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Traveler S Key To Egypt John Anthony West

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Dharani Dharendra Das
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510 views250 pages

Traveler S Key To Egypt John Anthony West

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Uploaded by

Dharani Dharendra Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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tT | ie a | naar, IAs IENT ae” ——— THE TRAVELER’S KEY TO. ANCIENT EGYPT is a new kind of guidebook. It concentrates upon the inner meaning of the sacred art and architee- ture of Ancient Egypt as it is revealed in symbolism, harmony, measure, and proportion. At the same time, it is the only guide to present an overview of the currents of scholarship that make up modern Egyptology, including all the major theories on the origin and purpose of the pyramids, and on such controversial figures as the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten and the great queen Hatshepsut, as well as detailed explanations of the extraordinary funerary texts carved and painted in the Egyptian tombs. The Traveler’s Key to Ancient Egypt is both a practical guide and an essential companion for the modern pilgrim, and a stimulating introduction for anyone contemplating the journey. ~ Alfred A. Knopf, Publisher, New York Cover photograph by Marcia Keegan Cover design by Gun Larson a JOHN ANTHONY WEST ‘Abr A Koop New York 1085 # oon 3 3 : fi 3 c BSf S2EE 5 28 hy seamen 208 10 ia 12 CAIRO atuseuMt 206 M3 Bessie ie as idle Kingdom au ‘New kingdom 23 ua Aienaten ae 13 Tatanktamon a0 15 heen Hetapezes 20 ther Siero the Cis Mateo 0 ‘TheFuneary Boss ie 13 SHDDLE EGYFT AND AKINETATEN 2 ‘The Manabi Fils and Other Tombs 1 ent Haman, m8 Spins Artemios 2 6 cazac Tue cnear spun, HP Ashmont Br ANDTHE VALLEY TEMPLE 126 Aetaten (el e-Amarna) 2 Pyne! Se and Construction 137 ‘The Ride ofthe Sphinn 138 1 LUXOR/THEMES RAST BANK 26 ‘The Temple a he Spins 18 Karak au ‘The Valley Tempe of Chephnen 18, The Temeleof Lie co ‘ew of the Spin rom he Causeway i Lrer aueeun ca ‘The Hay Kingdom Mastabas Ss Memems 9 pansion ‘The (Norther) Rel Pyramid ‘The (Southern) Ben Byram 10 ABUSER AND ABU GURAB ‘The Sun Temple of Newser ‘The Pram Aba 15 LUXON/THENES WEST BANK The Valley ofthe Kings Punerary Teste ‘The fone What Issn the Dust ‘The Hook of the Cates ‘The Hook of the Cavers ‘The ook af Day athe Book of Night The Litany of Re ‘The ook 9 the Dine Cow ‘The Beak of Aker ‘The Tomb of the Kinge Tato mentee Noemie ‘Tutankhamen Sei Ramesses i Ramesses Vt The Tomb ofthe Noble Loner Encore Kerner User, Royal Sere Ramowe Nate rere, Fis Propet Rekhmire Erunaeh ‘mene Sgeeeg The Tmo the Nols Up Encl ES a Nee = inne he Tel of ames s Heres The Tomo ues Relea ee = ckdepeons urxanoia x Sy iGo & Py The chscasieartom a a Beas atthe a Tae Aron 1. Dyan and King of Ande Boat of the Yeo he = or “ Erie = Avpendix 2 Further Reading we j 4q Arent 3. Glory: Egle, ' Da baat oa ‘enna Toa 2 afoot oa one i The Renae Aven: 4. Teel To a | tmx m Medinet Hab aE ‘her Temple ct taneses it a he Mortuary Tempe of ei 1 ‘Doce dey 1 a ‘The Tombet Sennen Pe a’ of Menno = 16 amos a “De Trp of One a \ The Oa 3 ‘ ‘The Temple of Ramses = 17 DENDERA 58 ‘The Tepe of Hater es Is esx fe “The Temple of Khun is wre Se The Temple of Hors ae 2 Kom oxo yf ‘The Tope of Sb ad Hace a at aswan ‘The United Obelisk a ‘he Rok Tmt — “ Pa The Temple fa a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people give generously of th ne and ff a cing this by no meats worm project Fis ‘us hank Tine Lippe, may ltr at Aro Knog, ‘ho recognized the vaya he Traveler's Rey cance {i ded rough may sho ad laces tat ac of puieaton: Her deeaon to the pc, sn thre all her painee, were exemplary. A moat sul ‘kt due the Exypian Sate Ofte fIormatcn a Pe the means for caring ut research tat wuld ters have ben pou and to he Efypan’ Min ‘nt of Antiquities for wacously waning perms for sty and phaography. My gen photographers. Dag ‘Benjamin ad. on an carter tp, Cordon Canes, bth ‘erking under dial ceumsancs ith ins techn ‘means at thei dpa acute themes amir by. My rend, Ment Beesie, spp oer Ley pate My thanks ese Lamy fr perme ose be etc Joly rendered ine dango much ht wo ot th IAS de Later iy ten at leg, one nay ta og and hard a on eo Se nny ma andre thigh fc in ‘ny Caar Kramer werk lew tout er ‘ram, Delrah Formas conta weal be difeat ‘cine to mea: aly tha ths a ‘Seifert fan een hae oe ene ‘Sone tay pron age with fr Uy reise Shrub ath hae ste ste Fretigour ond hecen craton of acm Exp Sse mae yan modes ogi INTRODUCTION Scare iceeereaicee Shier In the ewentytve centre spaaing Herodrus frm ‘rice othing Pas happened admins reve ul iy men "Taye ca yt the mon, we can staxe bares fll, formation on gle ase chip. we ean lw up the ‘ath atte touch c's ten, Huts Cold ot bad (Great Pyramid a Temple of Lxie—or het are ‘suilene—even we waned to Recendy team aps ‘stucemgincers wae a eperment to erect a mii jan 35 fet (1 m) high unig what ey Dred were {len mets a quarrying, tans ad entation. ‘The experiment fale Moder techno anced no Ins the ph. ven tat pened unequal othe task. The pet wat shandoned, demand and orate Ancient Egypt gave dhe ints co dhe sence dat han ‘come ately: Kwa he rst ofthe van ce Sle fo eemrts fen une he ote 6 eas {ora andiremtne the mot spectaca, ‘her anclent races bul upon comparable sale, but ‘nae work have len ey bth ne and a.m NDE ‘he matchless cma, he eae fred tom oles ‘epee ponder al perhaps mest important, te preset “Stve quay the dang sand heel ele ep et ‘nowt ghtous achivements intact sme ears so well ‘hata but hte imaginaton te conor pte rsa ints piste tate In Ee thes ancient tones speak with onan, lear voice Bett ws mia ts thOk they spake ‘entedentuy language. To uderstand de stones of Feypt we must ten stenive ad we mus yt ca {sete apt af the past ve nen tough moder Sas ‘Sel inept, we tut, ough ur rodern one Ts the spt andthe meaning nado o this cal facta tne concern un ete. Te rt ned reac ‘tre prduced aay. aap ae edhe wl ra ‘on Alodern sears reyard ths preoccupation with ern set of thea ae shnoged sed seein theft mastery of bug cee nd ital ec carn. he mapms ‘iperiveapaers and emer at hee ae Str aspect of scent kup ht ne kos ea ‘This Know, ewer twa wre dwn, war hover ate pie Fy emit be dete form he mon ‘ent themes where wan ptt wrk propeton, ‘Ror an army, acne we aed : Thin dein i not mer poccaly