Memory and Learning ACADEMIC PATH Lesson A: Identifying cause and effect in an expository text Lesson B: Synthesizing information from multiple texts Lesson C: Using an outline to plan a paragraph Writing @ paragranh with siinparting infarmatinn [Link] Discuss bs | SPP ECCS eRe (RB el aia i ee ntti tat seed Pa EWU are RUC Ea a keene) Oe Ue eel Ne WN ue ee ALU ee ee a eeersExploring the Theme Seem Cr at ENT ‘4 Thare are one hundred bili 100,000,000,000) nerve cals or neurons, in ‘the human bain. Most people have no memory Adult Ability To Recall of tfieie childhood betore the age of three or four (this is called 7 childhood amnesia), We stil don't ] know exactly why—it may be / because our brains are not yet fully developed at such young age From our teenage years, our ability to remember—or recall—things declines over time, as connections ‘between neurons weaken. Percent correct ! Age i MEMORY AND LEARNING | 83A | Building Vocabulary. Find tho words in blue in the roading on pages 85-86. Read the words araund them and try to guess their maanings. Then write the carr of each word or phrase next to its definition. (noun) a special way of doing a particular thing 2, fron sumicune with a very high level of intelligence (nour) Knowledge thar all members ofa group share (verb) to form a picture in your mind of someone or something, ot form 5 (verb) to learn something so you remember it exactly 6 (2d) inside of something a (adj) outside of something 8 (edi) having many different parts, difficult to understand g (noun) something that is done successfully 10, —_____ (noun) a book or other written or printed work &% 8B | Using Vocabulary. Answer the questions, Share your ideas with a partner. 1. What is an example of collective knowledge? 2. Name one person who you think is a genius, 8. What external conditions can make it difficult to study? 2% CG | Classifying. No you aver make lists to ramember things? Do you ever try to memorize things? Complete the T-ohart below. Compare your answers with a parler’, Things I make lists for Things | try to memorize ee D | Predicting. Scan the reading passage on pagas 85-86 quickly List twn other nouns or ‘verbs that appear two or more times. memory Now look at the words you wrote. What do you think the passage is about? I think the passage is about — 841 uniTsWE ALL TRY TO REMEMBER certain things in our daily lives: telephone ‘numbers, email addresses, facts that ‘we learn in class, important tasks. Rut did yan knew thar peaple ance had great respect? for memory? People began to value memory a9 @ skill about 2,500 years ago. That’s when the pact Simanides of Cons. discovered a powerful t ‘4. young Ulaiian man attends a sevice to remember soksers| mice ar ti Lac dhol ‘who died in Werla Wer I. Remembrance services play an important raloin shaping a sacot's ootective knowledge of he pao ‘Simonides realized that it’s easier to remember places and locations than itis to remember lists of names, for example, According to the loci method, if you think of a very familiar place, and visualize certain things in that place, you can keep those things in your memory for a long time, ‘Simonides called this imagined place a “memory palace.” Your memory palace can be any place that you know well, such as your home or your school. To use the loci method to remember a list of tasks, for example, visualize yourself walking through your house, Imagine yourself doing cach task in a different room. Later, when you want to remember your list of tasks, visualize yourself walking through your house again. You will remember your list of tasks as you see yourself performing each one. ‘Nearly 2,000 years later, a man in 15th-century Ttaly named Peter of Ravenna used the loci method to memorize books and poems. He memorized religious texts, all of the laws of the time, 200 speeches, and 1,000 poems. By using the loci method, he ‘was able to reread books stored in the “memory palaces” of his ‘mind, “When I [travel] I can truly say I carry everything T own with me,” he wrote, Peter of Ravenna (. 1448-1508) » * Ifyou respect, or have respect for, something or someone, you have avery high opinien oft or ther, * Loo! i the plural form of the Latin noun focus, meaning “place” MEMORY AND LEARNING | 85When Simonides and Peter of Ravenna were alive, books and pens ‘were not widely available for people to write notes with, 90 people had to remember what they learned. Mary Carruthers is the author of ‘The Rook of Mrsunry, a study of the role of memory rechniqnes in the past. She writes, “Ancient and medieval‘ people reserved their awe tor memory.” In other words, these people thought that a genius was a person with excellent memory. They considered memory to be an art and a great virtuet because a person with a good memory could