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EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANS
TABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS •REPTILES
VOL15, NO &
4 •AMPHIBIANS
DEC 2008 189 • 29: 446–460 • 2022

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS

IRCF
C O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

The Amphibians and Reptiles of

FEATURE ARTICLES

Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba:

 Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin:
On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190
 The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada:

An Updated Checklist and Notes on

A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198

Conservation Status and Occurrence

RESEARCH ARTICLES
 The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204
 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida
............................................. Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212
Kristin A. Bakkegard
CONSERVATION ALERT
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama 35229, USA ([email protected];
 World’s Mammals in Crisis .............................................................................................................................................................
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9171-8047) 220
 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223
 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225

H U S B AStation
Abstract.—Naval N D R Y Guantanamo Bay, a U.S. Navy base established in 1903 and located in southeastern Cuba,
 Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226
contains a rich herpetofauna. However, the last species list for this locality was published over 20 years ago. Since
then, taxonomic
P R O Fadjustments,
ILE new range maps for some species, and new species discoveries on the base necessitate an
updated and complete
 Kraig Adler:species
A Lifetimelist. Within
Promoting the boundaries
Herpetology of the Naval Station, six species
................................................................................................ Michael ofL.amphibians
Treglia 234 (all anurans)
and 39 species of reptiles
COMMENTARY
(one amphisbaenid, 24 lizards, eight snakes, one semi-aquatic freshwater turtle, one crocodil-
ian, and four sea turtles) have been documented. Nearly 30% of these species are of conservation
 The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238
concern, classified
as near threatened or worse by the IUCN and/or the Cuban Red Book of Vertebrates. The base actively protects two
B O Cyclura
iconic species, O K R E Vnubila
I E W (Cuban Iguana) and Chilabothrus angulifer (Cuban Boa), as well as nesting sea turtles,
 Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox,
and contains the second known population of the rare Leiocephalus onaneyi (Guantanamo Striped Curlytail). Crocodylus
R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243
acutus may be extirpated from the base but the history of this species in eastern Cuba contains inconsistencies. The
United States Navy is legally RESEARCH
 CONSERVATION obligated REPORTS:
to protect Summariesthe fauna and flora
of Published contained
Conservation Researchwithin the base’s boundaries
Reports ................................. 245 with spe-
cial attention
 to listed species.
NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247
 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248
 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251
“ZOOGEOGRAPHERS:
 FOCUS ONplease note that inA the
CONSERVATION: Project West You Can Indies paper based on the knowledge of researchers with extended
Support ............................................................................................... 252
the period of discovery – even of significant discovery – is not experience at the base (Lemm and Alberts 2000).
quite ended.” – R.V. Lando and E.E. Williams (1969) Each successive publication reported more species from
the base; Lando and Williams (1969) listed 26 species (4

N aval Station Guantanamo Bay

2

base located in southeastern Cuba.

Front(NSGB)
Totat et velleseque
is anPlummer.
Cover. Shannon
mately 117 km (land and water) Unitedaudant
approxi-
Statesmo Navy
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil
It has a long history as a
anurans
Totat et
and 22
Back Cover.
velleseque
reptiles),
Michael
(REA; Roca and Sedaghatkish
Kern
audant mo
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil
and 26 reptiles (plus
the Rapid Ecological Assessment

indirectly
1999) recorded five anurans
two sea turtles), and Lemm
erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus
site for productive organismal biological research
aut dolor apicto invereon a variety
pe dolum and Alberts
aut dolor (2000)
apicto invere listed 33 species (5 anurans, and 28
pe dolum
fugiatis maionsequat eumque
of taxa, including amphibians and reptiles. Notably, the base fugiatis maionsequat
reptiles). eumque that include NSGB are available in
Other records
moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-
is the type locality for Eleutherodactylus etheridgei
ma derrovitae voluptam,(Schwartz
as quos Rodríguez Schettino
tur ma derrovitae voluptam, et
as al. (2013) for reptiles and Rivalta
1958), Sphaerodactylus ruibali (Grant 1959b), Cubatyphlops
accullabo. González et al. (2014) for amphibians. More recent records
perimychus (Thomas and Hedges 2007), and the subspecies are scattered throughout the literature (Sanger et al. 2012;
Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus strategus (Thomas and Schwartz Bakkegard et al. 2020; Velasco et al. 2020) and in museum
1966). The base also provided the paratype for Leiocephalus collections. Citizen-scientists living at NSGB are also con-
carinatus aquarius (Schwartz and Ogren 1956) and Tarentola tributing via iNaturalist. They hold an advantage over U.S.-
crombiei (Díaz and Hedges 2008). Additionally, NSGB is one based scientists in that they are continually present on base for
of the few localities in Cuba with four species of Leiocephalus, months to years, increasing the probability of encountering
whereas most others have three or fewer (Garrido 1973a). something new. Since previous references are dated, new spe-
Amphibian and reptilian diversity at NSGB has been cies have been found, and several have undergone significant
documented three times with two surveys (Lando and taxonomic changes, an updated list is needed. Provided herein
Williams 1969; Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999) and a third is a comprehensive list, notes on the occurrence (or absence)

Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 446 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 2332-4961
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. https://doi.org/10.17161/randa.v29i1.18527
BAKKEGARD REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 29: 446–460 • 2022

