University of Eastern Philippines Foundation of Special and Inclusive

Education
College of Education Dr. Nimfa Ronato-De
Veyra
Secondary Teacher Education Department First Semester, School Year
2022-2023
___________________________________________________________________

Module 1 : Special Education Essentials

Lesson 1c. Historical, Philosophical, Theoritical and
Legal Bases of SPED/Inclusive Education
Overview
The philosophical and theoretical foundations will give the future teachers a
working background to understand and deal successfully diverse children in his/her
class. In this module you will be learning the events and facts as bases of special
and inclusive education.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. Cite important events relevant to the implementation of special education in the
Philippines.
b. Discuss the philosophical and theoritical foundations of special education in the
country.
c. Understand the role played by psychology in special education.
d. Debate why should special education teachers understand educational
psychology.
Content/Focus
Brief History of SPED in the Philippines
SPED in the Philippines started in 1908 where the School for the Deaf in
Harrison, Pasay City was established and marked the official government recognition
of its obligations towards the education of the handicapped children.
Republic Act No. 3562 date June 1963 – An Act to Promote the Education of
the Blind in the Philippines which established teacher training course and Philippine
National School for the Blind.
Philippine Normal College offered courses in SPED for teaching the blind in
1964 wherein 14 elementary school teachers were selected for training.
 In 1952, a pilot school for the SPED at the Philippine Women University of the
mentally handicapped children was started. All children from this school were
transferred to the Special Child Study Center in Cubao, QC in 1957.
For information about history of special education in other countries, visit this
website: [Link] and read the suggested
reading “Historical Perspective” which material is provided for you.

Activity 1c
You can do this!
 Create a timeline of relevant events of SPED in the Philippines. Do this
with a classmate whose first letter of family name is the same as yours.
Refer from the Historical Perspectives found on pages 14 to 21 of
Introduction to Special Education by Teresita Inciong, [Link].
 Keep a copy and paste it in your EPortfolio.

Philosophical and Theoritical Foundations of SPED and Inclusive Education

Special education is a form of instruction that's designed to meet the needs of
students with disabilities, so that they can learn the same skills and information as
other children in school. The term special education is used interchangeably with
special needs, and the disabilities may be physical, emotional, or behavioral.
Philosophy of SPED
The general philosophy of special education is that all people have the ability
to learn, regardless of their particular disabilities. The trend in public education has
shifted from isolating special education students in separate classrooms to
mainstreaming them in the regular classroom for at least part of the day.(Sep 17,
2015, [Link]/lesson/specialeducation) This is in keeping with the Department of
Education's mission to achieve full integration and participation in society of people
with disabilities by ensuring equal opportunity and access to, and excellence in,
education, employment, and community living.'
The special education philosophy posits that everyone has the capability to
learn.
Inclusive Education Philosophy
Participation of students with exceptional needs in inclusive settings is based
on the philosophy of equality, sharing, participation and the worth and dignity of
individuals. This philosophy is based on the belief that all children can learn and
reach their full potential given opportunity, effective teaching and appropriate
resources. ([Link]
philosophy).
 The regular classroom is viewed as the most enabling environment for the
student with exceptional needs because of the increased opportunity to participate
with same-aged peers without exceptional needs. Inclusion, by definition, refers not
merely to setting, but to specially designed instruction and support for students with
special supports and service needs in regular classrooms and community schools.
Often, meeting the learning needs on either end of the spectrum improves the quality
of education for everyone in the classroom, as well as promoting the awareness and
acceptance of diversity. Determination of the most enabling environment and
individual program planning is a consultative, collaborative process involving the
student (when appropriate), parents, principal, teachers, learning assistants,
specialized support service professionals and community members, as appropriate.
The regular classroom is viewed as the most enabling environment for the
student with exceptional needs because of the increased opportunity to participate
with same-aged peers without exceptional needs. Inclusion, by definition, refers not
merely to setting, but to specially designed instruction and support for students with
special supports and service needs in regular classrooms and community schools.
Often, meeting the learning needs on either end of the spectrum improves the quality
of education for everyone in the classroom, as well as promoting the awareness and
acceptance of diversity. Determination of the most enabling environment and
individual program planning is a consultative, collaborative process involving the
student (when appropriate), parents, principal, teachers, learning assistants,
specialized support service professionals and community members, as appropriate.
What are the components of special and inclusive education?
These components are (a) teachers, (b) family, (c) school staff, (d) inclusive
students, (e) other students, (f) supportive special education services and (g)
instructional adaptations.
Inclusive education means that all students attend and are welcomed by their
neighbourhood schools in age-appropriate, regular classes and are supported to
learn, contribute and participate in all aspects of the life of the school.
What is the foundation of special and inclusive education?
Inclusive education programs provide educational services for all students
including those with special needs. These programs serve all children in the regular
classroom on a full-time basis. If a student requires extra services such as speech
therapy, these services are brought into the classroom.( Sep 13, 2013, [Link]-
[Link] › what-are-inclusive-sp)

