PLANNING

NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)

BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

6. Projected plans must be

PLANNING documented for proper
● The most basic and fundamental dissemination to all concerned for
activity of the management implementation and evaluations as
process to extent of their achievement
● Forecasting of events, making
decisions, setting goals, setting Planning directs our thinking toward:
priorities, developing policies and ○ What activity we expect to
setting standards do
● Planning is future-oriented; the ○ Why it will be done
process whereby management ○ Where it will be done
bridges the time span between ○ When we expect to do it
where is it at present and where it ○ How it will be done
wants to be at some point in the ○ Who is going to do it
future
● A proactive and deliberate process PURPOSES OF PLANNING
that requires deciding in advance 1. Planning leads to success in
when to do it, who is to do it, and achieving goals and objectives
how, when, and where it is to be 2. Planning gives meaning to work
done 3. Planning provides for effective use
● Planning encompasses of available personnel and
determining philosophy, goals, facilities
objectives, policies, and rules; 4. Planning helps in coping with
carrying out long-and short range crisis situations
projections; determining a fiscal 5. Planning is cost-effective
course of action; and managing 6. Planning is based on past and
planned change future, thus helping reduce the
element of change
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING 7. Planning can be used to discover
the need for change
1. Planning is always based and
8. Planning is needed for effective
focused on the vision, mision,
control
philosophy, and clearly defined
objectives of the organization
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING
1. Planning is a continuous process 1. Planning is purposeful
2. Planning should be pervasive 2. Planning is process oriented
within the entire organization 3. Planning is hierarchical in nature
covering the various department, 4. Planning is future directed
services, and the different level of 5. Planning is multi dimensional
management
3. Planning utilizes all available
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
resources 1. Written statements of mission &
4. Planning must be precise in its purpose
scope and nature (realistic, 2. Philosophy
focused on outcome) 3. Objectives
5. Planning should be time-bounded

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

4. Detailed management or 5. Eliminate duplication of efforts

operational plans 6. Allow adaptation to the changing
environment
PLANNING MODES 7. Set realistic and attainable goals
1. Reactive planning - occurs after
a problem exists. Planning efforts - Strategic Planning Activities
are directed towards returning the 1. Strategic Analysis - includes the
organization to a previous, more conduct of some sort of scan, or
comfortable state. Done in review of the organization’s
response to a crisis. Can lead to environment and technical
hasty decisions and mistakes environment
2. Inactivism - status quo is the ● SWOT Analysis
stable environment. Planning is (Strengths, Weakness,
focused on preventing change Opportunities, Threats) -
and maintaining conformity. the first step in SWOT
Changes are slow and occur analysis is to define the
incrementally desired end or objective.
3. Preactivism - future oriented; SWOT analysis is a
experience is not valued and the common strategic planning
future is always preferable. tools used in health care
Technology is used to accelerate delivery system
change ● Balanced Scoreboard -
4. Proactive/Interactive planning - another tool used in
past, present, and future are strategic planning. This is
considered. There is an attempt to metrics (performance
plan the future of the measurement indicators),
organization rather than react to it collect data and analyze
that data from four
TYPES OF PLANNING organizational perspective,
namely financial,
customers, internal
STRATEGIC PLANNING OR
business processes and
LONG-RANGE PLANNING
learning and growth
- Determining the long-term
objectives of the institution and the
SWOT DEFINITION
policies that will be used to achieve
● Strength - are those internal
these objectives
attributes that help an organization
achieve its objectives
- Purposes of Strategic Planning:
● Weaknesses - are those internal
1. Help clarify the belief and values
attributes that challenge an
of the organization
organization in achieving its
2. Give direction to the organization
objectives
3. Improve communication and
● Opportunities - are external
coordination of activities
conditions that promote
4. Improve efficiency

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

achievement of organizational ● Acceptable to those working to

objectives achieve the goals
● Threats - external conditions that ● Realistic
challenge or threaten the ● Timely
achievement of organizational ● Extending the capabilities of those
objectives working to achieve the goals
● Rewarding
Weaknesses and Strengths may include:
1. Expertise of nursing and medical Philosophy - includes identification and
personnel staff update of the mission, vision, and/or
2. Qualifications values statements of the organization
3. Over or under-staffed Mission - brief written description of
4. Financial status purpose of the organization
5. Quality of patient care Vision - a compelling description of how
6. Abundance or scarcity of the organization will or should operate at
equipment and supplies some point in the future and how
customers or clients are benefiting from
THREATS MAY BE: the products or services of the
1. Competition organization
2. Decrease in patient load
3. Shortages of nurses and other 3. Action Planning - process of laying
personnel out how the strategic goals will be
4. Low patient satisfaction accomplished carefully
5. Increase of charges
6. Legal threats STRATEGIC PLANNING BENEFITS
1. Clearly defines the purpose of
OPPORTUNITIES WOULD INCLUDE the organization and establishes
1. Improved or new facilities realistic goals and objectives
2. Recruitment of medical and 2. Communicates those goals and
nursing personnel objectives to the organization’s
3. Referrals constituents
4. New health care programs 3. Develop a sense of ownership of
the plan,
SETTING STRATEGIC DECISION 4. Ensures the most effective use is
made of the organization’s
- Planners carefully come to
resources by focusing the
conclusions about what the
resources on key priorities
organization must do as a result
5. Provides a base from which
of the major issues and
progress can be measured and
opportunities facing the
establishes a mechanism for
organization.
informed change when needed
6. Bringing together everyone’s best
Strategic Goals should be:
and most reasoned efforts have
● Specific
an important value in building a
● Measurable