of certain taxa, and the conservation status of the amphibians recorded within the boundaries of NSGB (Fig. 1). More con-
and non-avian reptiles (hereafter reptiles) historically known spicuous species are observed in all three of the historical stud-
from or presently found at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, ies, whereas cryptic taxa are less consistently listed. Per IUCN,
Cuba. 31 species (70.5%) were classified as being of Least Concern
(LC), one (2.3%) was listed as Near Threatened (NT), 6
Methods (13.6%) as Vulnerable (VU), four (9.1%) as Endangered
I conducted a literature review, starting with the earlier (EN), two (4.5%) as Critically Endangered (CR), and one
published lists by Lando and Williams (1969), Roca and has not been evaluated. According to the Cuban Red Book
Sedaghatkish (1999), and Lemm and Alberts (2000). These (González Alonso et al. 2012), which only includes spe-
publications are usually the first found when researching cies that are NT or worse, NSGB had 13 listed species: two
the herpetofauna of NSGB. For more amphibian records, (4.4%) NT, four (8.9%) VU, three (6.7%) EN, and four
I reviewed Rivalta González et al. (2014) and for reptiles, (8.9%) CR. Three species (two geckos and one snake) were
Rodríguez Schettino et al. (2013). Both reference the scien- introduced. Three accounts (two with photographs) of an
tific literature, cite museum records, and include unpublished American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) on the base were
records held by the authors from their own observations and found via Facebook.
personal communications. Other searches included GBIF By IUCN standards, 29% of species require protection,
for amphibians (GBIF 2021a) and reptiles (GBIF 2021b), including 100% of sea turtle species and 50% of amphibians.
VertNet (periodically reviewed through September 2022), By Cuban Red Book standards, 28% of base species are listed
iNaturalist (last searched on 7 Sept 2022), and HerpMapper as NT or worse. The United States Department of Defense
(last searched 23 July 2022) for unpublished records. I (DoD) requires that species listed by either the host nation
searched and asked for images of crocodiles on two Facebook or the United States must be “monitored and managed for
pages: “GTMO” and “GTMO Wildlife And Outdoor their protection and long-term sustainability” with the caveat
Adventures” (last search 19 September 2022). I also exam- that this results in “no net loss of installation capabilities and
ined the following museum specimens: MCZ (Museum of capacity to train, test, or perform other mission-essential func-
Comparative Zoology) R-69444, MPM (Milwaukee Public tions” (DoD 2020). So, while many look to the IUCN for the
Museum) 22498, UMMZ (University of Michigan Museum status of a species, DoD does not, although the United States
of Zoology) 173483, USNM (Smithsonian Institution, is an IUCN member. However, companies contracted by the
National Museum of Natural History) 59154, 59155, Navy to do environmental assessments (e.g., Areces-Mallea
192811, 286816, 315898–315912, 335779–335782, 2010; Resolution Consultants 2016) do report IUCN Red
335787, 335788, and 335815. List status. The lists DoD uses are those of the host nation, in
To trace taxonomic name changes and synonymies, this case, the Cuban Red Book, or those listed by the United
I used Amphibian Species of the World (Frost 2021) and States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS lists
The Reptile Database (Uetz et al. 2021). Caribherp (Hedges (Foreign Species and U.S. species) include Crocodylus acutus,
2021) provided useful range maps. I also drew upon my own Cyclura nubila, Dermochelys coriacea, and Eretmochelys imbri-
experiences at NSGB (Bakkegard et al. 2020 plus 14 days in cata. Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas are listed but exclude
May 2022). Some museum records, especially those associ- the Caribbean or southeastern United States populations.
ated with older specimens, did not always provide detailed However, all four species of sea turtles are listed by Cuba and
localities, instead listing Guantánamo or Oriente Province. thus must be protected by the U.S. Navy.
For those, I researched the collector using the literature for One protected species that needs urgent attention is
clues as to their collection localities. The IUCN Red List Crocodylus acutus. This species should still be present but
status was from the International Union for Conservation of might have been extirpated. Gundlach (1880) reported see-
Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN 2022), whereas Cuba ing it at Guantánamo Bay and Barbour and Ramsden (1919)
uses the Red Book of Vertebrates of Cuba (González Alonso first recorded it on the base. They wrote that it was “formerly
et al. 2012), hereafter the Cuban Red Book. Abbreviations common about the mouth of the Guantanamo River and
for museum records are per Leviton et al. (1985) with the the smaller streams which enter that bay, but like so many of
addition of AHAP-D (Alabama Herp Atlas Project-Digital). the larger water birds they are, since the establishment of the
Naval Station, very rare as they afford a too tempting a target
Results and Discussion to the more or less irresponsible ‘sportsmen’.” Murphy (1953)
Species count and conservation status.—Six species of amphibi- reported that “Crocodiles are sometimes sighted in the river
ans (all anurans) and 39 species of reptiles (one amphisbaenid, and in the mangrove labyrinths of the upper Bay, but they are
24 lizards, eight snakes, one semi-aquatic freshwater turtle, undoubtedly not so common now as in the days when they
one crocodilian, and four sea turtles) (Table 1) have been gave the town of Caimanera its name.” To clarify, Cubans

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BAKKEGARD REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 29: 446–460 • 2022

Table 1. The amphibians and reptiles at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, currently or historically. O indicates the authors observed
the species or examined specimens, P indicates presumed present but not observed, and N indicates not observed or not listed by LW (Lando
and Williams 1969), REA (Rapid Ecological Assessment; Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999), and LA (Lemm and Alberts 2000). The Cuban Red
Book (González Alonso et al. 2012) only lists species that are classified as near threatened (NT) or worse. Conservation status codes from best
to worst are LC (least concern), NT (near threatened), VU (vulnerable), EN (endangered), and CR (critically endangered) (IUCN, 2022).
Note that a conservation status is for that species range wide and not just Cuba. A dash (—) indicates no data. Two common names are
provided for ease of use by non-specialists, the first one used by iNaturalist followed by that proposed by Hedges et al. (2019). Notes: Listed
as 1yellow dewlapped Anolis homolechis, 2Anolis argillaceus, 3Anolis equestris, 4Sphaerodactylus decoratus strategus, 5Arrhyton landoi, 6Typhlops
biminiensis; *Lando unknowingly collected an individual between 1959 and 1962 (Díaz and Hedges 2008) but identified it as Tarentola
americana.

IUCN
Cuban Red IUCN Red List population
Species LW/REA/LA Book (year last assessed) trend
Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae
Peltophryne empusa Cope 1862 N/O/O — VU (2004) decreasing
Cuban Small-eared Toad/Cuban Small-eared Toad
Peltophryne peltocephala (Tschudi 1838) O/O/O — LC (2008) stable
Eastern Giant Toad/Eastern Cuba Giant Toad
Peltophryne taladai (Schwartz 1960) N/N/N — VU (2004) decreasing
Cuban Spotted Toad/Cuban Spotted Toad

Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae
Eleutherodactylus atkinsi Dunn 1925 O/O/O — LC (2004) stable
Cuban Groin-spot Frog/Cuban Groin-spotted Frog
Eleutherodactylus etheridgei Schwartz 1958 O/O/O VU EN (2008) stable
Etheridge’s Robber Frog/Oriente Coastal Frog

Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae
Osteopilus septentrionalis (Duméril & Bibron 1841) O/O/O — LC (2019) increasing
Cuban Tree Frog/Cuban Treefrog    