Inclusive education is a widely accepted pedagogical and policy principle, but

its genesis has been long and, at times, difficult.
In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights included statements
about rights and freedoms that have, over the decades, been used to promote
inclusive educational practices. Article 26 of the Declaration stated that parents
“have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their
children.” This declaration later helped some parent groups and educators to
advocate for equal access to schooling in regular settings, and for parental choice
about where their child would be educated.
Following the widespread influence of the human rights-based principle of
normalization, the concept of inclusive education received major impetus from the
Education of All Handicapped Children Act in the United States in 1975, the United
Nations (UN) International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981, and the UN
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006. A major focus of the
UN initiatives has been the right of people with a disability to participate fully in
society. This focus has obvious consequences for the way education is provided to
students with a disability or other additional educational needs. For many years, up
to the last quarter of the 20th century, the major focus for such students was on the
provision of separate specialized services, with limited attention to the concept of full
participation in society. Toward the end of the 20th century and into the 21st century,
there has been increasing acceptance, through parental action, systemic policy, and
government legislation, of inclusivity as a basic philosophical principle.
Both the type of instruction that should be provided to students with a
disability and the location of that instruction in regular or specialized settings have
been topics for advocacy and research, sometimes with mixed and/or controversial
conclusions. ([Link]
Psychological Relate
All people have the ability to learn, regardless of disability.
It is so important for future teachers to apprehend that educational psychology
is rooted in the fact that all learners are unique and that students have different
abilities and educational needs. ... This is especially true in special education
classrooms, where students may struggle with physical or cognitive disabilities.
When special education teachers understand educational psychology, they
know how to create a learning environment that feels safe to each student. Because
noise, light or other children can easily overstimulate special needs children, the
learning environment becomes an important part of their learning experience.(Aug 9,
2017, [Link] › articles › psychology-teaching-specia...)
Legal Foundations of Special Education in the Philippines
Care and Protection of The rights of every child in the Philippines to live in an environment
Disabled Children conducive to his physical, moral, and intellectual development and
(C.A.3203) the duty of the government to promote the full growth of every child.
Accessibility Law Requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishment and public
(Batas Pambansa Blg. utilities to install accessible facilities and other devices, including
344) transportation and communication devices.
Ammendments to the Providing stricter identification of specific individuals and offices
Accessibility Law liable for violations with increased penalty and the added
accessibility requirements with regard to public transportation.
White Cane Act Declared the first day of August each year as “White Cane Safety
(R.A. 6759) Day,” white cane being a symbol of the need of the blind persons.
Child and Youth Protects and supports CSN by addressing different areas where they
Welfare Code can be assisted, improved and be developed to cope with life’s
demands and be integrated into society to become useful citizens of
(Presidential Decree the country
No. 603)
The Economic Requires that all government agencies, instrumentalities and
Independence of government owned and controlled corporations to source at least
10% of their supplies and equipment requirements from cooperatives
Disabled Persons Act of PWDs that are engaged in the manufacturing and fabrication in
(S.B. 1730) order to support their economic independence.
The Magna Carta for Affirms the full participation and total integration of persons with
Disabled Persons disabilities into mainstream of our society by giving them equal
opportunities to develop their skills and potentials and affording them
(R.A. 7277) equal access to the basic services extended by the government.
Section 12, Chapter 2 The State shall ensure that disabled persons are provided with adequate
access to quality education and ample opportunities to develop the skills. It
of R.A. 7277, Access shall take appropriate steps to male such education accessible to disabled
to Quality Education persons. It shall e unlawful for any learning institution to deny a disabled
person admission to any course it offers by reason of handicap or disability.
The State shall take into consideration the special requirements of
disabled persons in the formulation of educational policies and programs. It
shall encourage learning institution to take into account the special needs of
disabled persons with respect to the use of school facilities, class schedules,
physical education requirements, and other pertinent consideration.
The State shall promote the provision by learning institutions, especially
higher learning institutions, of auxiliary services that will facilitate the learning
process of disabled persons.
To provide learners with special needs with access to basic education,
learning institution shall offer integrated education. In order to ensure that
quality education is accessible, the following components namely:
curriculum, educational programs, teaching methods and services shall be
given importance by learning institutions.

