NARAYANA E-TECHNO

SCHOOL

SCHOOL CODE:

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

TO LEARN ABOUT RESISTANCE AND OHMS
LAW

BY

ASHNA MARIA THOMAS

CLASS XII
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ASHNA MARIA THOMAS of class

XII, NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL,
Bangalore, has successfully completed this Project
report in Physics on “The study of Resistance and
Ohms Law” for the practical fulfillment of AISSCE as
prescribed by CBSE in the year 2022-2023.

Date:
CBSE Roll No:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank the CBSE Board for giving me

this opportunity to do this project. My sincere thanks to the
Principal for the encouragement and all the facilities
provided. I wish to express my deep gratitude towards my
Physics Teacher, whose invaluable guidance, constant
support and encouragement has helped me in making this
project a successful one. I am also grateful to my parents
whose valuable advice and support has made this project a
wonderful experience.
 INDEX
SL No. Content Page No.

1. Introduction 5
2. Aim 6
3. Materials required 7
4. Procedure 8
5. Chemical reaction 9
6. Observation 10
7. Conclusion 11
8. Bibliography 12

INTRODUCTION
 Ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the
resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship.

Where, I is the current through a conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured
across the conductor in units of volts, and & R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohm’s.
More specifically, Ohm’s law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.

resistivity

The resistance of a given wire depends primarily on two factors: What material it is made of , and it’s
shape. For a given material, the resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area; for
example, a thick copper wire has lower resistance than an otherwise – identical thin copper wire.
Also, for a given material, the resistance is proportional to the length; for example , a long copper
wire has higher resistance than an otherwise – identical short copper wire. The resistance R of a
conductor of uniform cross-section , therefore , can be computed as :

where, “L” is the length of the conductor , measured in meter(m), “A” is the cross-sectional area of
the conductor measured in m², “ρ” is the electrical resistivity (also called specific resistance) of the
material , measured in Ω-m. The resistivity is the proportionality constant, and therefore depends only
on the material of the wire, not the geometry of the wire. Resistivity and Conductivity are reciprocals :

ρ=1/σ

 Resistivity is measure of the material’s ability to oppose electric current.

What determines resistivity???

The resistivity of different materials varies by an enormous amount: For example , the conductivity of
Teflon is about 10³º times lower than the conductivity of copper. Why is there such a difference?
Loosely speaking , a metal has large no. of “delocalized” electrons that are not stuck in any one place,
but free to move across large distances , whereas in an insulator (like Teflon),each electron is tightly
bound to a single molecule , and a great force is required to pull it away . Semiconductors lie between
these two extremes. Resistivity varies with temperature . In semiconductors , resistivity also changes
when exposed to light .

Experimental procedure

Aim: To find the resistivity of wires of different metals using OHM’S LAW.

APPARATUS:

 5 wires of different metals and respective lengths.

 A battery eliminator

 d.c. Voltmeter (range 3V)

 d.c. Ammeter (range about500mA)

 A rheostat
  One plug key

 Thick connecting wires

 Sand paper...

 Connect rheostat such that one of its lower terminals and the upper terminals are used.

 Insert the plug in key K.

 Adjust the rheostat so that small current flows through the circuit. Record the readings of the
ammeter and the voltmeter.

 Shift the rheostat contact to shift the current and take the readings again.

 Cut the resistance wire at the ends just coming out of voltmeter. Stretch it along the meter
scale and measure it’s length l.

 Record your observations.

Observation TABLES

IRON WIRE

ALUMINIUM WIRE

MANGANIM WIRE
COPPER WIRE

calculations
 For Iron wire:

Length of wire= 21cm

Thickness= 0.54×10^-2m

Area= 0.22 ×10^-6 m²

mean resistance= (1.3+1.001+1)/3= 1.1 Ω

resistivity= RA/L= 10.5×10^-8 Ωm

 For Aluminium wire:

Length of wire= 68cm

Thickness=0.66×10^-2m

Area=0.28×10^-6m²

Mean Resistance=(0.5+0.66+0.75)/3=0.63Ω

Resistivity= RA/L= 2.7×10^-8 Ωm

 For manganim wire:

Length of wire=57cm

Thickness=0.66×10^-2

Area=0.19×10^-6m²

Mean Resistance=(1.3+1.5+1.3)/3=1.36Ω
 Resistivity= RA/L= 48.2×10^-8Ωm

 For aluminium wire:

Length of wire=42cm

Thickness=0.49×10^-2m

Area= 0.7703×10^-6m²

Mean resistance=(0.5+0.54+0.60)/3=0.54Ω

Resistivity= RA/L= 1.7×10^-8 Ωm

RESULT
The resistivity of wires are :

1) For iron wire– 10.5 ×10^-8 Ωm

2) For aluminium wire- 2.7×10^-8 Ωm

3) For manganim wire- 48.2×10^-8 Ωm

4) For copper wire- 1.7×10^-8 Ωm

¤*THE GRAPH BETWEEN POTENTIAL DROP AND THE CURRENT THROGH THE
CONDUCTOR IS A STRAIGHT LINE.

PRECAUTIONS

1) Connections should be tight.

2) Short circuiting should be avoided.

3) The plug should be inserted only while taking observations otherwise current would cause
unnecessary heating in this current.

CONCLUSION
Ohm’s law, in the form above , is an extremely useful equation in the field of electrical/electronic
engineering because it describes how voltage , current and resistance are interrelated on a
“macroscopic” level, that is commonly, as circuit elements in an electrical circuit. Physicist who
study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related and more
general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as OHM’S law, having variables that are
closely related to the V, I and R scalar variables of Ohm’s law , but which are each functions of
positions within the conductor. Physicists often use this continuum form of Ohm’s law-

E=ρJ where “E” is the electric field vector with units of volt /meter,
“J” is the current density vector with units of amperes/unit area , and “ρ” is the resistivity with
units of Ω-m. The above equations is sometimes written as J=σE where “σ” is the conductivity
which is reciprocal of “ρ”.