BGN163
SITE SURVEYING II
CHAPTER 2:
TRAVERSE SURVEYING
LECTURE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE
SURVEYING
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
TRAVERSE CALCULATION
BOOKING
DATA PROCESSING
PLOTTING
ERRORS IN TRAVERSING
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE SURVEYING
• Traversing is a method of control survey to establish
control points. A traverse must start with control station
which is known station (known coordinate). It is a
method of transferring coordinates.
• Definition Traverse – a series of points (stations), each
one intervisible with its adjacent points. The lines
joining these stations are the traverse lines, consists of
the measurement of angles (bearing) and length
(distance) of each line.
A closed
traverse A traverse between
known points
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Types of traverse:
1. Open traverse
– Begin with known point and end with unknown point
– Cannot checked and adjusted
– Useful when the survey is a long narrow strip
2. Close traverse
– Begins and ends on the same point or begin with
known point and ending to another known point.
– Can checked and adjusted
– Traverse which complete cycle is made.
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Open Traverse
1
coordinates
X= 1000m 3
Y= 1000m n
Station 1 is known point (coordinate)
and station n is unknown point.
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Close Traverse
1 coordinates
B X= 1000m
N coordinates
1 Y= 1000m X= 1400m
Y= 900m
3
n
A
C
2
A coordinates
X= 1000m
Y= 1000m 4
D
Station 1 and n is known point (coordinate)
INTRODUCTION TO TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Purpose of traverse
• Surveying details
– A traverse network of survey line and ground
marks provides control points which can be
accurately plotted in a map or plan
• Setting out
– To position of road, building or other new
construction.
– Pegs can then be set out on the ground from the
traverse to define the position of design points
(road, building, etc.)
• Property survey to establish boundaries.
• Ground control surveys for mapping purposes.
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
Measurement in traverse:
i. Angle measurement (bearing)
ii. Linear measurement (distance)
Instrument used for traverse:
i. Total station
ii. Prism (reflector)
iii. Tripod
iv. Prism pole
Prism
Total Station Tripod Prism Pole
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
1. Reconnaissance Survey
2. Station Marking
3. Observation, Measurement & Booking
4. Data Processing & Observation Checking
5. Plotting
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
1. Reconnaissance Survey
Is a process to get general view (picture) of the site. Carried out to
determine and selection of suitable station points.
The criteria for selection of station points:-
– Use “whole to part “ principle.
– Aiming for good visibility between stations and bearing in
mind any subsequent setting out. The station must be
available to observe all the detail surrounding.
– The number of station must be minimize but cover all the
survey site.
– The distance between station must be far (more than 30 m)
and same as other traverse line.
– Avoid the sight line to close with earth surface.
– Station must be at the stable surface.
– Try to avoid any disturbance such as tree, building etc.
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
“Whole to part” Principle
Pkt 1 Pkt 2
L1 L2 L3
Pkt 6 Pkt 3
Pkt 4
Pkt 5
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
“Whole to part” Principle
• According to this principle, it is always desirable
to carryout survey work from whole to part. This
means, when an area is to be surveyed, first a
system of control points is to be established
covering the whole area with very high precision.
Then minor details are located by less precise
methods.
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
2. Station Marking
The station can be mark when the station criteria had
been full fill. The common station marking are wood peg
and nails. The selection of the station marking depend
on the site condition.
• If the survey works on the road, the suitable marking
is nails.
• If the survey works in the forest or construction site,
the wood peg is the best used as station marking.
• For permanent marking, the station can be in
concrete.
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
3. Observation, Measurement & Booking
There are two types of observation & measurement in traverse:-
Bearing – measure angle from the north in clockwise
direction
Distance – measure distance of the traverse
The observation begin with back station to front station.
The observation must be done in face left and right.
The suitable observing sequence being:
(1) Set bearing back station, face left.
(2) Observe fore station, face left.
(3) Set bearing back station, face right.
(4) Observe fore station, face right.