fu, echneal tue Tae tlc ant Pam ot Egpicae symphonies in sane. The power i tend cles they rade pon a the de eu of he ‘recsn of terme a propor, na 2 ach ‘Shae he det eu fa parca sce of ee faite Remsen ‘The Known tht ected the sacred art of Fagg ‘othe sae Kind of Koi at own, a Kear ‘Serent uncon The tomes of Ean ae ot es a Inte ar nse thy se meat ork tna sty 0 uumnate Ad 0 they deve rls, thousand of yas late ‘hota te myo and sm of ayp a sen sodimpaneable thos te raced ers wes {© dead ange tough we maya hen, ‘lpi ad npc beet dame speed thse dhe aces of Suara or Karnak te pr ‘Shu artes ow are th ge Fo tan {tales hae comeback Bom Egy ning ot ‘Nek could to pore theses thy ha Sse, Tot, the mist of bur aiinced.echclogeal see pt toe awsome Phraya cae than word of capri eee ‘andy beat tne knw embod in hese ruins ‘sve ifn am cu own: bese Ib neve so ‘iden al never exp ee easeee a a ‘Sry Here oe oth srsnget arto of wo crn . ‘Of all ane czas, none has bequeathed mrs wealth earchtetrl stn sls me {thud terry evidence tthe same ne noe ‘to many aes o ees open ma cea Suen Cerny era ons ool ese ot Set etumioa ‘Weng eck i OO? tn independent pyramid re seach, Latte McCay, compat hat he lane ‘vo mater oa the Great Prem son was ead ‘Sao atthe mtr rpean ome a age ‘Ser To nel trough Faye unaware the pte ‘Sic apron tepid two rade Sever San ot oath te ioc se igraceement chun jo ate nt expen the ed des mt mmemyou man be spved sine heopeind ero ‘Hie Sorent el ew el ls ae onan fe Sten snd vena, tough the attr no never (re trae el ih {Spy ena by on, wen be nent ‘Eetma sos and concerto a hy appt ie ot ‘Sgueoe,Withth denc nen oon yu lta ‘ied poson oe arth rr ad judg, Seng {fry wo maybe win wrong ae more ‘Sulenping way tos Egy tan sea psn mtn tutus red by sen apes sso deme geen they rena far bond the cries of ‘SiS oitray in eltevone they ae werd {tet proper cone csc eoeprry rao nd po ay a en ekg pound efi up ea cari very ang on ied: psn bent ‘Sorc tenn I thee were yp no ‘anova n n omlgepatverf he aiy ‘ipa ar xe ru he etc sey pede we safe te sae, METHOD AND PORMAT “The materi fr this bok grows out of many year r= ‘arc in th othe and unetbodx areas of sce “nf'der selene elon, al pip. The format ‘SS cen deve ater many spe to yp pale and ec tee Ieeprsets a tempt to make up what wee ft te shorcomings inte bods normaly vale, par iy wh raed to epi apd undeatanding othe ‘Wie no bk can subst for alive ule apd eater sro can explain and anwer quetns onthe st, The ‘raclr'sheytouches upon ae aes fon al cone ; su _trrmopverion __ Senenmmemerraad Beene ees ae er ry Trecsngy ey ww tenia sod fase eee ono ee ee iene ere pe le emf Stee Se eeee tee nae Lag, neers Seeheaemnatra mares, et ei Silas eerste a Se py Sosa fF Soest olen (Sige el ices See Sa ed een eee oe ea Sieur meets atceeaane ree fetes eee? Store eon eesti cece eeeecoecee eee caro ee eS elites sia erect oes ee wear meercte a teeta, ane emit ne ar) sere ns as aa er a ee be ee ee ie aieeee eee reser Sogcuee cera s eee rae meso tnn ater oes Soe Ge pe alr rte eat nT ies name eer cece ‘te tapetgtepatntoma™ sk BS ANCIENT EGYPT HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ARCUAIC AND PREDNASTIC PERIODS ineronr aso ne) ‘Noone sure who te ace Rayne wee where Se ty tee A a nm {telnet ut yp art te Sse (Site "Thevas tale Mle expan of he Saha ‘Beta wes pon saa at cen an 18.08 Getwcen {5010 sod 10400 re eyo as sce so anteminel iamber sf hope os of nko ‘Sham Oxo elu bet th was corny of ‘eae lm cnn oc oY ‘date Lat os Age Tse bower apes Strip sina, ne hes quae segs oP {lsupa the chap teary atthe ea {SS nunca ee They be ee aaa ares enled Sees ihe af as he ema he eeary © sp anus th cone fA ad "hun he Tmace he mle a he Ae ot ol hte cna that Hay was ld wnt und ue 10000 82 A ou tte So etalk age deve you canta 00 {ied fabs seater veh ‘dhe in matr ce, he Sars Desert now 0c el he fag en oer saan ‘ta reduced te scodinvory coehe ne fie * \ a ee ‘tay ang, ey nao sep omens ere and fetching some 60 nls (0m) sng the Nie Rvs, Eoning ove at what now Ca, te broad las there Tc habe at typ keds a ey ite eo sa nag mr ee sth payed ssn pr elon yen fete thm vary eines ta oe {iy imate was snort ls id thew ped Ile bot wl nt and pres itary sna {esac ty. inumer of aperenty cre Nese cutars fi lowe rca ay nanes to ting thes ca {trey fom each te ng the ames eer prong the scanty emaa—Botaran han, Go ean. But there ery ite dat would feat Sure thee orev pode ats Tole avis hye sana rag potry“They ae had ated {anand domestica nie, de eof eset ‘he tum ote nian the ae supa {Mecano tery. incode sec howl be gan Unituatly to many af hve are pea ost ‘nv fou ht ay ote Eyal no muss ee tho aren he wer nd ore oom cere ‘cir ef he oy reporter The Cal Mr Sum bas smal reeset calcio, Howey. ‘thding the fanmur"Narmer pee The acer ‘cepted chyna places th fain he uth le ‘ery Me od enece ors chabenge by eer ‘ie star and ears at ae hon of se five cme up wh onconve argument for sche dae = fged bythe ges) es Wh bpd [Re und ner and tute Egypt aed se nmr ton te craton at hen ra ag trace ne {oro tha the thosand year ee ek ma te many he rr sytney Th, prac of din Eyptan kings fot dosti ae an nea em ‘Etian or rece pin histran Manco’ Gd ces ‘RgTk nh uth ty rien ‘tine hems iden op annals. eine ab (ead apranes have ee ound atl are cee "Thr ar sho dncrepacis between the chrono sup- chee eats frapmenarysearces swell a Manet ihn a mach pate ania fr Ea than ta slowed ty pegs Al clam tat ble Egypt was led ne Mens Egypt dbo ud er any rosa en ety he never geen head of Year more by “The Companions of Morus" I Pato Tr Inara Slo quotes the yan pest whe eae the A Lins iged dss tans tht Eye area ‘hn any haan ers dada te story wa {Sw Never, oever cuenta eel ma ae ‘wen in tow ate Kango and ume day modern ‘haus he yt ome concrete dence to upper an Sot of nor an sei these leery mle th tothe Eatin imation As we ae though Fy we shal be coming sre noma partie, nena aoe et rape een erence p> Pot abovate chrono ARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD (905-2578 nc) eho besinnings of mast Egypt tots ery ue don Faye ito Upper south) and Laer {fe ware ing savage ar ay Ini scholars baie tat the rn vison ‘seen neato wa rly hurl dpa Mae ay Sage Py contd “Thee ah ae echo the pharaohs used a number tides and names {utimaely, fv) Ic becomes diet Keni the Kings sf thee eles antes because of the frgmemsy he {are a the evience. No early King hs hen foun nae Menes, but ts hought ths may be anes te names ot ing Ana whose tomb i the east oun a