turn external knowledge into intcenal knowledge. After Simonides’ discovery of the loci method, others continued to develop the art of memory. Memorization gained a complex set of rules and instructions. Students of memory learned what to remember and techniques for how to remember it. In fact there are long traditions of memury Uaining in many parts of the world. In some cultures, memorization of religious texts is considered a great achievement; many other societies value storytellers who can retell myths and folktales from the past Bur over the past millennium,é many things have changed. We've gradually replaved our internal memory with external memory. We've invented technological crutches* so we don’t have to store information in our brains. We have photographs to record our experiences, calendars to keep track of our schedules, books (and now the Internet) to store our collective knowledge, and note pads—or iPads—for our ideas. By using these crutches, we don’t have to remember anything anymore, When we want 0 know something, we look it up. ‘We've gone from remembering, everything to remembering very Fitele How does thie affect ne and our society? Did we lose an important skal? pte rom “emember Tis" by Jost Fer, ‘Nationa Goographic Magazin, Nov 2007 * Medieval refers tothe period of “A virtue is avery dood personal quality * Amnillennium isc poried of one thousand year. * Acrutch's something that someone depands o support orhelo sropenn history between appranimately AD S00 and 1500. A Foman Philosonn ‘coud repeat up 02000 names in ‘tho order hat he heard them 1 in Senegal and other parts of Weat Aon, Fistorans known as riots memorize and pass on long stores Unugh aoe, sani ‘and must,A | Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answer for exercise D on page 84. Was your prediction correct? B | Identifying Key Details. Write answers to the questions. 4. Why did aiicut and ascdieval peuple Usiuh uictueny wa aus aut? 2. How does the loci method work? Explain the method in your own words. C | Critical Thinking: Applying a Method. Imagine you have these problems. How might you solve them by using the loci method? 1. You are learning a foreign language. You are having trouble remembering new words. Applying ; : information 2. You are taking a history class. It's hard for you to remember when important Te events happened. ‘can hap you intemal it more easly, oa Ferenc D | Classifying. Complete the T-chart using information from the reading on pages 85-86. tsi theo Write techniques, uses, or names related to internal and external memory. mato yours : ip you Understand and remember Internal Memory External Memory how it works. loci method Be! inferring Opinion. Look at the final paragraph of the reading passage. How might the author answer the question “Did we lose an important skill?” Why do you think so? Discuss your ideas with a partner. F | Personalizing. Complete the sentences with your own ideas. | ‘ 41. [think internal memory is better for remembering, 2. [think external memory is better for remembering 3. I (think / don’t think) we lost an important skill. I think MEMORY AND LEARNING | 87Reading Skill: Jdentifying Cause and Effect , A cause is something that makes another avent happen. The resulting event is the effect } Fecognizing causes and effects can help you better understand a reading passage. Look at the sentence from the reading. Does the underlined portion show a cause or an effect? Ityou think of a very ramilar place, and visualize certain inings in tnat piace, you-can keep those things jn your memory far a fong tin ‘The underlined portion shows the offect. Visualizing things within a familar place ie the cause. Keeping memarias for a long tima is the effect. You can sometimes identity cause and eftect relationships by tinding certain connecting or signal words. These include because, sv, if Wien, therefore, as @ result, and by verb + -ing. We don't have to remember phone numbers now because we can store them . On Siri phones, | | enter my email password three times a day, so | remember it easily. ‘See page 110 for more explnetion and examples. ‘A | Analyzing. Road the information about memory tochniquos. How many cause-effect relationships can you find? Circle tha causas and underline their affects, 2, MEMORY TRICKS gO * ‘Techniques for remembering things like lists, ‘numbers, and facts, are called mnemonic devices. = For example, people often use things like poems, ; pictures, or movements because its easier to remember rhymes, images, or actions than plain facts and lists. Acronyms are one type of mnemonic. For example, it may be hard to remember the colors of the rainbow in the arder that they appear. Someone therefore made an acronym for this: KOY G BLY. Lhe first letters in the acronym are the first letters {in the names for the colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, Apply is ae eran indigo, aud vivlet. The name Ruy G. Biv is mean to worde you it’s short, 30 it is easier to remember than the list. know. Think aes English spelling rules can also be difficult to learn, 60 a Honoow over that hav io some students use rhymes to help them remember the rules. Snares sand, [Link] those Ryl “i hefo ata et hen ate Now Zealand ads ty learning “i hefore e except after ¢ (where you hear #2), the spelina students of English remember the spelling of words like B | Analyzing. Look baok at the roading on pagca 86 98. Circlo throo cauese and underline thair affects. 