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
a First, read back
station, a with face left
N
c
Second, turn total station to b and
read front station with face left
b
C= instrument setup
a Third, turn the instrument back to a,
read back station with face right
N
c Forth, turn total station to b and
read front station with face right
b
C= instrument setup
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
Booking
TRAVERSING PROCEDURE
4. Data Processing
• Site calculation
– Mean bearing
– Correction using bearing comparison method
– Final bearing & final distance
• Office calculation
– Latitude & departure
– Linear misclosure
– Adjusted latitude & adjusted departure
– Final coordinates.
DATA PROCESSING
Observation Checking
There are three types of checking bearing and angle:-
1. Total internal and external angle
Σ (Internal Angle) = [2n-4] 90º
Σ (external Angle) = [2n+4] 90º n = total number of stations.
2. Bearing comparison
The last bearing is compare with the establish or known bearing value.
Example:
Line AB read as 29º 29’ 21”
Suppose read as 29º 29’ 29”
Angle misclosure – 8” in 4 station a, b, c and d.
Adjustment +2” per station.
3. Cross-bearing
The checking was done by observation to the other reference station
and compare the difference
DATA PROCESSING
SPECIFICATION AND ACCURACY
Linear Misclosure that recommended by Department Survey and
Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM)
TYPE ACCURACY PURPOSE ANGLE DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT
Geodetic 1 : 50000 1. Main horizontal control for Total station 1. EDM
above large area mapping. 0.1”
2. Accuracy reference for
engineering survey.
General 1 : 5000 1. Engineering survey such as Total station 1. EDM
to setting out and site traverse. 0.1” 2. Steel Tape
1:50000 2. Secondary control for large or 20” 3. Substance
area survey. method
Low 1: 500 1. Detail survey in small scale. Total station 1. Synthetic
Accuracy to 2. Detail survey in large scale. 20” tape
1 : 5000 [Link] survey or 1’ 2. Chainage
3. Stadia
tachometry
TRAVERSE PROCEDURE
5. Plotting
• Plotting is a process to produce output
product of traversing; map or plan.
• By using final coordinates data or final
bearing and final distance.
• plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they
can take the form of a digital file.
PLOTTING
Traverse plan
PLOTTING
Criteria and element of traverse plan
• Criteria
– Scale
– Accuracy
• Elements of a detail Plan
– Border
– Title Block
– Location Plan
– Scale
– Control Grid
– North Arrow
– Key (legend)
– Names
– Amendment
PLOTTING
Field sketch
Tree House
H1
T1
H2
H3
R5 R4 R3
R2 R1
Observation
Station
4
Reference station
PLOTTING
Border Line Grid Line Title Block No Pelan: UiTM/Arau/2007/SUG111/01
Pelan Ukur Kejuruteraan untuk
Kawasan Meletak Kereta di
perkarangan Bangunan
Hal Ehwal Akademik (HEA)
Nota:
Semua aras laras adalah berdasarkan
kepada nilai SBM yang bernilai 34.978m.
Kontur aras adalah bersela 0.5m
Key/legend
Petunjuk:
Disemak oleh: Tarikh :
Diluluskan oleh: Tarikh :
Diukur oleh: Tarikh :
ERRORS IN TRAVERSE SURVEYING
• Instrumental error
• Personal error
• Natural error
ERRORS IN TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Instrument error
• No Permanent Adjustment
• Minimized
– Do Permanent Adjustment
– Multiple observations ( Face left /face
right)
– Repetition
ERRORS IN TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Personal Error
• Error of Manipulation
– Inaccurate centering
– Inaccurate levelling
– Non – elimination of parallax
– Slip
• Error of Observation
– Inaccurate bisecting signal
– Non vertical signal
– Displacement of pegs / signal
– Wrong Reading & Booking
ERRORS IN TRAVERSE SURVEYING
Natural Error
• Wind
• High temperature
• Haze
ERRORS IN TRAVERSE SURVEYING
The source of errors during
observation are:
Theodolite is not perpendicular to the
station
Theodolite is not level during
observation
Wrong handling theodolite and tripod
Parallax
Effect from curvature and refraction
Error in reading or booking