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

consensus about where an subordinate nurse managers

organization is going when they are behind counseled
7. Provides a clear focus of 6. Plan ideas gleaned from the
organization, producing more professional publications for
efficiency and effectiveness discussion
8. Bridges staff and board of
directors
PLANNING PHASE
9. Builds strong teams in the board
and the staff 1. Determining Objectives
10. Provides the glue that keeps the - Nursing concerns requiring
board together assessment by planning groups
11. Produces great satisfaction should be first identified
among planners around a common - A study outline should be
vision completed. The outline should list
12. Increases productivity from influential factors, information
increased efficiency and needed for assessment, sources of
effectiveness datas, and any required special
13. Solves major problems studies

OPERATIONAL PLANNING OR SHORT 2. Collecting Data

RANGE PLANNING - Use existing data. Identify the
- Deals with day-to-day source, assessing their relevance,
maintenance activities timeliness and accuracy,
- It is done in conjunction with the abstracting the data from the
preparation of budget original sources, analyzing the
meaning and implications of the
PRACTICAL DAY-TO-DAY PLANNING data
ACTIONS - Methods of Collecting Original
1. At the beginning of each day, make Data:
a list of actions to be - Questionnaire - simplest
accomplished for the day. Cross off type of data-collecting
the actions as they are method. Used to elicit data
accomplished at the end of the day on objective facts,
2. Plan meeting ahead behavioral variables,
3. Identify developing problems and evaluations and specified
place them in appropriate portion events
of the division’s operation or - Interview - Unstructured
management plan interview permits probing
4. Review the operational or into the responses solicited
management plan on a scheduled to verify meaning and to
basis obtain in-depth data.
5. Review the appropriate portions of Structured interview allows
the department operational or for the collection of
management plan also with standardized data and
information and for probing

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

to clarify and broaden opportunities for new

responses approaches arise
- Observations - Used for - Wisely utilizes human
studies in which evaluation talents, abilities, and skills
is the primary objective or to their maximum
where the data required are potential
complex, difficult to obtain - Makes judicious use of
and need considerable material sources in order
interpretation to improve patient care and
educate the nursing staff
3. Developing the Plan of Action
- Specifying goals, objectives, and
DECISION MAKING
policies for carrying out
recommendations and suggested - Choosing options that are directed
programs toward the resolution of
- Phasing activities so that organizational problems and the
resolution of problems requiring achievement of organizational
immediate action leads to actions goals
and measures for attaining
long-range goals ATTRIBUTES OF A DECISION MAKER
- Specifying a time span for 1. The freedom to make the decision
achieving specific objectives or in question
steps in the plan 2. The capacity and ability to make a
- Providing methods for evaluating wise decision
progress in meeting objectives 3. The will, motivation, and
commitment to choose
4. Evaluating the Plan
- A plan is good and generally TYPES OF DECISIONS
acceptable if it: 1. Considered decisions
- Is in line with a clearly - Considered decisions are usually
stated objective those of great magnitude - that is,
- Indicates the procedural they tend to be complicated and
method for putting the plan call for considerable reflection
into action - In addition to a lot of personal
- Can be communicated thought, they require interaction
effectively with others, because the
- Is operational, perceptions and ideas of other
professionally sound, and people often provide multiple
economically feasible alternatives that help in
- Represents an integrated approaching the problem situation
whole and not an isolated - Requires time to find alternatives,
entity to seek other opinions, to get
- Allows for alternate dissent, to determine
courses of action as implementation problems
changes occur and

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

2. Operational decisions - Cost containment - effective and

- Are those we make practically efficient delivery of services while
everyday generating needed revenues for
- Decisions may be made at continued organizational
approximately the same time each productivity
day, and they may prevent
problems as well as solve them - Fixed costs/expenses - costs that
do not vary with volume
3. Swallow-hard decisions ex. Buildings mortgage expenses
- Are often personally
uncomfortable to make because - Variable costs/expenses - costs
they may result in discomfort or that vary with volume
uneasiness for subordinates or ex. Payroll of hourly wage
others employees and cost of supplies

