goals and that of the process to
accomplish it are labelled as conformists, whereas those who accept the goal but not the process are called
innovators.
-Individuals who reject the goal but accept the process are prone to ritualism, whereas those who rejected both
goals and the approach are in the form of rebellion.
Social Control-To maintain social order and stability, social control is needed. The two elements that promote
social control are internalization and sanctions.
Internalization
-Internalization is an integral part of communicating and incorporating social norms to an individual’s
personality.
-It is in this process that an individual is made to automatically conform to the dictates of his or her society
through a cost-benefits orientation.
-One key element in ensuring that individuals are able to internalize social norms is the establishment of
sanctions.
Sanctions
-Sanctions are powerful in leading an individual to conform to social norms.
-Despite an individual’s disinclination to conform, when the sanction is stronger, there is a high possibility that
he or she will decide to follow the norm.
TYPES OF SANCTIONS
Formal Sanctions – these are the rewards or form of punishment that are formally awarded by an institution
such as a government, a council, or an establishment.
Informal Sanction – These are the reward and forms of punishment that are spontaneously given by an
individual or a group of people as a response to a behavior that was either accepted or disapproved.
Positive Sanction – These are actions or statements that reward a particular behavior, which reinforce its
repetition.
D. Let’s Reinforce Learning.
A. Write a short essay describing two significant others in your life. Explain the reasons for your selection of
these two.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
B. Complete the diagram. Identify specific status and roles.
MY STATUS SET MY ROLE SET
TOPIC
MY ROLE SET
E. Let’s Evaluate.
A. Direction: Read the following statements carefully. Identify what is being describe and write your answer
on the space provided before each number.
_____________________1. Our forms of social interaction are always within the context of our status and that
of the people we are interacting with.
_____________________2. It is an integral part of communicating and incorporating social norms to an
individual’s personality.
_____________________3. Consist of the values that are important for the society.
_____________________4. Itis a type of act that does not end with the individual being labelled as such.
_____________________5. Deviance is a product of the role strain that an individual experience due to lack
of resources to cope with the demands of the social norms.
B. Complete the Venn diagram
What is Socialization and Enculturation?
Socialization Enculturation
Similarities
References
Online
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Book/s
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics; DIWA Learning Town pg. 53-64