Reptilia: Squamata (amphisbaenians): Amphisbaenidae
Amphisbaena cubana Gundlach & Peters 1879 O/P/P — LC (2016) unknown
Cuban Worm Lizard/Cuban Brown Wormlizard

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Dactyloidae
Anolis angusticeps Hallowell 1856 N/N/N — LC (2016) stable
Cuban Twig Anole/Cuban Twig Anole
Anolis argenteolus Cope 1861 N/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Guantanamo Anole/Cuban Trunk Anole
Anolis homolechis Cope 1864 O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Habana Anole/Cuban White-fanned Anole
Anolis jubar Schwartz 1968 N/O1/O1 — LC (2016) stable
Cubitas Anole/Cuban Coast Anole
2 2 2
Anolis litoralis Garrido 1975 O /P /P — LC (2016) stable
Oriente Pallid Anole/Oriente Pallid Anole
Anolis ophiolepis Cope 1861 O/P/P — LC (2016) unknown

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Five-striped Grass Anole/Five-striped Grass Anole

Anolis porcatus Gray 1840 O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Cuban Green Anole/Cuban Green Anole
Anolis sagrei Cocteau in Duméril & Bibron 1837 O/P/O? — LC (2015) stable
Brown Anole/Cuban Brown Anole
Anolis smallwoodi Schwartz 1964 O3/O/O — NT (2016) unknown
Smallwood’s Anole/Green-blotched Giant Anole

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril & Bibron 1836 N/N/N — LC (2019) stable
Asian House Gecko/Common House Gecko
Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnès 1818) O/O/O — LC (2019) stable
Tropical House Gecko/Tropical House Gecko

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Iguanidae
Cyclura nubila (Gray 1831) O/O/O VU VU (1996) unspecified
Cuban Ground Iguana/Cuban Iguana

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Leiocephalidae
Leiocephalus carinatus Gray 1827 O/O/O — LC (2015) stable
Northern Curly-tailed Lizard/Saw-scaled Curlytail
Leiocephalus macropus Cope 1862 O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Monte Verde Curlytail Lizard/Cuban Side-blotched Curlytail
Leiocephalus onaneyi Garrido 1973 N/N/N CR CR (2016) unknown
Sierra Curlytail Lizard/Guantanamo Striped Curlytail
Leiocephalus raviceps Cope 1862 O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Mountain Curlytail Lizard/Pallid Curlytail

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Phyllodactylidae
Tarentola americana (Gray 1831) O/O/O — LC (2016) unknown
American Wall Gecko/American Wall Gecko
Tarentola crombiei Díaz & Hedges 2008 N*/N/N VU LC (2016) stable
Crombie’s Wall Gecko/Oriente Tuberculate Gecko

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Sphaerodactylidae
Gonatodes albogularis (Duméril & Bibron 1836) N/P/P — LC (2013) stable
Yellow-headed Gecko/White-throated Clawed Gecko
Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus Gray 1845 O4/N/N — LC (2016) stable
Black-spotted Least Gecko/Three-banded Geckolet
Sphaerodactylus notatus (Baird 1858) O/P/O — LC (2016) stable
Reef Gecko/Brown-speckled Geckolet
Sphaerodactylus ruibali Grant 1959 O/P/O EN EN (2016) unknown
Ruibal’s Least Gecko/Guantanamo Bay Geckolet
Sphaerodactylus torrei Barbour 1914 N/P/O — EN (2016) stable
Cuban Broad-banded Sphaero/Cuban Broad-banded Geckolet

449
BAKKEGARD REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 29: 446–460 • 2022

Reptilia: Squamata (lizards): Teiidae

Pholidoscelis auberi (Cocteau in Cocteau & Bibron 1838–1843) O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Auber’s Ameiva/Cuban Groundlizard        

Reptilia: Squamata (snakes): Boidae
Chilabothrus angulifer (Bibron 1840) O/O/O NT LC (2016) stable
Cuban Tree Boa/Cuban Boa

Reptilia: Squamata (snakes): Dipsadidae
Arrhyton redimitum (Cope 1862) O5/P5/O5 — LC (2016) unknown
Oriente Brown-capped Racerlet/Oriente Brown-capped Racerlet      
Arrhyton taeniatum Günther 1858 N/O/P — LC (2016) unknown
Günther’s Island Racer/Broad-striped Racerlet
Cubophis cantherigerus (Bibron 1843) O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Cuban Racer/Cuban Racer

Reptilia: Squamata (snakes): Tropidophiidae
Tropidophis melanurus Schlegel 1837 O/O/O — LC (2016) stable
Cuban Dwarf Boa/Giant Trope

Reptilia: Squamata (snakes): Typhlopidae
Cubatyphlops perimychus (Thomas & Hedges 2007) O6/P6/O6 CR LC (2016) unknown
Guantanamo Bay Blindsnake/Guantanamo Bay Blindsnake
Indotyphlops (Virgotyphlops) braminus (Daudin 1803) N/N/N — LC (2018) increasing
Brahminy Blindsnake/Brahminy Blindsnake
Typhylops cf. lumbricalis (Linnaeus 1758) N/N/N — LC (2016) stable
Earthworm Blind Snake/Cuban Brown Blindsnake

Reptilia: Testudines: Cheloniidae
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758) N/N/N EN VU (2015) decreasing
Loggerhead Sea Turtle/Loggerhead Seaturtle
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus 1758) N/N/O EN EN (2004) decreasing
Green Sea Turtle/Green Seaturtle
Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761) N/N/N CR VU (2013) decreasing
Leatherback Sea Turtle/Leatherback Seaturtle
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus 1766) N/N/O CR CR (2008) decreasing
Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Turtle/Hawksbill Seaturtle

Reptilia: Testudines: Emydidae
Trachemys decussata (Gray 1831) N/N/N NT — —
Cuban Slider/Cuban Slider

Reptilia: Crocodylia: Crocodylidae
Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier 1807) N/P/P VU VU (2020) increasing
American Crocodile/American Crocodile

450
BAKKEGARD REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 29: 446–460 • 2022

used “caiman” as a common name for Crocodylus acutus Crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer (Gundlach 1880; Barbour
(American Crocodile) while using “cocodrilo” for the Cuban and Ramsden 1919). To further confuse things, true caimans

Fig. 1. Upper map indicates the location of Naval Station Guantanamo Bay (yellow), on the southeastern coast of Cuba. The lower map is of Naval Station
Guantanamo Bay. Base boundaries are indicated by the yellow line. The easternmost boundary is 8 km in length.