881 unitsreflects London's famous landmark Westminster Abbey. Before Viewing Al You will hear these phrases in the video. Discuss the meaning of each one with a partner. Write definitions for the words in bold. 1. “.... scientists are studying how the brain is able to adapt when it has to retain large amounts of information” 2. “... visual processing takes up more space in the brain than all the other senses combined” 3. “.... drivers navigate the streets of London using a complex mental map with thousands of landmarks and other locations” B ‘When you arrive in a new city, what do you do to become familiar with the streets and find your way around? Make a list with @ partner. use a GPS While Viewing ‘A | Watch the video about a London driving school. Does it mention any of the things that you listed! in exercise B above? Circle any items that are mentioned, B | As you watch the video, think about the answers to these questions. 1. What kinds of things do the taxi drivers do to memorize locations in London? According to the video, what is an important part of preparing for the exam? Why? How do scientists think studying taxi drivers’ brains can help other peopl What other activities like the London taxi training might enlarge the hippocampus? After Viewing A | Discuss answers to the questions 1-4 above with a partner. B| The London taxi drivers’ technique and the loci method both involve locations. Discuss with a partner how each technique uses locations. MEMORY AND LEARNING | 89Pi isssous PREPARING TOREAD A | Building Vocabulary. Read the sentences below. Look at the words around the bold words to guess their meanings. Then circle the best definition. 4, Exercise can affect the body in a good way: it can make you healthier. 4, 10 unake soueubiny range ina certain way 1D. to make something bigger Péople change their diet in order to gain of lose weight. 1 the kinds of food a person normally eats b. the times at which a person normally cats 3. Scientists often give a rat a drug to make it go to sleep or wake up. a.a chemical . ban exercise 4, Using the brain in a mental activity ouch as reading or doing puzzles—can improve memory. an activity that uses and exercises the mind ban acti that is extremely difficult 5. You need to be in good physical condition in order to be a long-distance runner. a. relating to the body b relating to money 6 Recanee ofa recent stdy, we now have proof that sleep is important for memory. 4. information that causes people to disagree by information that shows that something is true 7. Arrat learned how to get fram one place to another. However, the next day, it got lost because it completely forgot the route. Aa game b. a path, 8. Lfsomcone is in a state of confusion, they are not sure what is happening. a person’s condition at a certain time ba person’s hope for the future Partners Use stress wil: fi) effeets uf sis, mother ‘tess; ec, emotional siress, mental stress, pysical trace (v) eau sacs, anna with ses, deal with stteao, experience atcao,reduee ctreco, 90) units9. Ifa student has a lot of stress in his or her life, for example, because of problems at school, it might make learning much harder, a. a feeling of worry that is caused by difficulties in your life . an illness or a disease that makes it difficult to remember things Link “he prefix rans- 10. Laking notes helps you transfer information from internal to external memory. means "monn ember i fess or changing ‘This can help you to remember it better. oad 2. £0 move something from one place wo another ences? oe tranete transton, b. a study of something that helps people learn about it ‘wana, transiom, @ B | Using Vocabulary. Answer the questions in complete sentences. Then share your sentences with a partner. |. What are some ways that you deal with stress in your life? ‘Top 5 Causes of Stress | for College Students 1. Finances 2. Academic pressure 2. What routes do you remember best? 4. Roommate conflicts ‘8, Holationsnips 8, Time management | | Souce: wwweolegeanctnancecem — | 8. Do you ever stay up all night to study fora test? How do you think this