Seager, ‘oval burial ty daring these yar Some achlarse nt hink Mees a hitreal gure at all Ifthe Crock "Mees derived from the Eeypean ment woul ean “Eater ad mou not tecssary reer oan ead ‘nal ato ce the Yer bean hon Expt are ‘set wih posiems, mysteries an dngeements oan ‘cilantro tin ight ae ean thee an to co he ae te ‘lens i ener way Ihe uncertaesa ‘Sewer oh da ate met jerowahy aon Epps Sr Aan Cainer ‘opin in Ent ofthe Pharash Rent enn ce ete ae in ptt ne ust dom he uur pene ‘iceman, (oiaicheralerag an eae leaner degen oF ot te trmatan wch ges Ree es ‘sig tas eho ee ‘Sei ad ue ae a ‘Soe fo de ars ey kc eh yd etn ea me tn |S Alan shen gous on berate he Hayao the are face vgn. and lack f cancer fo Us impart Aioets of czaioa teh othe scaly mi ate — To nl he very lat tages ogy n Macedonian an Pema nes (begining 302), hat sme fvembting our frm of sty exis, Eqipin history fc i ha bon den om ier that Inecming sknowtedged stun rather than Inet For er eth ls ipa a abing the unpeeled eer the at etait Aas, whe athe iertue intended for the speci, thor ere sentence that not hoged bat wh ‘tna and quale by teat ote The wise Inurat stn ned ofa word ex, "The glrow rt and rcheture of nen Egypt are i oct {nat what the alent Epa ere tre In nd thse facts speak to si ha speci mag an [ag of hgh ar When comes to Eytan Hey tke Iiteeeinfermaton you say be gen was pinch fat Ah Keep an open mind wo cfc of opin, Beyond easnable certainty fhe secon athe ng, ery Me ‘hethar passes fr Hay ary ac "Te fra back ve go, the tte fagmentary the ev dence Un very rece, thy otto and unto ‘har dared pan canopy, to mach an eter tat {% mach as fiteen hundred yeas Separated exits for the te of unieaton of he fwoKingdms The presently treetops date o 2000 ne bet pore aed te ‘tw Payptin clan difre so desmatcal fm the eh pected thatthe devepments seem inpesle {eaccoutt or wathn thew art conus date bythe hrnaogy Every sche who as eet sued Egypt as ite scknoicdgs tint Unt corpus of Keele was tiracuiuny complete athe beginning tke. Athen ‘pinging flown rm the head of Zeus The ees {E'temaae show no cadence of wring. pet hee toe ero speared, hey don Comp nm sel o- een As stars ave preset tudes nae lous spect af Egypt im ear cae te thread pes ck to the cates peony vecrded and then abropdy Jat. Mashematis mec astronomy ye, stalm the labrate pantheon of po and odes te complex {exis The Bok ofthe Ded allapea suddenly On Iivarctctre and in the artiste seo rendering the Neto and reels poue to detect hate woul eal progres devant ven bere the anon of Propuron snd yeomeiccomierton ht would cate {heat wont slo dictated te caer “his resents areal quandary br moder scolar. x tempat he oar etre sal sag othe Ey } e 4__misromea ovexvuew Dynastic Penal thew uleementa rely were made, ‘presents a fowering of human genio that ter (ot precsent or eal. Cmpared othe aun ow feng of Greve ts nga even te nee of arn ‘tence andchnaogy quale but ge dere pment fa few hoy screen, andthe development ‘sy tec ack Some scr argu tert tt ‘cepted chronology incorrect sn tha much mote ine ‘ti a eth eat dt ne cn thers o Egy Others say tat the Exypea scout tae own pedi antiguty shoul tebe summary “lamas agen “The king othe Eat Dymste Perl bu ge tombe for themes out of muck pater ver wiped tcc, Ths scree bow cae “rasa er Ara wor for "bench’—tr whet the ruined tombe ‘rere with san thou they preset sa tat a peante Arab bench The mastaas f Sagres ‘trang neat oa ad he tombe re mars {ure but me Mental They range fo 180 to 250 fe {46-76 m) log. tl eon of conta baal carer ‘unde by chars fo tne tring. “Though muck te suring drable sn dhe dey ‘yp cima the superstructure fhe mabe are tured Bu rom what emai a fom te rear shy welipeserved errand porns arches ‘nie ben able o make deed dang oth masa ‘ter ral codon Al ere pane a ecssted i omar dengs, Bu there cree of nip Moonee ‘While everthing a value otheves ha lng snc ben eso entre chr ead e+ ‘etchy tut provocative ptr ofthese ely dy, ‘Tae tombs dled many capper object and to ati rmenoe quay of wonderfully worked stn vewel some ‘them made rom the harden known There se ‘a esse with bulbous bodes and lng ender neck. ‘The boy hae been hallowed ou Ieoving nto thin ell To dt setae hve been ua to cere ceo ol ued to eat theses se masa also pofuced + number of fragmented ‘ables nd anes flay a seals tating tht prov ‘unc. Shlars have bet ale enti te ing fr te bute nthe tombe and to deduce ane ‘Etunt of aermacon about the ate of Feypan ean: ‘Some the peed "The matabasthemaches ere thovght w be modeled spin mat a hein pd we tte, nue deri dos an pasageany hich he acted it cou dee wih Ova heir fncsure wal boat shaped pts wee dog which ogy ‘kd wooden iat he ys opresenton the sym Tne ef that wo take esol rp oh dead ng ‘ott ulate dent te oy. msromeat overview _¢ 1m same cates the eran of he King were bre in sma maaan ote he enn le = dey {nthe bl tt thy wo ones nh sence tg tue They wre cram burl ate sae tie ‘har masters, bu tae x might te tupeneIal roby, Ge death wae tl ita ae psa ‘cepted valunary aa ty requed by therm es lopment queen LS Eds The Pe uP eat eee hf he per {SUE ar mers sina Sloth dered pre tat devope when se ‘esl rats ae owed trough Wee eee “othe mote einai thee oy one tae that a tone here allen pa an any {0 the universe boyond what we deci Soto aa practce Invi the sears he ing wih hn cee tb fava rot But when thi Me ewes mee a temporal page an the remnant thd ‘orate ators “ified wo {hate nadir ening King of Ep intecolar terms a snlte nrc et ea ‘Som epee nde a, he nese tate of ipods hereon earth, Wher ie knee Raped te, Rn peal ence dl eth i nat {evel theta ne ys ger and ‘re Geren aim: hae no son frat ap ow da the servers oul be Dar lie tae Furey pathetic ono pots mas pregunta ene Hlorment Sod tebe ate Servs cone {0 Zrve the hn nthe er nk fo fs uae nr eae hth dnce Hower exe fe {her alowed he evant cosbare in boking weed sie Tier mth tombe at Tek nl Sed ye {et mul version he practic that wae yen ‘Sty ima den ance ge el bon {turd hen okie no te curso pe Mog thera Egyptans knew how work ett tt ee on en ed the ies as» bang mater sce pe 1 place ich oe oneway cfne econo we one rbd ses tem rm the tled Dynasty 2640-2575), and wa fled i Suited’ to tulabor ete tans na doe ‘ullings eer bull™the merry ‘imple of King Zoer (26002611 ne) ac Sars ito dri Zones reign that ihe lege motep Aorta renowned nis dy asa reat rhe, date lig ret andastoeomer. the pete mana ces ‘eget Ir late mes Imre dee ay the == Tey lean ds Uherefre jut pow that te tnae’s tomb) may et come ge ‘Architecturally and att cally, the Sagara complex fea ‘rodigo achievement—ab ele fan an clean nine an ‘hing the Grek ould de two hand years late and dis aying «perfec of raf tat cence th fut cents of practice Yt arhtectural there not Soper to have Been an precedents. As ah anaogy, we ‘ity that arg aetesre of wth Sagat ke ‘ating autre f wi che 1084 Force. From the pat of view fat hry. Sagara sla e- teresting hat unter lhl at oe, Siferms used the mud rch matabar whic tem Seiesransatd ferme dated by won, wt nd pny fncootreton, Many ofthese ears were cred ot Defcon at Sagara and subsequent abandoned, ie ‘ther eatures were rtaned an spear conser forthe ‘ext thee thousand yeu rom or pen oe, Ep tan arehtecture abd at has seriou defect seme tf repettivenns hat it conver: partly when encour {ered on superior! When sted n depth ow fer the sims between one temple at anether Sinapear nthe ace of he ferences Sagara dows et ‘aly im any eae for sachet thee nod "ey ken Egy cr anywhere ele one sf bythe King with reativly share relgan and about whom not much iknow One. Se: enki apparent funerary complex cl ‘embling Zve’s to de nsmediate sou and wet the teat ening wal but ths awa ulseale exeseaton Goede Sages gto OLD KivGDOM (2575-2150 ne) ‘The 1th Dynasty tere in he Ot Kingdom —the age of the eat pyrami To the dimay of the sora twee i know about the nar fdhese umes than of ‘hone preceding tem thou de monuments te lt be hi are te migiest and mot endaring ever bal by Iman Inthe deopen sense thar of factual hte Formation sof a consequence We know ite more about Shakespeare than we do about King Choops (Kf Eypaan), bur of the Gro Pyramil Yet we do mot ‘ect bow ahs oh spite “Though almost no strc inormaton exists on the pam bllders, thet renown Was kept lve Teens We sre for te Gree heron Herds th ontry Cy eeprs an thee Scholar do nt ksow how much {cv ttn these ale a es impase w know jst thw fr Hero penetrate into the undoubted meets tae Eaypian preuhood At ime, Hero ites Sealy cathe cat and wl ot reveal what he knows, {theres be sera to ave ud a sours te Late seis, unaticlLel Far whatever my be woth he later Egypans 6 red Str, et ruler of the Vth Dyas. a8 {ing Snetra tat bth he Bent apd he Red pyramid of ua ay have been party o argely response ‘ce the“claped” pyar esto, works wich ake ‘ogee, eclipse ever the Great Pram of Cheops mage hte: On the oer hand, Meroe reports tat Cheops as famed ran: Cheops forced hs daughter © prow "tte eral and turn the proceeds ver toh Tn revenge ‘coedng the tory, she exacted om each cent sone nd'wten te ume came ake had er own smal pyramid nll die in font ae Great Pranid, Athens fran ase ths small rar as oer one bude’ ‘howmatd stones nea of which weigh over aton. The lope probleme tach w payment to may nothing of "oragepabims occurred Herts, ad Iter stor {nv are Srey win theres missing hs abr ut hand erode aecouts are sje o period revaluation In the ight of mew Egypt developments or new ie \eepeutons The general end ito accept ore rather than es fis clams But ster uly dat ane isd real ight on Sef and Cheap, Chephren ae Nyce alder te ether tr pyran the ak fseas The prams thes but ae devld of tscpcons The attabtins have ben made largely onthe ba af he surrounding pram complexes which repeately ret co those Kings But there very he det eridence inking thom the pyran themseies and flow dibard inde nt eseurers pert in chllengng de buon ‘ine eler and wance mdm Edger Cee date te thang f dhe prams round 10.000 andthe the {i organtzan deveted to ropa he work a eas sill dow nt acep the confit oe sy. ‘minor. Cetin sls suc a he making of inl ees, ‘ead levels tat bare on de supernatural Later 9 ‘asus ctl produce it madre ests an mae ‘he knowledge dear entre ‘spt our lek of cua or torical dats, the rad achtecture of the Tih Dynal ree In nonce terms: ie ine ie ofthe acetone ‘At miro the pint of sage Ther sa hat ou ‘€context wth tag. The ato toy el us tha Ned ‘eal Europe mas bie, vale unary, an cen te. This satay ue the went Cathe cathode Sandasatesament os rtound religous and oer ‘eres existing atthe sume ten. So whe. Egypt, we come wpm a that at oe supremely atom tse and luton, tha even now ih ue and fewed by members of «ttl aen nec ker Ou ‘eat aay, we may be ein hts o secon nd that wehae entre into the peo tea poded bs ‘By inference we ean tl hat the Vth Dynasty wa ape ot onder tty Bling acy ac ag fade could not uke pace under chaoe condone Inde scholrs postu beahdown in Egyptian mc ‘move by the otra ack of bung thay et tence ‘A ofthe grat pride were ba ring the Ih Dy yt, ad poy the by Sti the Geet Pyar by hs sucsesor Chaps (khul). the second pr of the laa platen by Chepen (Egyptian. Kha), the tly demalshed pram of Av Rom by Raj, nf ‘aly the hd af the Cie to by Norma (Egan Meare): The pyramid of Rael art 1 res {GT an tthe nah of Gia. may ot have Ben he, ted ser to have een dlrs a oro di ‘mand eating some scolar 0 pst neal Pl alton af some set Buta sua here no a7 of leet evidence "The apafent stably ofthe Kingdom continued on anaes oh ) Su e Age wasnt The Vth Dyn Kings ba pram for thomsees but ual ferent and inert ode The ‘onstruction eas reatiely speaking. qule hoy and these ih Dysty pyramid ae te mtr tha hesp of twa Gen te intense an enduring aes act St Feo, seme i rpg tt a a a uring he 1th Dyoaty, the oa amy and high of ‘ale were ured ip inpresave marabas taco tthe rae ofthe ling These contained the ies and po ‘Bn o the deceased but were eerie largely beret of seoasona ‘Under the ih Dynasty, deserving noble and offical = ‘quired she ight to far more pres funeray then The pace of deca toms oriated in ‘ts Dyna he eabeate texts mere carved it the bu lal chambers fhe King in mpecele Meroe On the Wala the tbs of princes and high fuecmaries were ined thse sened but bt scenes of daly Me at ive become saonymous with Espn atte deceased Iva peda ane o ate a nied reget a ‘imal genes andthe anima workers and scenes of ‘ere ar, an rata ete fa more relly ‘Ware ot or dhese scenes and mar senes rom he ‘one a Midland New King provenance, he daly Meet the ancient Eaypins wuld best niga, ae Sime tsaccomplstment ad eres inpenetaie opt at many questions regarding hem sl remain eanrwered "Fe Pym Testy he texts carved it the wal f the ‘ha th Dray esas pie ws wth or rst Sinden mgr ght he natare o Eypta gon They ae compton of etme compostions ‘ehupe meat iota ud by oan pss the vera t o speal enenee ete decered, ot be ale re bythe he oot bth, "Noone nom when teu txts were composed, but none ube har sted he ses ta forthe oat pat ‘Roya om much eer mea Ae aay eve Sih Egy nahin st eexcept er te pression Tine by artandiachcturs=ie ample o sso okt Scae dont pen Eww te arte tonne {bumncnbe reat One tomb hey do ot spear tbe “ered anv ar oon lk for tema res 9 ‘hermes come op wis un conser ‘ery sat. "Toda ot ets ony prt of th rote een went tt meaning The hae nua he Sid Tens extremly omprenes Maye he word re Sn wih te ig aed “eermanate whch in Ticnayptin, male Gear wot meaning toa be Signet words wren Mena Tis esa the ohms hat might abe Enh bomen to meat {sof ten" ite urundng conten we uncer t ‘mary naan etre wuld ot be tle to deciber Aa Pam Tene as were xr much ates New Kingdom vertns othe sae Les ith hows ade by thus nr enero evenly fad eae of tt ‘nomi reading tess that weedy alent nthe day “he em ice he a a gunn Clyed bythe pans Sine bey neve ex [rina langue ha hey mean wo madera ‘reopens Ue ymbolsm an ire wel ot hoya ble. What sls form such efor eo very cena extent determiped by the tues of te ‘chal imelied nthe work Thane wh Beeve tat the “cen Eampine were scared ten out faa wl ‘Sine up th oe in fara, de ten ho re ‘amined tha the Buys possessed high and eae. “spt selene wil make the sare totaly “itten nt uveeogable eatin ‘The Vth Dynan (238-2180 nc) arc on the tae tor and pate the VO. Asura there ae pnt ohne ats bend ow pal cece ite ‘ook af Nubia by expedion lars gevig Uy were ‘her. Hu the guay of the at and archiver maken ‘ot as lee dele fate would do tat «pred of etn was sting tn Tn Sonar the machese Vs Dye ‘ht ell ef Ptah hte apd i stand stark contrast the matey sven we in the tomb of Meru Tae ‘ih Dynasty ngs buk pram now he mare ‘han ap of abt, but eter composes hat sur Youd thee were ars mus than he and on tne ef the Veh yay The Vth Dynasty ended wih the extra rig of Pept which efor ninety years 246-0152 8). Some scalars hae fet there hast be some mia these ges bu to at bo comeing Strub been stages allowing ps gn, Egypt snk qu oto san pe tied of dec tpn Yate Sol oneoren Bat that ae beled ose much rom ate emer uc ‘Sunines a fom peal or ac otto The Vth Vis Dynasties (2150-2104 ne) nde 2 mumbo ephemera ngestow whom aint tthing ic know, ‘Ynsr berenMeDiATe remioD (2150-200 6) ‘The shar ein death rates n encased Egyptian ceme- fees rere fhe vekece andl unc pe ‘ile tring thie one century. The ental power af the Act en teen, marth ler the ind al oom. o dvs of Egypt) were vat inepen- the though nominal te sends the para hon analogous to eu Europe wih ener ba lint acting and arora totaly bt nie aly de th onl ofthe King Hameo bth if aything et tnpetans wae but dering thin perod, wang remain, thou number elas bul pre ‘hel arg embe.The workmanship nthe exter rade aries. One rt interning arate meee fom ew robe nese kof fatrctons wren fetal and pata The Kingeounss stead pare nity st the est ran pie rom a racial tnd eli ween a weirdo ‘sons but rather a high spa scence hatha ne erent wo ws simply beaut that saenee bas ben st har become degenerate Marner. rua scene tm Ine othe anc mtd four madera mater ‘lence which depends ultimately he bt to measure MUDDLE KINGDOM (2040-1785 ne) ‘Order wa etre in Egypt after a cenury a anarchy ‘Mentubstep Tr I here i sre ance on ‘es around 2000 8, Aman rose to emipence. Amon's ‘vba asthe ram Despite the ast deine of the Fst Inermedate ‘an appre pea cha the elon a ine oC ype nd remaed intact ele. Mentuetep Picked upahece Pep ihe oft Devt certain a of tntsts and ste change. the fundamental know! dpe wes sine hgh Bre gereratione Te wily ‘nse plea! nd mary ups and eer bg tret lire eeupauon sung evidence he castence oft ‘pital ee cyerating Din the scenes es a wor Iiand guarding te top heron ‘With der etre, the ide Kinder pharan i- tated mar architectural peje. Swi che ode, co pte arto the Ft nteretePersd gave way ot wera and ince work character of the Me Kingdom, ‘Htc records aren a abort supply as ever during he ale King, bue graft and are scraps a paps \iitensn here wring ned or sce sapped To rebghue pepo ails tnt Beye mas ening creams noled w foreign alae ater, Prince Merkare was ered defend the ron tier: But the powerful Me Kinom hart, Seas: Ii CEaypan,Senwoure, tok amore agrenive sand rAvalun maa mut aac. To eet b ary He who eno further tan his own fnter sara (he ext ‘Satane an obesene ter which he tanltr prefers net ‘osuppl]Consequeiy any sont mine wh stengtens the tone which My Majesty as created uly my se hte horns avay fom the fener and No ange fights wo defend is tt my son, He was tot born Tot “Te Mie Kingdm sted wo ap half centuries The lust woaf these were ruled bya erect power Xith Dy ‘ast Kings alternately named Amenerbet ad Sos Bot the Neh Dynasty saw a waa wang of ental a Aha seventy King aueeoed eachother nap ue SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1783-1850 x) Jn 1059 nc. Egypt was vad and conquered bya some: ‘that yeeros peopl cle the Tisha. om a Grok ‘hr meaning "rulers oer foregn Taps), The yhoo (ere Atte pesepe fn Tuy. The contr of et ‘hmuance very conused. hey desecrated the temples, odual the Indones to poverty apd appropriate for thei wort te Eytan gd. Set who reptesents the pang of ssn ad destruction tte sume ie hey seamed to ole the pesene of the lepmate Fp kings fr sera have beet fund nse With the runes th fc. the Hy kaos sered to alow sever lies of aypaan claimant oe ane to can. “eyes ance nee ei aati neudng the hoa and ri ences ‘meine and new fine of lis, wees abd veges “hot hee tran of nee by Bra ae oan ‘Gan snceing Kage The ator a that these are ‘ot in” but father umateaons of former Icarae Tn Tp bt ofthe, Horus ofthe Heron, takes place ‘Gg Hyhas rule and tas theory of raul user ‘ound movement by tmp atew overt the lpn amurpn Thien ofcourse, Eye, but dhe {pk har ing of suthory ond aunty seldom found incr steal eves) ia nin er at ate ho ‘By doen tte time ol he Plones has ton challenged ‘y'EmmanvelVelnorky is ee of Boks led wth ‘thie fotos and uch pape pose, Thawgh be {ctaly ignored andor deed by academe and noacae ‘emis Etgpogats ae, Vethovaty doe argues case fom a sano enermets seburchip that ans 8 (Gut of sce dpe. Ad to date, noone alk ‘Be do eas hore hm wi a ely comprehensive Feftaton Suc doesnot prt een ir numa of {is eur beyond stag ha Velbonky omnes the Hans tot badge whlch he chm ws cased nye e'meatsuureyetded—ike a prea Nene trough teen of slave or comer ‘egal en “Te part of te New Kingdom were ware slant mana predigous brs nd they Ive ad of Pere Cre of Ame, Tepe Seno neal fe, en sry anes During the New Kingom iho reat vps of Thebes ss ise rae iar Mc Has {the Ramenein: The New para ban ‘tne pyramid balling tad cared he Samba te Atesome sande elit on te west uk ofthe Nie Hara, Bat file recautons were take to ee ‘ha ale Only the tomb of Tutankhamen sured ‘hat wan by accident. moe revision.) The Yorba. were fied ih he maa staf opty pened, trout eaure ae eae. tin were ied with \rearur of eoncele ches an person, mach ie ter mea ose preci the Now King tt ged teat rte ama a hnateneea othe Great Pyrat ment fenwrerti suet in rp hry. "sorely, the New King pharaohs operated na sri pt ne Reheat the Hits Egypt, by wet her gowraphical pron, then tmmtneoageseale frig, Te wa ton wave fence at nmep ka forth ne tf Msoptanis rm thee Benning — ry ot touch Exype sree nly ats bode here ketal bate Nuun, Libyan, and a Feet thee ‘were-more horde nies han Fovned warfare Even during the cha of he Fut Iter fat Ped, no Egescale aggre ted to ake a ‘tage a ep ey ut tm the Nile Kingom onward the ule was A t 1 :9_msromca.ovexvirw terested in neuen and organming the hostile elements ‘ht theatened to rer ow interna secur than ‘egrandvement. And the pars of the New Kingdom ‘inelatd heir uns tebe dpomay and mariage fren peinceses, sig fre ony When alee aed ‘Muh teat muta sucess may have en de stag army of oer morenanes: mltary prowess a never ben hie Eytan sl er piety “Troughs the hve centures uf te New Kgs, the ‘ght tok place from heme Tribute owed ta te “gpa coffers, and sacred at and areitecture fours {nan unprecedoted seal all the length ofthe Ne a ar ‘down into Nubia reaching what appear xan moat ab Seve hight under the nario Ramone the pa typeof the ii pharsoh, though Hi Hames Steer, Merneptah wo i Delved to have been the ‘harih onthe toe ate tne ofthe Exodus els the ‘Shattered caluge of Ramee Il in the Remestewn st ‘Techs tha rede or Shley's “Gayman” "Tiegh the extant erence fol this Now Kington se ny ate extensive afd impresv, they presen butt {msedon of wha was bus Then now the tere Delt ‘iyported te balk of te population ad bulge Dots wat oo les intense tan tn Upper Raye But the tiation of al Hoa nt ofthe temples of Upper ype were but ut of ange of the Boaters) apd te ay secs the Dates plage and der Si qureing or tee bing sane has ben esponable {orth mt otal detract By ay made standard of peace ad promt, New ungdom Beppe would rate very high. Though hee as ‘Atvery ae the O10 Testament tells, even saves had hts “nr he aw, could ary Egyptians and gun he ree ‘land in general wee beater of than te poorer cases ‘tn edays supped five veces. Interesting scolar itera tts ap egal paprase hat ‘nave come down tous ve fetious insight ito the a2 tals a daly fe The presto, growing In power eed Insence, cereals abuse These farmed clas of therown kindof cmanation of lewyer, cl eva ‘semican and interna revenue fer. hardy suri ‘ng tht they were famed for cron, slander and “ppertunisn and were universally unloved. orall ba. ere ‘bse comic ale, "The Tal of ne Eloquent Peas.” Males i lear ha een the humble farmer oul eck ‘ros for rans tthe highest cour Foe the macy af ‘the population, Egypt must have ben good pce to ve ‘Nevertens, nal record. and pervnal commen lanes are nox needed to distinguish the New fom the Od Kinplor The at and atectare ell the ary cae erated pomp oe ewer ad uriare andthe own, Bias ofthe lng tae nthe serps been 3 lowing eet. Though scholars condemn the ancient ypu indnrininaty aaa race of baguette msroneat ovenvnew 21 charg realy apes only othe Neve Kingdom (and even then swe abl se later, the serps a funtion be {ond mere ragtadco) Alter alin he O10 Kingdom, de ‘ules fhe reat yams of Gea and Dasha didnot ‘hn sig hr works machen coer them with og ‘ory tex de ston of thee mighty ctrwctures has Ia be deduced rm cums evdence. For the vst New Kingdom Fay s synonymous with Lane Here i posnble to fw in chrono se ‘quence the ner pit of is Bier hugh wt nd ‘Scare In Laser thor eo iting the pce ‘nfl tefore car eyes. esunng wih the die bu ark drawings in de early tombs oC Amenbote Tt and ‘Tthmoas andthe cea, spare geomety of lashep- i's mortuary templet esr abt, tere ea nm fo Ramee Is temple at Medint Hab and the phar” mariage comb of ame and "But of the atl historical events ofthe ine, a ore site actual goby, an reat eal ht as lang bat nde “Two mir interal tartans o anomalies tok place during the New Kingdom. the few the lng reign of Ha. SSepstt the second the “heresy” and reform of Athens ‘rhe later the eminent Egypte Margaret Murray remarked around the tn ofthe century “Aoee rubs fs been writen abt this sate thn) oher Ep" Mout suaightbeward in exreson, Mist Mut rat probably nee his panto pure oan "ve a more robash has en wien ut the Gre Pyramid but Akhenaten comer second so Hats ecsodistant td, We thal be dealing in deta wit hse ‘onroversiey ate lean te ‘Ramesses Il (1104-1163 ne) was the at ofthe seat ‘New Kingdom pharaohs nthe minty Yar following his ‘ea elght mare ames kings ed for power within. Pai at odds more wi he pretiood than srg tse Fer the Aman putsioed had become here, ‘nic never Had bee ine pas was ne Indep Scot the Ring The secular ad religous power wat ow veld by the same people wih the customary result Ep ment nto de ado te pode of ecline he Third Incermediate Pero, ‘THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (1070-712 ne) iy ths ume, Egypt was no longer the dominant power of the Mediteranean. Grau over te ent he ue ‘eae eri yowers of Mesepatamiaaleiped aay it Egypt emplre and paste er back with the beer incre te seorap Egypt was sow tick upon technologie advances, such he weap sea on, tat were allo the agente isons of Mesopotamia wage wat More fey. When Epp nly recovered tee ad hall Seer lees she ene tans enbaery power. ‘Wuin Egy the coral authocy had teen broken, ad hgh psc ety hs and usurper ed for de ‘irone apn recalling the stato in feudal Europe. Lib- San mercenaria sted under te New Kingdon {fee cos reali ose, porn of fprer Bt ll ttnts and pps hey had abs {Egyptian cuts raisonsthrule ma ot sa sean break wih what de pope were usd tT ery Ite bung uf eomsequene tok place during these cet foes period of dthine and magaton ga dors nok Soe ts hie ben atte T's during ths prot, aly, that gyn history tenes bk ike itr” A number af secular documents LATE RINGDOM (712-332 ac) era King Sheba (712-698), fom Nubia south ‘2 Eaypt eo reuned the county and established the ‘Sel power” A muted enaaance began Shes att bis succemors ere parca fete ona ecole the Menasinc artsy of Hay ho tue back to Grece Intder escape the stagnated eit of the sola tice the ais artes of ype a turned to the Pst Om the the han te responsi rth exer {epastfonms canon have ben de othe “Tempe” Hl ‘nd mt arin the Renatance to 2 group ting ove throw erin att ofthe time. es poste a there sme smb inicance to the mavement In terms of reptiles. "Not enly ai thse dynases reproduce ance furs, they ao coped certain ancen records and nse “Tit shows tat forall he Fyn dan for at, te ‘Temple serpelouiy retained hat comidered poe lant areal though Two thousand years that ‘hog peaceable by modern sana, nevertheless com ssronicaL ovenview _ 2 ‘ane lang pero anarchy and foreen domination Egypt pe at hs ine might be summed up by a gue Arc prove: "My eens enemy my ead” Ep atempecd to ttn her wm prcario ndepend- nce by supporting Buller states or wischeer of the ‘runny Mespoantan empires requis Egypte ld Iinan a alanee of belgereny. This pac) mas sue ‘el othe extent that Egypt eae ber ponon fora fille hundd years. This cameo an abrupt rd ith tbe Invasion of the Persian conqucrot, Camby I 825 ne "Comer wa seme the ret modern conqueror. leo hs time, wat was tal hat had eos ad ‘ombole ws wel! 2 mary ain, parla tn Baye {This ia thes reeey developed by Francs Dats, an cmipent French Egyptoogt) Declared wo opposed ‘rer shisha rang sates wa formal ena. ‘ont that alowed lesa iar ote ei Cae Though the warner pars f the New Kingdom had Me he compuneton about sacking whole ces when they ‘tunted Egyptian deminacon stone may or ante, ad shed and ence were lrg eondine the tab Ih er of he Hr erases honored ye iventr of ndseimibce carnage, Rule, wpe fale ie penealy thou he wis mad). apacus, ‘inustwerthy and frac Camby combined al te Uhlvelet ats commonly oct wih conquer He Fanpaged rough Fat plang ua deswoning eey ‘hing destruct even kiln the Apis bl, an nial se ‘fed Oars and a yl Sf rgceeetns Ia Earrtan ‘Shes ths was he st eas crime fal. ‘Canbytes crowned himself of Fest and se sepa rate epedisns out conquer Naa But he Sahar omplshed what the Egyptian atmies could oA ‘nd eat Cambyse th the deserts ge ae [otis way apd ony sand of sures red he re ‘teat bck to Egypt A ths wa ten, there ae reper Seager ary ‘Canbyies ruled bt three ears hi fer his death be sn itomed by theese tenet anne Dai i folowing th expulsion ode kaon toad yes ae, Egypt hd grown ‘unused t foreign domtnatan, {ic sk led Nes we Grose toy 8 eof Persian yoke —Eaypthadoneaf tore natural rappers Wi Greece dat cet between nae um tet me that are never que expeabe ons prey plea! bane lt {ot ne, dhe Egypan feet Area weated the Balt {ho the Pesan andy 400 we allo Ean was ee. The estan rls Tellowing Dai ha drained Np oe. mal but recovery was apd under succes af Eytan kings Though net of ancient rv Bd. the fulrs of the VIE. XT and XX dys were puss withthe preepey of Baye a ther pina bijective Eaypt quik recovered at mar acter srk ere nated In 80, Nectanebo I turn back «Persian nsion ya subsequent atack up 3 me. was succes Baye fact under Pesan rls Est wou ot be ed ‘ys epmate Egyptian reir re counts or another {he present reine “This ime Ext was but briefly under the Pesan. Ln ‘anc the Macedian general Alexander the. Great [GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD (338 nc-808 4.0) leaner acrid othe ga, pd may well have dane ma Gutaf contin. not marey a» plea expedient. He ‘tld the oracle. nse or continued sriectural ‘esis ul Bnet Aletandrs cope o ew eye ‘Se Mererancan coat wi yay of ancient oa ‘don or bareavracy,Unlce many Site funded fo po teal reasons, Alewada quclyaequed a eat fe ten and for nie ured ears was the great center Ietming ofthe Near Eas When Alexander led in $23 nc. rlersip of Egypt el ‘ome othe ablest of hs genera, Pen, co of agus Aides the nominal rae f Akaander ther Pip ‘Artidaes’ elem became sl le open Phi eat {a late dst Ut despite almost nce iter ‘nce besa iniaues preva over Egypt unl the oman wrest rom Copa Vil in 302 "The mmense enpre conquered nschandedly by ‘Avandersaesy sve his doth His generals caved ‘the entry nteig ew and metas Dogan ge IncamongthermacveThe dierent pron fhe empire fpyed very ferent frtupes i the centure that fa owed but gen the complex and tamultyous staan ‘evaig Ee it not fae to buy. lem spe much a song ean ngage eben, ‘manyef which beled personally. He wana abe statesran, Ihr then he ha tobe Dut eerie Js, rept {he Eayptianselign ands generous par fhe a ist ffl ide was Satrap. 2 Peran word hose cxiginal meaning Was "tetra roi," but ih Son auld yan overtones. Ar satrap, Pole ke Theedher satrap ea namny ner he ental power ot Macedonia bt since tn ental power n longer exited ‘ter the death of Alvan, the anus satpn were ‘fect dependent aed in 805, Pleny became king BY {he end of hs rle 385 ne Egype wa ela sccure ‘Shi'posprou iy embracing and fntering the Eytan ‘elgon te Hat Ply sea example tat ae allowed by allhis descendant, many of whom wore every exer spect como deprand, be neieneThowgh ring {fom Alecand, ental out of touch wit the people nd: fr the two and all centuries of er ue ot even Speaking Bayan Cnty the st Cleopatra could speak) the Pltemies were tolerated f unloved. Insumections Hed ‘p fm te 0 tine. Butnone mere more thn yan iy noc 1 istmpone wo ow the cooveson wo the Egypan sel war merely polity eran stances laksa {the fing war gene. But whatever te es, the ‘eon empl lan eine secure, and rerum ithe temple incomes Under the Femi, Eye eo ‘eked pom one last zd extended spree of seed a {intact This conned wh many nemopsons ‘ie to ratened times, cid Gatebancen, aed mat throughout the whole he Pema ra ada Homa "Thowgh small compared wit the works of the Fay, Dutt and New Kingloms and covered th Greek Influenced el of aris dri ary the Pe ml temples of ender, Ely, Esa, an Pale sl wart Fractal venting ce nthe ancene word and ee et Inte, nthe vaso tha flowed ‘tha me Eaype na fll negra ito he come ja politcal mtr alls te Near and Mle sand teely imparted echnelogeal gular and tra maton, ad Hellenic faxons: But eft, rented Cres plnephy and relon. apart om mln Sab influences hat tpt ito Haya aan neg fy Herodotus ad eather marke pon Particulars tard he ond of lems rl, Faye be came ams of lipo when ie rai ard ris the animal els cae in ou, pare i Rome, the Southem Caen of i dy. Snce there noch tore eenqoe than selon that hat retuned ts ap Fines oe bets aul, Uae wns and ups of Rowe ca "Teel ptr hee berain, The Roman sas Juvenl wren the fst cecury \who dos ne know, Volo what monsters te revered Pere ete ea a | ator cepa, Penae Tel of Hat, Dende by demented Fay? One part weeps the een, a ter gbe swe ofthe is ht fede on serpent Ese whee here shines the golden egy of the longa ones Fore vstor dhe ulema temples are paral kn tereaine because several of thom re sry wel re Served And een though far sale and es magic than tater works, the experience fa Eup temple ‘ot fess nat is ku rom the scholars pt ew, the tes ae-eve fie inetnt, Ao wo ning ered cceptance'= that the template tonsil the desun at decoration othe temples were Somehow aware ht he Egyptian relgon was eachng the ‘uf tie thug ntact fom te ne mer began Eau cr ec) othe te the a presto ed fro Pac fore ors of Cis aad 8 sore Shae cents paved "Tenis Toomer hpt sere were bw inserted pan 'the walls ofthe temple, a deve ha In ene sense tale them gute pues nce anyone ah aceme the tem could read them here, but han another nae Kept them as secret nthe ever mere snc onthe pres ‘nt Wal ss he kee no he re nd ‘making ‘Sinton as dieu to remembers hose Dewees he ‘ourten kings, ll eeme. Tas under the st mor famous and most bean of ian Bgure of the geen Ploarch cet sppone ‘leopaca's moral, bute no eer om Carr o Atay. decree ohn aera een te ‘ste a sat ‘roman of tnamerme itlgenoe ent (che pak 8 ‘zen lnguagesRoen), verowering charm, cobain She Beaty. ane who wa mare umerapolus than) ‘her ede te tie, Reads terested eet {ral the queen en nd mere sb her Pres Pal aes ‘Nan terois unde the Roman enjoyed a measure of ‘tcl atonany, bt yt mas ot one ether. Se wat led th a cose eye ad a arth hand Inia, the a ‘nnstrative reforms ape to Egypt silly proved che ‘conomy bu hs was ony to that Rome cou roe fo tee the county dey. Heme war however, largy teat {ie Eta eli ev the erste sip and een seemed to take genuine snd ot mes {cite nrc Yo Res Bayt wae much oe Nomans wee lashly decorate eth mar mosses featuring Egypt mos ste hat would Be ecg Sub as Bat i seeders Heyer tb ancient Thee Tis Egat the aptent region eraiualy woud down. Ak mot he bang af enmneunee woe po er {he hat century beyond 2 fe tal tees aed Harman le Kak But wa continued spray othe mae ‘rr fomples tht aot ber Hrs ter fhe, the rer pron he ere ne ‘ele Hayp ad valine is wom ck ‘Was the elon of Egypt essen an west and amine hash of upersion which was eventual need by Chrnany—an unprecedented tnd ure ‘hime ele fornning marin ah te Bopp {uty to achieve satin? Or were Christan’ Pre Eee ane ee Sees Sees Seen eee eee eee Riese crete enna eee tee commer ae ieee eee eee Soeomvemear ces ore eees sie eed ioictaeseharereiee See ee eee Sees aero areas ice See ae es = eee Sear cn oer Sioecoe Seen eae Seana ee oe ee Se eee aoe See eaten Ses eee Sees ceeeeee Sioidiskeutascine iia ance rece aaeieeeee Shoes enn See ease ee 22 eee eee a Sree rerio eee eee =o eee a =e pe eee the nlghennent of egheetbcentury Europe and ab ‘Sted Net bmg ater Ws out. as ee ome {myer 200000 ans. Later ha umber rose ‘soon, Tut the rary was burned in the me oJ Caesar ‘athougtby alee Hebe a ecko ‘coun posi een to gen at what natn liste rary regained i forme emitence and eee tik. Somehow ecm have survived de DY of (ety Chantay, fr was fouhng i610 awn {he wma of cent am conquered Raypn te name ‘the Prophet Ts soy it that shal ease the ‘Aah general ‘hr pare he rary The neal {tee have vec" the bay coal what the Koran tae IW cnn a ey he ‘Kran tnt superna Burm Theale eld Ie agnrphal bt captures te spt tery el ded ‘iteer tne crcamatanen the est ary of Nexans ‘wen pin nese the at ved wh wen acy Thine werk that would ave ie specie Lodge of {he thmking of tea, and they whch wa Heoeed by ode the ea Sevteneel Eaypand ‘shew "The second fact the pul agganing ine ‘shad truhout Ws hstr ad than ue mentalist fm lent day a eer Though om ‘Boomer hed wth nema doin paten fm the cure stomatal cased sv heres sy and ‘lous neuen the aman mre sy and ali {ete ects or crarrationincting thse that em {he'vantage pan of me ak no lee Chan ta the ‘hutch tau wete stately disbanded and tha secre deny “Sith ost cose asia works ae mising Fragments of mathematical nd poopie eos Inne survied few camlete Netplaote masters ‘Sch aa e Enea of Pts hve cone down to {et but the record uterine to lw fe the etermous dispar epnen tat we in at find "With he rina Chin, an he subaent ake ‘vr by bam whatever hl ancient Fa here ‘hay have been went undergroure Seated sere, ust no dou combining cements tom arts Many fhe most eminent men of he pst thre our “entre ete member ofthese ordre ere ee {crn in them stow nt that earful concealed er leone ty wae eho nee rman eburae te ane Nema» ponte erst nace ‘dm menoned Gur mens Everyone ows svt ‘Serge Wathngan and he cherry bat ot any ‘now that Wate, praca every tht fund ‘eater f Amer, ws Mason and hat a Maso ‘se the pyramid wi he ee th that ado ou ‘Gitar The mon was chase ys Masons ong ble ian peed Ee Wow snd ice te “tomcrertenbour the fea, cher canbe no doubt ‘atree tht he bebe thar aio Ege wae theo ‘ii wure ofa eat and ahd spa scence he tet ‘Seon ths way to Bay much mae than ue sp he an i ah aes at pin eat lato wh Tits to our ow th exten apd aly o wich age a a tera consterabe pet ede and pean i mane, "Toumlerstand how such dferenes of opinion ave sen and founded wat ced anda tae, ‘cna to kmw a ie abut he etry of yon a (radar teantory a Earp 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGYPTOLOGY Saline ced Sadat sitime endear hkStenideaetetaats ions pei detec Sie indaart tema In he comes fain Hee, many wor ote cle recom wed ated py tl aed ‘Ser mpresen San thn rs oon a fesznentary form ro open pcs rg Tae Geldof enamel ee rs ‘sin eng hem wp ete ce see tom ofthe ine, nt highly specialize ay ends ‘tay easy hota sxe ee seh Sven toe ety rpmenay acount ‘usin tbe tat Ege wer eure ta won {nh oat ote ced wr The Examen Sted m a's Tce chee ae” Sek ge the Gecko wee ang bce hen ‘le fot fb Loo dsr Neves cu it to af the rg sneaor sonar esata tht ee nace ‘span wh «knowing ofthe cope and 2 ‘Cain th tee. Whether ta an een o ict mil ances ted a ei ace oad Egan tes epee in cn Cera ofthe mathemati works auch st thane f the Ahirdcentary churchman and mutemaan Cleve of ‘Alexandria revel Know’ Eypusn mathematics ‘The fourthcentury Greek wer Horgan wrt nee incon i it sg be et ie man ner in which they encode he complex yma Eptan sought, many ese, hat sft Kewl of the tration existed ih tate to sess the et ‘ph tm sang that war no pre megan, “ht the keer by Chany and mabey by ