CHAPTER 5
COORDINATION
COMPOUND
1. Ligands
2. Complex Ions
3. Coordination Number
4. Nomenclature
5. Isomerism
6. Structural isomerism (Hydrate,
CONTENTS Ionization, Linkage and
Coordination Sphere)
7. Stereoisomerism (Geometric and
Optical)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Apply the knowledge of electron
configuration of transition metals and
ligand structures to name and determine
the geometry and isomerism of
coordination compounds or complex
ions.
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
• Compound that typically consist of a complex ion and counter ion.
• Most but not all, of the metals in coordination compounds are
transition metal.
Complex ion
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Counter ion
Can be cation or anion
COMPLEX ION
• Species where transition metal ion is surrounded by a certain
number of ligands.
Complex ion
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Counter ion
Metal atom ligand
LIGANDS
▶Molecules or ions that surround the metal in a complex ions.
Complex ion
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Counter ion
Metal atom ligand
Ligands as a Lewis base :donating electons
Transition metal as a Lewis acid : accepting a pair of electron
from Lewis base.
LIGANDS
Depending on the number of donor atoms
present.
Ligands are classified as:
monodentat : one donor atom
e bidentate : two donor atoms
polydentate : more than two donor atoms
[tetradentate (4), pentadentate (5),
hexadentate (6) … … ..]
COORDINATION NUMBER
Number of donor atoms surrounding the central metal atom in
a complex ion.
Donor atoms :atom in a ligand that is bound directly to the metal
atom.
Complex ion
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Counter ion
Metal atom ligand
Atom in ligand that bound directly to Co metal atom is N & Cl.
N & Cl are donor atom.
Number of N = 5,N umber of Cl = 1
Coordination number = 6
SOME COMMON LIGANDS
NOMENCLATURE
1) Cation is named before the anion.
cation anion
K 3 [Fe(CN) 6] = K + is named first
cation
anion
[Cr(N H 3)3(H2O) 3] Cl3 = C r(NH 3)3(H2O) 3 is named first
2) Within complex ion, ligands are named first, in alphabetical order,
and metal ion is named last.
Cation & Anion (Counter Ion)
CATION FOR MU LA ANION FOR MU LA ANION FOR MU LA
Aluminum Al+3 Fluoride F- Hypochlorite OCl -
NH 4 +
Ammonium Chloride Cl- Nitride N 3-
CO 3 2-
Barium Ba+2 Bromide Br- Carbonate
Hydrogen carbonate HCO -
Calcium Ca+2 Iodide I-
or Bicarbonate 3
SO 4 2- NH 2 -
Lead(II) Pb+2 Sulfate Amide
HSO 4 - CrO 4 2-
Lithium Li+ Hydrogen sulfate Chromate
S2 O3 2- Cr 2 O 7 2-
Magnesium Mg+2 Thiosulfate Dichromate
NO 2 + SO 3 2- IO 3 -
Nitronium Sulfite Iodate
BrO 3 -
Potassium K+ Sulfide S2- Bromate
ClO 4 - NO 3 -
Sodium Na+ Perchlorate Nitrate
ClO 3 - NO 2 -
Strontium Sr+2 Chlorate Nitrite
ClO 2 -
Zinc Zn+2 Chlorite
NOMENCLATURE
3) Names of ligands:
anionic ligands end with “o”.
Neutral ligands usually called by the name of the molecule.
Exception for H 2O, C O,& N H 3
Names of ligands:
NOMENCLATURE
4) If more than one ligands present,use prefix.
di,tri, tetra,penta,hexa…
Prefix are ignored when alphabetizing ligands.
eg:[Co(NH 3)4Cl2]+ = tetraamminedichloro
For polydentate ligands, use prefix bis (2), tris (3), tetrakis (4)
eg:(en)2 = bis(ethylenediamine)
NOMENCLATURE
5) Oxidation number of metal is written in roman (I, II, III)
following the name of the metal.
Example: [Cr(NH 3)4Cl2]+ = chromium (III)
6) If complex ion is a cation, the metal is named same as the element.
But, If complex ion is an anion, the name of the metal ends with the
suffix – ate.