4. Ten-second decisions - Controllable cost/expenses - can

- Decisions that bring operation be controlled or varied by the
together, keep it readly, alive and manager
running well ex. The no. of personnel working
on a certain shift
DECISION MAKING PROCESS
1. Analyze and Identify the Situation - Non controllable cost/expenses
2. Develop Alternatives - cannot be controlled or varied
3. Compare alternatives by the manager
4. Rate the Risk ex. The no. or type of supplies
5. Select the Best Alternative needed by the patient
6. Get into Gear
PURPOSES OF BUDGETING
1. Ensure the most effective use of
BUDGETING
scarce financial and non-financial
- Allocation of scarce resources on resources
the basis of forecasted needs for 2. Coordinate efforts among
proposed activities over a specified organizational departments
period of time 3. Establish a frame of reference for
managerial decisions
- Budget - annual operating plan, a 4. Provide a criterion for evaluating
financial road map and plan managerial performance
which serves as an estimate of
future costs and a plan for TYPES OF BUDGET
utilization of manpower, material 1. Manpower Budget
and other resources to cover - Includes wages, salaries
capital projects in the operating and compensations paid
programs to permanent employees

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

2. Capital Expenditure Budget 3. Modification and Approval

- Includes purchases of land, - Prepare preliminary master
equipment, buildings or budget from all department
expansion of existing requests
building or plant - Compare projected costs with
estimated revenues
3. Operating Budget - Eliminate lowest priority items until
- Includes purchases of budget is balanced
minor equipment, repairs, - Approve final master budget
supplies or overhead - Communicate final budget to all
expenses departments

In preparing the budget, the nurse 4. Monitoring

manager is expected to: - Prepare monthly summaries of
departmental expenses and
- Review the financial revenues
performance during the prior - Compare actual expenses with
budgeting time frame, month, budgeted expenses
quarter or year end - Investigate any variance above
- Formulate a new budget or 5%
financial plan for the coming - Readjust budget and/or improve
period in relation to the goals and performance as necessary
financial projections of the - Continue to monitor on monthly
organization basis

BUDGETING PROCESS PLANNED CHANGE

1. Planning
- Set short and long term goals - Planned change - change that
- Form a budget committee results from a well thought out
- Prioritize objectives and deliberate effort to make
- Analyze past performance something happen
- Predict future costs and - Change by drift - change that is
revenues unplanned or accidental
- Develop budget guidelines - Change agent - a person skilled
in the theory and implementation of
2. Preparation planned change
- Translate objectives into projected - Driving forces - those that push
costs and revenues the system toward the change
- Write justifications for all - Restraining forces - those that
requested expenses pull the system away from the
- Eliminate lowest priority objectives change
as necessary
- Present proposed budget

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PLANNING
NCM 119: NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (LECTURE)
BS Nursing | SEM 1 2022

STAGES OF PLANNED CHANGE (by Kurt people are set in their ways and
Lewin) will change only when rewarded
1. Unfreezing stage - change agent for the change or forced by some
unfreezes forces that maintain other power - coercive method
status quo. Occurs when the
change agent convinces FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING
members of the group to change SERVICE BUDGET
or when guilt, anxiety or concern 1. Types of patient admitted
can be elicited 2. Personnel policies like hour/day on
duty, vacation, sick leave
2. Movement - change agent 3. Size of hospital, number of patient
identifies, plans, and implements services given
appropriate strategies, ensuring 4. Kind and amount of care
that driving forces exceed 5. Proportion of nursing care provided
restraining forces by the professional and
non-professional
3. Refreezing - change agent assists 6. Amount and quality of supervision
in stabilizing the system so it available and provided
becomes integrated into the status 7. Methods of assignment
quo 8. Methods of performing nursing
procedures, charting
CHANGE STRATEGIES 9. Standard of nursing care
1. Rational - empirical strategies - 10. Physical lay out of hospital
give current research as evidence 11. Responsibility of nursing services
to support change. Human are for non nursing employees like
rational being who will change dietary
when given factual information 12. Methods of reporting
documenting the need for change 13. Methods of appointment of medical
staff size
2. Normative re-educative 14. Affiliation with medical, nursing and
strategies - use group norms to other field for training
socialize and influence people so
change will occur. Humans are
social animals, easily influenced
by others rather than by facts.
Does not require a change agent
to have a legitimate power base.
Power is gained by skill in
interpersonal relationship

3. Power - coercive strategies -

based on application of power by
legitimate authority, economic
sanctions, or political clout of the
change agent. Assumes that