might affect your memory? | Predicting. Underline the key words in the titles and the subheads of the reading passages con pages 92-93. Use the words to help you complete the sentences. Reed 4. I think the reading passage on page 92 is about how 2. I think the reading passage on page 93 is about how MEMORY AND LEARNING | 9192 1 uniTs NEWSWATCH [ Train Your Brain! Is there anything you can do to have a better memory? Research shows that mental and phiysice! exercise and lifestyle choices can ‘affect memary. In fact, many experts agree itis possible to improve your memory Here are some tips: Avoid stress Recent resoarch chowe thot otro ic bed for the brain In fact, ane study ennnerts worrying with memory loss, Iherefore, if you , can avoid stress in your life, you may als improve your remy. Telxetiontechriques ike yoga are one way 0 rei E20, Play games A Can brainteasers" like sudoku puzzles improve memory? Some scientists say that mental activi miant neta etnury, Puzzles, nei prubierns, ever rewliny and weting, can probably all benefit the brain, Get some rest “Poor sleep betore or after learning makes tt hard to ‘encode® new memories,” says Harvard University scientist Nobert Stickgald. One study shows thet by getting @ ‘g00d night’ claap, people remember a motor skill {such as piann playing) SM pennant hatter Eat right ‘Your brain Gant benefit from a fealty ue, jus ike the reat of your body. Foods that have antioxidants,? such as blueberries, are good for brain calls This helps memory, @ Read more about the connection between sleep and memory, * Brainteasers ara aces that exercise the mind, such as puzzles *ityou encode information, you putt into a diferent fom or syste uf language. * Antioxidants ace chemicals that can reduce the effect of harmful substances n your body.Sleep and Memory Mony people think that sleep must be important for learning and memory, but Until recently there was no proof. Seientists alsa believe the hippocampus plays a role in ‘making longterm memories, but they weren't sure how. Now they understand haw the process happens—and why sleep is so important. 4 Dung lop, rps travel tom the pram einai scar toto part of he bran, suchas the Memories in Motion prtrontal cortex ed). ‘Aresearch teem at Rutgers University recently discovered a type of brain activity that happens during sleep. The activity transfers new information from the hippocampus to the neocortex. The [E)_ neocortex stares longterm memones, Ihe researchers call the transternng acbwiy “sharp wave ripples,” because the transferring activity looks like powerful, short waves. The brain creates these ‘waves in the hippocampus during the doopoct lovele of cloop. The Rutgers scientists discovered the wave activity in] 2009 study using rats. They trained the rots to learn a routs in a maze. Then they let the rats sleep efter the training seasien. They gove onc [group of sleeping rats a drug. The drug stopped the rats’ wave activity. As a result, this group of rats had trouble remembering the route, The reason? The new information didn't ave a chance to leave the hippocampus and go to the neocortex At right we oye through diferent levels, or stages, of sleep. Scientists Adult Seep boalive long-term memories ae formed during the deepest levels = EEE See | Lifelong Memories Ihe expenment explains how we create long-term memories. The wave activity transfers shartzerm memories from the hippocampus ta the neocortex. Then the neocortex turns the sharp wave ripples {Tl into longterm memories. Researcher Gyérgy Buzsaki says this is “why cartain events may only take place once in the waking state and yet can be remembered for a lifetime." g_ The Mutgers study is important because it proves the importance of sleep for learning and memory. It also finaly explains how the brain makes longterm memories. | MEMORY AND LEARNING | 93a Damar eS A | Understanding the Gist. Look back at your answers tor exercise G on page ¥1. Were , ‘your predictions about the two reading passages correct? & 8B | Identitying Key Ideas. Work with a partner. Check the things thal can improve memory, according to the first reading “Train Your Brain!” —— antioxidants exercise fatty foods ___ puzzles. sleep stress Understanding the Main Idea, What did you learn from the second reading "Sleep and Memory"? Work with a partner to comple this sentence: cna ‘The main idea of “Sleep and Memory” Is. Restating Key Details. Complete the folowing sentencas about "Sleep and Memory.” 1. A team from Rutgers University found Sharp wave ripples transfer information from the to the . 