Example : [Fe(CN)6]4- :hexacyanoferrate (II) ion
Transition Metal Name if in Cationic Name if in Anionic
Complex Complex
Sc Scandium Scandate
Ti Titanium Titanate
V Vanadium Vanadate
Cr Chromium Chromate
Mn Manganese Manganate
Fe Iron Ferrate
Co Cobalt Cobaltate
Ni Nickel Nickelate
Cu Copper Cuprate
Zn Zinc Zincate
Pb Lead Plumbate
Ag Silver Argenate
Au Gold /Aurum Aurate
Sn Tin Stannate
Al Aluminium Aluminate
Pt Platinum Platinate
Example cation anion
[Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3
1) Oxidation no of metal:
Cr + 0 + 0 + (-1 x 3) = 0
Cr = +3
2) Complex ion : triamminetriaquachromium (III)
2) Counter ion :chloride
3) Name: triamminetriaquachromium (III) chloride
cation anion
Example K4[Fe(CN)6]
1) Oxidation no of metal:
(1 x 4) + Fe + (-1 x 6) = 0
Fe = +2
2) Complex ion : hexacyanoferrate (II)
3) Counter ion :potassium
4) Name: potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)
EXERCISE 1
Write the systematic name for the following:
1. K2[FeCl4]
2. K4[Fe(CN)6]
3. [Co(en)2Cl2]NO3
4. (NH4)2[Pt(NH3)2Br4]
5. [Cr(en)2(SCN)2]+
6. [Pd(NH3)3Cl]+
EXERCISE 2
Write formula name for the following:
1) Tetraaquodibromocobalt(III) nitrate
2) Tetraammineaquabromocobalt(III) bromide
3) Hexamminechromium(III) tetrachlorocuprate(II)
4) Pentaaquacyanoiron(III) chloride
5) Tetrahydroxocuprate(II) ion
6) Tetracyanonickelate(II) ion
STRUCTURE
o Coordination number will determine the structure of the
coordination compounds.
COORDINATION NUMBER STRUCTURE
2 Linear
Tetrahedral
4
Square planar
6 Octahedral
Four-coordinate platinum(II) complexes are always square planar.
Whereas 4-coordinate cobalt(II) complexes are tetrahedral.
STRUCTURE
d electron Ligand Structure
d7, d8, d9 Strong Square planar
d7, d8, d9 Weak Tetrahedral
d4 Strong Tetrahedral
d4 Weak Square planar
2nd & 3rd period Square planar
Irrespective types
Cu + of ligands Tetrahedral
Cu2+ Square planar
Mn2+ Tetrahedral
weak strong
6-co-ordinated complex ions
o Four of the ligands are in one plane, with the fifth one above the
plane,and the sixth one below the plane.
4-co-ordinated complex ions
Tetrahedral arrangement Square Planar arrangement
ISOMERISM
Compounds with same formula but different atom arrangement.
There is more than one way to arrange ligands around the central
atom.
Will have distinctly different physical and chemical properties.
ISOME R
Compounds with Compounds with same
different connections STRU C T U RAL connectivity but different STREO ISOME R
between atoms spatial arrangement
C O O R D IN A T IO N
HYD RATE IONIZATION LIN K A G E SPHERE G E OME T R IC O PT IC A L
STRUCTURAL ISOMER (HYDRATE)
Coordination compound that have the same composition but differ in
the number of water molecules present as ligands.
STRUCTURAL ISOMER
(IONIZATION)
Two coordination compounds in which two different anions switch
positions between the inner and outer coordination sphere.
STRUCTURAL ISOMER (LINKAGE)
Coordination compound having the same complex ion structure but
differ in donor atom attachment.
[Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl
STRUCTURAL ISOMER (COORDINATION)
Coordination compound having the same composition but occur
through exchange of ligands between complex ion in the same
coordination compound
[Co(NH3)6] [Cr(C2O4)3] & [Co(C2O4)3] [Cr(NH3)6]
STREOISOMER (GEOMETRIC)
Streoisomers that cannot be converted without breaking a chemical bond.
Comes in pair.
Use term cis & trans.
Cis = two groups of atoms are adjacent to each other.
Trans = two groups of atoms are on opposite side to each other.
Only square planar (4) & octahedral (6) have geometrical isomer.
Generally have different colors, melting points, & chemical reactivities.
STREOISOMER (GEOMETRIC)
ammonias and the chlorines ammonias and so are the chlorines
are next door to each are arranged opposite each other.
other.
STREOISOMER (GEOMETRIC)
chlorines are next door chlorines are arranged
to each other. opposite each other.
STREOISOMER (OPTICAL)
Coordination compounds that are mirror images & non-
superimposable to each other.
Comes in pair.
Have identical physical & chemical properties.
Chiral molecule = nonsuperimposable with their mirror images.
Optical isomers are possible for both tetrahedral and octahedral
complexes, but not square planar.
O nly cis isomer can have optical isomer.
CIS ISOMER TRANS ISOMER
NON SUPERIMPOSE SUPERIMPOSE
NON SUPERIMPOSE CIS ISOMER
NON SUPERIMPOSE
TRANS ISOMER
SUPERIMPOSE
• THANK YOU
Answer:
1. Potassium tetrachloroferrate(II)
2. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)
3. Dichlorobis(ethylenediammine)
cobalt(III) nitrate
4. Ammonium
diamminetetrabromoplatinate(II)
Answers:
5. Bis(ethylenediammine)dithiocyanatoc
1. [Co(H2O) 4Br 2]NO 3
hromium(III) ion
2.[Co(NH3)4(H2O)Br] Br2 3.
6. Triamminechloropalladium((II) ion
[Cr(NH3)6]2 [CuCl4]3
4. [Fe(H2O)5CN]Cl2
5. [Cu(OH)4]2-
6. [Ni(CN)4]2-