451
BAKKEGARD REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 29: 446–460 • 2022

(Caiman crocodilus) were introduced into Cuba in 1959 ist entry in November 2021 by jonwoods), Anolis angusti-
(Sampedro Marín and Rodríguez Schettino 2003). King et ceps collected in 2010 (MCZ:Herp: R-189885–8) and used
al. (1982), citing Barbour and Ramsden (1919), stated that in Sanger et al. (2012), Hemidactylus frenatus (MCZ:Herp:
by 1919, naval base personnel had eliminated Crocodylus acu- R-189911–21), Leiocephalus onaneyi (Bakkegard et al. 2020),
tus from the rivers and estuaries around the bay but provided Indotyphlops braminus (GBIF ID 2397176546/iNaturalist
no other information. Roca and Sedaghatkish (1999) listed 10513611) documented on 30 March 2017, and Trachemys
it as present based on reports from base residents, and Lemm decussata (GBIF ID 2397710784, iNaturalist 9299645) pho-
and Alberts (2000) reported a recent “number of sight- tographed 5 November 2017, both by W. Fidler.
ings” in the Guantánamo River. They also noted not seeing I also added four species of sea turtles based on multiple
a crocodile despite spending many hours cruising the river. lines of evidence. The rapid ecological assessment (REA)
However, while its presence on the base, currently or histori- (Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999) suggested that Caretta caretta,
cally, was considered common knowledge, I could not find Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea, and Eretmochelys imbri-
photographic vouchers or museum specimens for Crocodylus cata be target species for conservation but did not include
acutus at NSGB until I made inquiries via Facebook. From them in their species list; however, Lemm and Alberts (2000)
the GTMO Facebook page, J. Sligh provided two photo- listed Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata as the two
graphs of a crocodile taken on the base in 1971 (now vouch- most common species of sea turtle present. Dermochelys coria-
ered as AHAP-D 3821). A posting on the GTMO Wildlife cea, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Chelonia mydas were known
And Outdoor Adventures Facebook page by P.J. Tolson on nesters on the beaches of NSGB (Alberts 2003; Santos et al.
3 August 2020 had an image of a base newsletter dated 15 2006) and Dermochelys coriacea were seen swimming in the
September 1977 with two photographs of a crocodile in the bay near Hicacal beach (Alberts 2003), and Caretta caretta
Guantánamo River. An A. Sweeney reported seeing croco- was sighted in the bay, in the waters off the leeward side run-
diles in the river after heavy rains while he performed harbor way and also at “the slot,” a diving area near Cable Beach
patrol duties from 1992 to 1995. More recently, two expe- (Alberts et al. 2001). Divers regularly see Eretmochelys imbri-
rienced naturalists stationed at NSGB from 2015 to 2022, cata swimming in the bay (R.A. White, pers. comm.) and
reported never seeing a crocodile (T. Fidler and W. Fidler, iNaturalist has documented recent (since 2010) observations
pers. comm.), although the habitat most appropriate for this of Eretmochelys imbricata and Chelonia mydas.
species on base is not easily accessed by civilians. I have taken Species such as Peltophryne taladai, Leiocephalus onaneyi,
a boat up and down the accessible section of the Guantánamo and Trachemys decussata are rare and/or cryptic, as evidenced
River at least 10 times from 2015 to 2022 and have never by their recent discovery; Hemidactylus frenatus (discussed
seen a crocodile, but river transits were allowed only during below) and Indotyphlops braminus appear to have been
daylight hours when crocodiles are difficult to detect. Thus, recently introduced (non-native plants are occasionally sold
Crocodylus acutus was historically present at NSGB but, if still at the Navy Exchange, thus a potential route onto the base),
present, is rare. Other records on the distribution of this spe- and Crocodylus acutus might also be rare regionally or extir-
cies include two localities in the Guantánamo Province over pated from the base. No clear explanation exists as to why
the last century (Varona 1985), whereas Soberón (2000) and Anolis angusticeps was not noted until 2010. It might have
Rodríguez Schettino et al. (2013) did not show the species been overlooked as seven other species of small to medium-
present anywhere in Guantánamo Province. Further compli- sized anoles are present. Schwartz and Thomas (1968) specifi-
cating matters pertaining to the species, Crocodylus acutus is cally stated that it was cryptic and not often encountered in
most likely a species complex with Cuban populations show- the field. Trachemys decussata was first documented in 2017
ing some of the greatest genetic differentiation (Milián-García via iNaturalist. Little suitable habitat for this species exists on
et al. 2018a; Rossi et al. 2020). So, while listed in this paper the base, but enough to support at least 11 that were moved
as Crocodylus acutus, future research might determine that due to a construction project to a more favorable location
Cuban populations are a distinct species (Milián-García et al. on the base over two days in July 2022 (R.A. White, pers.
2018b). However, until an appropriate and thorough survey comm.). These individuals are also recorded on iNaturalist.
for Crocodylus acutus on and around NSGB is completed, I Other records exist for this turtle from Guantánamo Province
do not recommend that Crocodylus rhombifer be introduced (Rodríguez Schettino et al., 2013) and the species has a nearly
as proposed by Roman (2019). Except for the river, minimal island-wide distribution (Rhodin et al. 2017).
freshwater habitat is present on the base. Simple taxonomic updates.—Several taxa on the previous
Additions.—Known species that had not been previously lists or in older literature have undergone simple taxonomic
recorded on the base (Fig. 2) included Peltophryne taladai changes: Bufo peltacephalus is now Peltophryne peltocephala
(GBIF ID 2549991204/iNaturalist 37327150) discovered (Frost et al. 2006), Hyla septentrionalis is now Osteopilus sep-
20 November 2019 by W. Fidler (with a second iNatural- tentrionalis (Trueb and Tyler 1974), Alsophis cantherigerus to