Section 46 of R.A. a. Any person who violates any provision of this Act shall suffer the following
penalties:
7277. Penal Code 1. for the first violation, a fine of not less than Php50 000 but not
exceeding Php100 000 or imprisonment ot not less than six months but not
more than 2 years or both at the discretion of the court.
2. for subsequent violation, a fine not less than Php100 000 but not
exceeding Php 200 000 or imprisonment for not less than two years but not
more than six years, or both at the discretion of the court.
[Link] person who abuses the privileges granted herein shall be punished
with imprisonment of not less than 6 months or a fine of not less than 5 000
but not more than 50 000 or both, at the discretion of the court.
c. If the violator is a corporation, organization or any similar entity, the
officials thereof directly involved shall be liable therefor.
d. If the violator is a foreigner, he shall be deported immediately after service
of sentence without further deportation proceedings.
The Philippine In this act, the need for vocational training is further enshrined.
Education Act of
1982
The Philippine Action In support for EFA has focused its policies and strategies to specific
Plan (1990-2000) groups of people that include the rural poor, those in the urban
slums, cultural communities, the disabled, and the educationally
disadvantaged as well as the gifted.
DECS Order No. 26,  Organize at least one SPED Center in the Region or Division
s. 1997 Mandates which will cater to CSNs.
 Organize SPED programs in all districts in schools where
there are identified CSNs.
 Expand the role/functions of SPED Centers:
-Support CSNs who are integrated in regular schools
-Assist in the conduct of in-service training
-Conduct continuous assessment of CSNs
 Initiate and conduct regional/division/district-based training
 Plan incentives to sustain the continuing interest in the
 implementation of the program the following initiatives:
- DECS Order No. 5 s 1998 – Reclassification of Regular
Teacher and Special School Principal Items
- R.A. No. 6758 (Prescribing a Revised Compensation and
Position Classification System in the Government
Considering the Influence of the US on Philippine Education, the following
are Lawful Acts enacted…
The Individuals with States that children with disabilities are to be educated to the
Disabilities maximum extent with children who do not h ave disabilities.
Education Act (IDEA)
1997
Americans with Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in private
Disabilities Act (ADA) sector employment; services rendered by state and local
government; places of public accommodations; transportation;
telecommunications relay systems
Rehabilitation Act No other qualified individual with disabilities in the United
504 States… shall solely by reason of his disabilities,” be excluded
from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected
to discrimination under any program, or activity receiving
Federal assistance…”
No Child Left Behind Signed on Jan 8, 2002whic reauthorized and replaced the
(NCLB) Act Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the federal
framework for how public education throughout the US is
provided. Its overall aim is to have all students performing at
proficient levels in the two educational cornerstones, Reading
and Math, by year 2014.
The Individuals with Outlined changes to IDEA 1997 wherein one of them states
Disabilities that benchmarks and short-term objectives written into IEPs
Education Act (IDEA are no longer required for many learners, reducing the amount
2004) of IEP paperwork.

Activity 2c
Read, Respond, and Reflect!

Discuss briefly the philosophy and theory of special education…

What is the role of psychology in special education, explain…

(Write your output, consider it a part of your portfolio and send me a soft
copy for evaluating/checking/recording purposes) …

Suggested Reading:
Historical Perspective, pp 14 to 21, Introduction to Special Education. A
Textbook for College Students, 1st Edition, by Inciong, Quijano, Capulong, [Link].,
References:
 Inciong, Quijano, Capulong, [Link]., Introduction to Special Education. A Textbook
for College Students, 1st Edition, 2007Rex Book Store Inc, QC Phils
Special Education Handbook Managing Children With Special Needs (Learning
Disability, ADHD, Autism) NCBTS Aligned, 2009, Rex Book Store Inc, QC Phils
Danocup, O Beriones, Classroom Management: Preparing Special Education
Teachers, LoriMar Publishing, 2010 Manila Phils

Note: Be able to finish the tasks assigned to you before October 4, 2022. Keep
your file in your portfolio and be able to show it during our f2f session.