3. Some rats had trouble remembering a route because F | Matching Cause and Fffrct. Match the cauise with the affect (ae) mentioned in tha ‘rst reaaing. Cause Effect stress _____ a. forgetting things _b. getting too much sleep _c. avoiding exercise Now find two cause-effect relationships in tha second reacting, Circla the causes and Underiine their ettects, F | Critical king: Synth ing. Discuss these questions in small groups: 1. List all the methods and tips for improving memory that you learned about in this unit. Circle ones you think you are most likely tp use. Ahe loci method 2. What do people know now about memory that people in the past did not know? 94 | units22. A | Brainstormina. Look back at vour list for exercise F on page 94. Work with a partner. Can you think of any other ways a person could improve their memory? Add ideas to your ist. B | Journal Writing. Write an answer in your journal to the following question. Write for three minutes. What are some ways to improve your memory? | Read the information in the box. Use by + gerund to combine the sentence parts (1-3). Language for Writing: Using By + Gerund Use by wth gerund to say now to do something, By + gerund forms can appear atthe begining or at the end of a sentence. Use a comma when they appear at the beginning of a sentence. You can improve your memory By getting enough sleep, you can by getting enough sleep. Jmprove your memory. Ry + gerund expresses how to reach a result: By eating right, you can improve your memory. . vause ottect For more explanation and examples, see page 217 Example: get a good night’s sleep / you help your brain form memories By getting a good night's sleep, you help your brain form memories. YaIETING ALSES Nig ee, Py 1, write new words on cards / a person can retain them hetter 2, give rats drugs / the scientists stopped their brain waves, 3. you can improve your memory / do puzzles D | Wiite five more sentences using by + gerund, MEMORY AND LEARNING | 9596 | UNITS Writing Skill: Using an Outline , Using an outline helps you to organize your main idea. supporting ideas, and examples t and/or delails. The examples might be a lis! of reasons, oF steps in a process. An outline is like a map because it givea you eomething to follow. For cxample, you can use an outing to develop your idaas in a cascriptiva paragraph, Don't write complete sentences in an outline, except for your topic sentence. a| Matching. Look at the outine below and read the paragraph that follows. Match ‘ sentences in the paragraph (@~/) to the paris of the outline, (Two sentences are extra.) Topic How +o Memorize a Route ‘ lopic sentence Supporting lus 1 memorize As steps Dotaile Wide names, divections vepeat F ‘Supporting Idea 2 create mental picture Details study @ wap imagine following route 8. When you have to memorize a route, you should use a technique that works well for you. b. One way is to memorize the directions as a set of steps. c. To do this, write the street names and directions in the correct order on a piece of paper. Tor example, Step ‘1 might be: ‘Drive three miles down Main Street." Step 2 might be: “Turn right on Oak Street" d. If you repeat the steps several times, you won't have ta look atthe list any- moro. ©. You can ala mamorize a route by oreating a mental pisture of it. That io, soe the otrects ond the plaoce on the atracts in your mind. g. To do this, tudy the route ao it appears on a map. h. Then imagine yoursct following the route. Soc the buildings and ther places slong the route in your mind, Turn your body to the right snd to the left: 96 you make the turns. By seeing the route in your mind, you will learn it faster. i, There are ther ways to learn routes; use the method that works best for you. Critical Thinking: Analyzing. Look again at the two sentences thet didn't match the ‘outline, What functions do they have in the paragraph? Match each one to a description: — uses paraphrasing 1 explain an idea provides @ voniuding slaternient Find and underline two cause-effect relationships in the paragraph.A | Planning. Follow the steps to complete an outiine for your paragraph. ‘Step 1 From your brainstorming notes on page 95, choose your bast two or three supporting ideas and write them in the outline below. Don't write complete sentences. Step 2 Write a topic sentence that introduces your supporting ideas, ‘Step 3. Now write two examples or details for each supporting idea. How to Improve Your Memory Topic Sentence Supporting Idea 1 Supporting Idea 2 Supporting Idea 3 B | Draft 1. Use your outline to write a frst draft. Think about the following questions as you write: NOMRONG Does your paragraph have one main idea? Does your topic sentence introduce your main idea? Do you have 2-3 different supporting ideas? Dao yom have at least two examples or details far each supporting idea? Is there any information that doesn’t belong? Do you have sentences that show cause and effect? Are you using by + gerund forms? Are you able to include new vocabulary you have learned in this unit? MEMORY AND LEARNING | 97eer | Analyzing. The paragraphs below are on the topic of how poopie can Koop , lasting memories. Which is the first draft?_______ Which is the revision? } i © One way to record important events in life is to keep a journal. A journal is 2 writtan record of events, activitias, and thoughts. You can keep a daily journal or ap occasional journal. You can write it by hand in a notebook, ar type it ‘on a computer. You can also include pictures. Anather way tn create lasting | memories is to use a video journal, With a viden journal, your can record activities and events as they are happening. You can make additional recordings afterwards of yourself talking about yaur thoughts an the events or activites. My phone has a video recorder, but sometimes it doesn’t work very well © There are two main ways to record the important events in lifo co that thoy vill Become lacting memories. One way ic to keop a writton journal, Thi is & written record of evente, activities, end thoughts. You can keep a daily journal ‘or an oocasionel journal. You can writa it by hand in @ notebook, or type it on a computer, You can also include pictures in your journal. I's a good idea to add taxt to your photos as a reminder of the places and the people in the photns ‘Another way to create lasting memories is to use a viden journal, With a video journal, you ean recard activities and events as they are happening. You can also make recordings afterwards of yaurseff talking about your thoughts on the events nn antivitin. These are just: few of the ways tn create lasting memories that yeu will eniey fr many years. BD | Critical Thinking: Analysis. Work with a partner. Compare the parayraphs: above by answering the folowing questions about each one.) ° ETE: 4, Does the parageaph have one main idea? YON YON ‘ ‘Ap these 2. Does the topic sentence intradce the main idea? YON YN cmtera anaiher 8, Are there rwo different supporting ideas? YON YON rete tis Unt, a 2 PR 4, Are there at least two examples for each supporting ide YN YON aoe 65. Is there any information that doesn’t belong? YON YON 6. Is here concluding sentence? YON YN E | Revising. Answer the questions above about your own paragraph. OR | uNiTsTe Wei SI ser SEIMEnaniacs 0 assert eee @3 F | Peer Evaluation. Exchange your first draft with a partner and follow these steps: ‘Step 1 Read your partner's paragraph and tall him or her one thing that you liked about it. i ‘Stop 2 Write an outline of your partnor’s paragraph in the opace below. Outline Topic: How to Improve Your Memory Topic Sentence Supporting idea 1 A R Supporting Idea 2 A B. Supporting Idea 3 A B. ‘Step 3: Compare your outline with the outline that your partner completed on page 97. ‘Step 4: The two outlines should be similar. f they aren't, discuss how they differ. G | Draft 2. Write a second draft of your paragraph. Use what you learned from the peer evaluation activity, and your answers to exercise E. Make any other necessary changes. H | Editing Practice. Read the information in the box. Then find and correct one by + gerund mistake in cach of the sentences (1-4. ‘ ‘When you look for mistakes with by + gerund, ramember to: * use the -ing form of the verb ‘= use a comma when the by + gerund form appears at the beginning of a sentence. 4. You can’t remember all of the information by just listen to a lecture. 2, By take notes while you listen, you can remember information better. 3. By doing a motor activity while you listen you can improve your memory. { 4, By write a summary of your notes after a lecture, you will remember the information more easily. MEMORY AND LEARNING | 99| | | Editing Checklist. Use the checklist to find errors in your second craft. A Editing Checklist Yes No. | 4. Areall the words spelled correctly? | Is tho frst word of avery sentence napitalized? (D0es every sentence end with the correct punctuation? Do your subjects and verbs agree? Aro the verb tenses correct? aan BD Did you use by + gerund correctiy’? J. | Final Draft, Now use your Editing Checklist to write a third draft of your paragraph, Mako any other necessary changes. pn ~ oe UNIT QUIZ 1, We create memones when connections happert in the bralir's called neurons. 2, When you try to remember the name of someone you've just mel, you use your memory. 2. Asspecial way of doing somathing is callad a(n) 44. Visualizing things arranged in an imagined space is called the 5 Taking a pichwra to remamher samanna is an exampla of memory 6. The underlined part of the sentance helow shows the cause / effect. Recanse they learned a rhyme, the students weré able to semember a new grammar rule, 7, ROY G BIVis.a type of mnemonic Called afr) 8. The brain creates and stores memories while we are asleep. 100) units