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Fig. 2. Recently detected herpetofauna at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba: Cuban Spotted Toad (Peltophryne taladai), Brahminy Blindsnake
(Indotyphlops braminus), Cuban Slider (Trachemys decussata), Guantanamo Striped Curlytail (Leiocephalus onaneyi), Cuban Twig Anole (Anolis angusticeps),
and Common House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). Photographs by W. Fidler (top left, top right, third row), R.A. White (second row left), and the author
(second row right, bottom).
Caption
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Cubophis cantherigerus (Hedges et al. 2009), Ameiva auberi with a light yellow, yellow, or orange dewlaps, whereas that
to Pholidoscelis auberi (Goicoechea et al. 2016), Cyclura of Anolis homolechis is white (Fig. 3). Porter et al. (1989) con-
macleayi to Cyclura nubila (Schwartz and Carey 1977), and structed karyotypes from Anolis homolechis collected at NSGB
Epicrates angulifer to Chilabothrus angulifer (Reynolds et al. and found those karyotypes matched Anolis homolechis from
2013). Others were synonymized or redescribed as subspecies: elsewhere (Gorman and Atkins 1968). Roca and Sedaghatkish
Eleutherodactylus estradai as a synonym of Eleutherodactylus (1999) and Lemm and Alberts (2000) accounted for both
atkinsi (Frost 2021), Anolis equestris palardis to Anolis small- species by noting that some Anolis homolechis had white or
woodi (Schwartz and Garrido 1972), Sphaerodactylus decora- gray dewlaps (Anolis homolechis) whereas others had yellow or
tus strategus as a synonym of Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus yellow-blotched dewlaps (Anolis jubar).
(Schwartz and Garrido 1985), and Arrhyton landoi as a syn- What was known as Anolis argillaceus at NSGB is now
onym of Arrhyton redimitum (Hedges et al. 2009). Anolis litoralis (Fig. 4), a member of the Anolis argillaceus spe-
Complex taxonomic updates.—Taxa present but mas- cies complex (Navarro Pacheco et al. 2001; Poe et al. 2017).
querading as other species included Anolis jubar, previously Lando and Williams (1969) identified an anole (MCZ:Herp:
a subspecies of Anolis homolechis (Schwartz 1968; Garrido R-67382) as Anolis argillaceus. Peters (1970) described Anolis
1973b), Anolis litoralis, which was split out of the Anolis argil- argillaceus centralis from two specimens, neither of which
laceus complex (Navarro Pacheco et al. 2001; Poe et al. 2017), were collected in Guantánamo Province. Garrido (1975)
Tarentola crombiei, once thought to be young Tarentola amer- elevated Anolis centralis to full species with two subspecies,
icana (Díaz and Hedges 2008), and Cubatyphlops perimychus, Anolis centralis centralis and Anolis centralis litoralis. No speci-
a new species described when the Typhlops biminiensis group mens from NSGB were included in his study, but based on
was re-analyzed (Thomas and Hedges 2007). Some of these correspondence with E.E. Williams amended to the end of
species have complex histories, an extensive record in the lit- this paper, he ascribed NSGB specimens to Anolis centralis
erature, or museum specimens that needed re-examination. ssp. One specimen (USNM 286816) identified as Anolis
Detailed accounts are provided below in order as listed in centralis was collected from NSGB in 1987 and used as the
Table 1. voucher for a phylogeny of anoles by Burnell and Hedges
Ruibal and Williams (1961) noted variation in dewlap (1990). This specimen is listed in the USNM catalog as
color (white, yellow, gray) across the range of Anolis homole- Anolis litoralis. Garrido (1988) noted that the distribution of
chis. Schwartz (1968) re-examined the Anolis homolechis Anolis argillaceus, Anolis centralis centralis, and Anolis centra-
complex and erected a subspecies, Anolis homolechis jubar lis litoralis needed better definition and questioned whether
(but limited its range to Camagüey Province), assigned some variations in populations from several areas, one of which
specimens collected on base to Anolis homolechis homolechis, was Guantánamo, represented simple variation or consti-
but also indicated that others from the base were of uncertain tuted geographical races. Rodríguez Schettino (1999) listed
status. Lando and Williams (1969) listed Anolis homolechis Anolis centralis litoralis as present at NSGB, referencing Lando
as present, and noted the variation in dewlap color, but were and Williams (1969). In 2001, Anolis centralis litoralis was
unable to assign any to subspecies. Garrido (1973b) elevated elevated to Anolis litoralis (Navarro Pacheco et al. 2001), and
Anolis h. jubar to full species, Anolis jubar to describe lizards these specimens from NSGB (MCZ:Herp: R-10709, 67382,

Fig. 3. Cuban White-fanned Anole (Anolis homolechis) (left) and Cuban Coast Anole (Anolis jubar) (right) from Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Photographs by the author.
Caption
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R-69444 most closely resembles Cubatyphlops perimychus.

A third species, a member of the Typhlops lumbricalis group
might also present at NSGB (Fig. 5). Upon examination,
UMMZ 173483, currently identified as Typhlops lumbricalis,
was not Cubatyphlops perimychus or Indotyphlops braminus,
but also does not fully fit the description of Typhlops lum-
bricalis as defined by Domínguez and Díaz Jr. (2011). Thus,
it was included in Table 1 as Typhlops cf. lumbricalis. MPM
22498 was listed in the catalog as Typhlops lumbricalis but,
upon examination, appeared to be in the Typhlops biminiensis
group and is most likely Cubatyphlops perimychus, based on
the shape of the rostral scale, a preocular that touches labials 2
and 3, and a strap-shaped postocular. However, the status of
Typhlops lumbricalis and related species in Cuba is still in flux
(Domínguez and Díaz Jr. 2011, 2015; Rodríguez Schettino
et al. 2013; Hedges et al. 2019). Therefore, UMMZ 173483,
MPM 22498, and MCZ:Herp: R-69444 should be examined
by those specializing in blindsnakes to confirm identifications.
Troublesome taxa.—Several species were reported through
a variety of sources as present at NSGB but are not. These
included Cadea blanoides, Amphisbaena innocens, Anolis alu-
taceus, Caraiba andreae, Hemidactylus brookii haitianus, and
two Sphaerodactylus that were subsumed into other species.
Also, two specimens of Leiocephalus cubensis (USNM 59154
and 59155) might have been collected at NSGB but the evi-
dence is insufficient to include them in Table 1. Rodríguez
Fig. 4. Oriente Pallid Anole (Anolis litoralis) from Naval Station Schettino et al. (2013) indicated that Cadea blanoides was
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Photograph by the author. present at NSGB. However, the original reference (Hass et
al. 2001) indicated that the specimen in question was from
69421, 141463, 172058) were ascribed to Anolis litoralis, Pinar del Rio, Viñales, Cueva de San Jose Miguel. Before
which included the Lando and Williams (1969) specimen. that entry is a record for Amphisbaena cubana, which was col-
The range of Anolis centralis no longer includes Guantánamo lected at NSGB (and documented via other means). Thus,
Province; however, that of Anolis argillaceus does, although the record in Rodríguez Schettino et al. (2013) that recorded
not along the southeastern coast (Navarro Pacheco et al.
2001). The two species differ in the shape of the ear opening,
either oval with a posterior skin fold (Anolis litoralis) or small
and circular (Anolis argillaceus), and dewlap color, yellow
(Anolis litoralis) or pale orange (Anolis argillaceus) (Batista-
Alvarez and Iturriaga 2020).
Two species of blindsnakes at NSGB were well docu-
mented, Cubatyphlops perimychus and Indotyphlops braminus.
What was previously reported as Typhlops biminiensis (Lando
and Williams 1969; Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999; Lemm and
Alberts 2000) is now Cubatyphlops perimychus (Thomas and
Hedges 2007; Hedges et al. 2014), whose species descrip-
tion included most of the Lando and Williams (1969) speci-
mens. Another specimen not accounted for in the literature Fig. 5. Blindsnakes from Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba: A com-
is MCZ:Herp R-69444, collected in 1975 and currently parison between UMMZ 173483 (Typhlops cf. lumbricalis) and USNM
cataloged as Cubatyphlops biminiensis. Cubatyphlops bimini- 192811, a paratype of Cubatyphlops perimychus (see text). Note the nar-
ensis (once Typhlops biminiensis) is presently limited to the rower, strap-shaped rostral in UMMZ 173483 versus a broader rostral
with an acuminate posterior edge in USNM 192811. The preocular and
Bahamas (Thomas and Hedges 2007). Upon examination and postnasal are not the same shape and in UMMZ 173483, the preocular
comparison with a paratype (USNM 192811), MCZ:Herp touches labial 3. Photographs by the author.

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Cadea blanoides at NSGB was most likely a transcription referenced specimen, MCZ:Herp: R-11726 (currently cata-
error. Roca and Sedaghatkish (1999) listed Amphisbaena loged as Antillophis andreae orientalis), was not collected on
innocens as known from the Naval Station but not observed the base. Therefore, with no further specimens or iNaturalist
during the REA, noting that “A single specimen in Kansas observations, this snake (Caraiba andreae) is not likely pres-
University deserves further observation.” Lemm and Alberts ent at NSGB. Grant also described Sphaerodactylus spielmani
(2000) stated that they did not see Amphisbaena innocens but (Grant 1958) and Sphaerodactylus alayoi (Grant 1959a) and
referenced an unpublished report indicating its presence. A gave the type locality as Guantanamo Naval Base. Since then,
search of the Kansas University (KU) herpetology collection Sphaerodactylus spielmani has been redescribed as a subspe-
via VertNet in May 2021 revealed a specimen (KU 274464), cies of Sphaerodactylus torrei and Sphaerodactylus aloayi is now
labeled Amphisbaena innocens. A subsequent investigation a subspecies of Sphaerodactylus nigropunctatus (Thomas and
revealed a cataloging anomaly. KU 274464 was not associated Schwartz 1966; Schwartz and Garrido 1985) due in part to
with a physical specimen, instead, the number came from an Grant’s questionable recording of his collection sites. The
Albert Schwartz field notebook. KU 268771 was associated locality of the third species of gecko Grant described from
with a specimen, an Amphisbaena cubana, collected at NSGB. eastern Cuba, Sphaerodactylus ruibali, is clearly NSGB (Grant
In July 2022, KU 274464 was still listed as Amphisbaena inno- 1959b; Schwartz and Garrido 1985).
cens in VertNet but in the KU herpetology web portal, it and House geckos (Hemidactylus spp.) also are problematic.
KU 268771 were both listed as Amphisbaena cubana and were GBIF (2022) and VertNet (VertNet 2022) list a specimen of
linked via a field-tag number AS V 16607. Amphisbaena inno- Hemidactylus brookii haitianus (UMMZ 173500) collected by
cens is endemic to Hispaniola and has never been considered P.J. Tolson. Once thought to be found in Cuba (Powell and
a Cuban species (Gans 2005). Anolis alutaceus was listed by Maxey 1990), Hemidactylus brookii and Hemidactylus haitia-
Rodríguez Schettino et al. (2013) as present at NSGB, refer- nus are synonyms of Hemidactylus angulatus, another species
encing a USNM record. A search of the USNM Amphibians of gecko introduced from West Africa (Weiss and Hedges
and Reptiles Collections and GBIF (2021c) databases failed 2007; Rösler and Glaw 2010; Díaz 2014; Borroto-Páez et
to show any records for this species associated with NSGB, al. 2015). Díaz (2014) showed Hemidactylus angulatus to be
although this species has been collected in Guantánamo found at other localities in Guantánamo Province and stated
Province. Rodríguez Schettino (1999) did not list this species that it was the most widely distributed non-native gecko in
at NSGB. With no further data, I concluded that this species Cuba. However, it is easily confused with H. mabouia (Kluge
is not a member of the NSGB herpetofauna. 1969; Borroto-Páez et al. 2015). I examined UMMZ 173500
The confusion around the presence (or absence) of sev- from photographs that showed key features (Kluge 1969)
eral reptiles is due to one person, Chapman Grant, a mostly and identified it as Hemidactylus mabouia. Hemidactylus fre-
self-taught herpetologist, founder of the journal Herpetologica natus is well documented at NSGB with specimens, which
and later The Herpetologists’ League (Smith 1986). Caraiba appear to have been addressed by Powell et al. (2011) and
andreae was listed by Schettino et al. (2013) as present, photographs (iNaturalist). Apparently, the latter is a rela-
referencing a USNM record. A search of the USNM data- tively recent introduction to NSGB as the specimens were
base revealed no specimens of this species. However, GBIF collected in 2010 and the first iNaturalist photograph was
records (2021d) show that Chapman Grant collected Caraiba taken in 2017. The literature shows it also has a complex
andreae (then Antillophis andreai orientalis; UIMNH 48121 history in Cuba. Henderson and Powell (2009) did not list
to 48125) in Oriente Province, of which Guantánamo was Hemidactylus frenatus as present in the West Indies. Estrada
once a part. This collection, made in December 1957, could (2012) listed Hemidactylus frenatus, mabouia, and turcicus
have been at NSGB as Grant was there (Grant 1958). The as present in Cuba. Rodríguez Schettino et al. (2013) listed
challenge these specimens pose is that the locality data lack Hemidactylus mabouia and Hemidactylus turcicus at NSGB
specificity. Oriente was once a province and “Guantanamo” with Hemidactylus frenatus not listed as present in Cuba and
is a label that can be applied to the Naval Base, the city, referenced a USNM specimen for their Hemidactylus turcicus
the bay, or the countryside surrounding any of those areas record. That specimen (USNM 192632) was originally cata-
(Thomas and Schwartz 1966). Furthermore, Thomas (1968) loged as Hemidactylus turcicus but has since been reidentified
and Schwartz and Garrido (1985) detailed the issues with as Hemidactylus mabouia (S. Gotti, pers. comm.). Díaz (2014)
Grant’s localities, indicating that those listed as the Naval reviewed the status of Hemidactylus frenatus, mabouia, and
Base are not likely to be the Naval Base but instead apply turcicus in Cuba and indicated only Hemidactylus frenatus and
to other localities as much as 16–32 km away. The only lit- Hemidactylus mabouia were present at NSGB. To complicate
erature record I found for this snake indicating a possible matters further, Hemidactylus mercatorius haplotypes were
connection with NSGB is Barbour and Ramsden (1919) found at NSGB (USNM 317834–35, collected at NSGB in
discussing Leimadophis andreae (as it was then known). The 1988; D. Mulcahy, pers. comm.). Thus, Hemidactylus frena-

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tus and Hemidactylus mabouia apparently are currently present and located on the cliffs overlooking Fisherman’s Point, a well-
at NSGB, but that conclusion could change depending on a known geographic reference (Murphy 1953). Images of this
reanalysis of the Hemidactylus mabouia/mercatorius complex. cable station are available online (Burns 2015, 2018, 2019)
One additional note on geckos, in this case, Gonatodes and the station is referenced in a NAVFAC report (Resolution
albogularis, is needed. The first account of this species was in Consultants 2016). This area, once known as Ocean View
the REA (Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999), which stated that it Park, is within a developed area of the base and still serves as a
is known but was not observed (without reference to how it park. Thus, these two specimens present an intriguing record.
was known). Lemm and Alberts (2000) recorded the same Because the locality data are unclear, an extensive search failed
story that I had heard about this species, that only a single to find these two specimens in anyone’s work, and five spe-
specimen had ever been found on the base. However, the cies of Leiocephalus in sympatry would be unusual, I did not
Kansas University Herpetology Collection (KUH) has eight include Leiocephalus cubensis in Table 1 — but future research-
specimens (KUH 229494–229501), all from the windward ers should keep an eye out!
side horse corral. Five of these were collected in November
1968 and three more in April 1969. The collector is not listed Conclusions
but the records have Albert Schwartz (AS) field numbers asso- I have herein provided a new baseline for future additions,
ciated with them. However, I know of no other sightings of deletions, or updates to the herpetofauna of NSGB. The
this species at NSGB, and the horse corral no longer exists number of species known to occur on the base continues
(horses were moved off base 1998–1999 and no buildings to increase and is now up to 45 (6 anurans and 39 reptiles,
remain at that site). However, recent sightings (iNaturalist) of including sea turtles). One challenge in developing a defini-
the species in Guantánamo Province and the city of Santiago tive list of species present at any locality is that taxonomic
de Cuba exist. changes do not always make it into museum records. Small
Leiocephalus cubensis was not listed as present in staffs and tens of thousands of specimens mean that unless
Guantánamo Province by Rodríguez Schettino (1999) but is a pressing need exists or an active research project is ongo-
listed as present in the province and at NSGB by Rodríguez ing, a specimen may remain identified as it was originally,
Schettino et al. (2013), who referenced USNM. Additionally, perhaps from 100 years before. However, these specimens,
the range map for Leiocephalus cubensis in Schwartz and regardless of how they are identified, are vitally important to
Henderson (1991) shows a dot at NSGB. Two specimens, understanding far more than just what species were present
USNM 59154 and 59155, were collected in 1917 by J. where and when. Thus, when conducting literature reviews
Henderson and P. Bartsch with a locality of “Guantanamo or working through biodiversity and museum databases, one
Bay, beach near Cable House.” Bartsch, then the Smithsonian’s must examine specimens and pay close attention to taxo-
Curator of the Division of Marine Invertebrates, and nomic changes and updates to phylogenies, range maps, and/
Henderson, a Regent for the Smithsonian, spent March or species descriptions.
1917 exploring the Guantanamo Bay area, mainly working A high density of species, especially lizards and sea turtles,
on mollusks, but collecting other taxa as well (Bartsch 1918). highlights the importance of this place for the U.S. Navy to
During this time, Bartsch also studied the marine shipworms maintain a light footprint and as an ideal place to study eco-
(Teredinidae – well-known destroyers of wood pilings) of logical and behavioral interactions between sympatric spe-
Guantanamo Bay (Ruhoff 1973). Whether these lizards were cies. It also is an important site for long-term research on
collected at NSGB or somewhere else in the Oriente (as the Chilabothrus angulifer, contains the second known population
province was called then) is unclear, as Bartsch and Henderson of Leiocephalus onaneyi, one of the rarest lizards in the world,
traveled beyond the base boundaries. Off-base travel was not and serves as a nesting site for four species of sea turtles.
allowed after 1 January 1959 (Murphy 1953) and remains NSGB has attracted attention not only for its rich and diverse
restricted to the present. Henderson’s field notebook, in which herpetofauna but as a proposed site for a nature preserve,
he listed only mollusks (Henderson 1920), shows they visited peace park, and research station (Roman and Kraska 2016;
three areas in eastern Cuba in 1917: Mount Libano (source Roman 2019). While an intriguing proposal, the base plays
of the Guaso River), Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, and an important role in U.S. Caribbean operations, with mul-
Caimanera (which also sits on Guantánamo Bay), but Bartsch tiple missions other than the detention operations. However,
described at least 18 species of marine and terrestrial mol- world events are associated with habitat loss at NSGB. The
lusks in the Oriente (Ruhoff 1973), indicating travel beyond Cuban Missile Crisis in November 1962 led to alterations of
those areas recorded by Henderson (1920). Only the south- forests and beaches into places that “no longer afford ideal
ern half of Guantánamo Bay is within the boundaries of the collecting areas” (Lando and Williams 1969) as the base pre-
Naval Station and the bay has beaches lining its perimeter. pared defenses by cutting roads for tanks and building fight-
However, there was a cable station at NSGB dating from 1887 ing positions. The Haitian migration (Operation Sea Signal,

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1994–1996) led to a 95% loss of native cactus forest at Firing Collections Manager Amphibians and Reptiles, Vertebrate
Point, negatively affecting Cyclura nubila (Alberts 2003), and Zoology, National Museum of Natural History provided
further clearing occurred to construct facilities to hold the 11 a spreadsheet of their “Guantanamo Bay” records, and
September 2001 terrorist attack detainees. As species such R.V. Wilson loaned the USNM specimens. G. Schneider,
as Trachemys decussata and Leiocephalus onaneyi have small Collections Manager of Reptiles and Amphibians, University
ranges on the base and the status of others is not well known, of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, provided a loan and pho-
new infrastructure needs, whether for temporary or long-term tographed the key features of UMMZ 173500 for re-iden-
use, should be built over previously disturbed or developed tification, and P.J. Tolson confirmed the re-identification
land, rather than on native or near-native habitat. of UMMZ 173500. J. Colby, Vertebrate and Invertebrate
The Naval Station has opportunities to restore habitat for Collections Manager, Milwaukee Public Museum, provided
not just the herpetofauna but other terrestrial species as well. photos, then a loan of MPM 22498. J. Martinez and S.
The REA (Roca and Sedaghatkish 1999) found that the great- Kennedy-Gold, both of Harvard Museum of Comparative
est biodiversity and the most important habitats for protect- Zoology, took photos and processed a loan. A. Motta and M.
ing terrestrial species on the base are cactus and thorn scrub Mayhew of the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute,
and all four forest types (Croton-Coccothrinax, Coccothrinax, Herpetology Department, solved the mystery of KU 274464.
Phyllostylon, and Phyllostylon-cactus) on the base. The base Samford University’s Interlibrary Loan department quickly
has a plant nursery (operated mainly by volunteers but under processed numerous requests for papers and books. Funding
the umbrella of the Naval Facilities Engineering Systems for visits to NSGB after June 2016 was provided by Samford
Command [NAVFAC] Environmental Program) that is University (Faculty Research Grant and Paul N. Propst
used to propagate native plants for residential use. The area research fund).
containing the detention operations could be replanted with
native trees and cacti, once that mission is complete. If noth- Literature Cited
ing else, the dirt roads used by security patrols could be re- Alberts, A.C. 2003. Conserving the remarkable reptiles of Guantanamo Bay, pp.
planted with native species to avoid these disturbed areas from 67–73. In: R.W. Henderson and R. Powell (eds.), Islands and the Sea: Essays
on Herpetological Exploration in the West Indies. Society for the Study of
becoming overgrown by the widespread non-native grasses Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca, New York, USA.
already present, thus reducing the intrusion of invasives into Alberts, A.C., T.D. Grant, G.P. Gerber, K.E. Comer, P.J. Tolson, J.M. Lemm,
the remaining native forest and cactus scrub. The area in and and D. Boyer. 2001. Critical Reptile Species Management on the U.S. Naval
Base, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Report to the United States Navy for Project
around McCalla Field, deactivated in 1970, and Gas Hill, No. 62470-00-M-5219. Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species,
which is currently grass-covered (should be forest), could Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
also be restored by removing invasives and replanting native Areces-Mallea, A.E. 2010. Investigation of grazing impacts on native flora, iden-
tification of invasive flora abundance and distribution, and presence of rare,
species. Restoration will help mitigate the negative effects of native flora at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Contract No. N62467-
climate change. Projections by Velazco-Pérez and Mancina 04-D-0167. Report Prepared for Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Southeast, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
(2019) on lizard distributions in Cuba show that whether
Bakkegard, K.A., D.A. Johnson, and D.G. Mulcahy. 2020. A New locality,
under their best or worst-case scenario, climate suitability for Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, for the rare lizard Leiocephalus onaneyi
some coastal species (e.g., those at Guantánamo) will decline (Guantánamo Striped Curlytail) and notes on its natural history. Caribbean
Naturalist 79: 1–22.
to the point that they could completely disappear as early as
Barbour, T. and C.T. Ramsden. 1919. The Herpetology of Cuba. Memoirs of the
2050 unless they can migrate to the mountains around the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 47: 73–213. https://doi.
Guantánamo Basin. Replanting and restoring the base’s native org/10.5962/bhl.title.49191.
forest will increase canopy cover and could buy some time for Bartsch, P. 1918. Biological Explorations in Cuba and Haiti in Explorations and
Field-Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1917. Smithsonian Miscellaneous
species to adapt. Eastern Cuba is a biodiversity hotspot and an Collections 68: 40–48.
area with a high proportion of not just amphibians and rep- Batista-Alvarez, R. and M. Iturriaga. 2020. Anolis litoralis (Oriente Pallid Anole).
tiles requiring protection, but also birds and mammals (Cox et Herpetological Review 51: 75.
al. 2022). A concerted effort at habitat restoration on the base Borroto-Páez, R., R. Alonso Bosch, B.A. Fabres, and O.A. García. 2015. Introduced
amphibians and reptiles in the Cuban archipelago. Herpetological Conservation
will not only protect biodiversity but also demonstrate to the and Biology 10: 985–1012.
international community that the United States is committed Burnell, K.L., and S.B. Hedges. 1990. Relationships of West Indian Anolis (Sauria:
to being a good steward of natural resources. Iguanidae): An approach using slow-evolving protein loci. Caribbean Journal
of Science 26: 7–30.
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Acknowledgements War. <https://web.archive.org/web/20220723223207/https://atlantic-cable.
I thank Captains D.C. Culpepper, J. Fischer, and S. White, com/Cables/1888Santiago-Guantanamo/index.htm>.
Commanding Officers, Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, for Burns, B. 2018. The Central & South American Telegraph Company. <https://web.
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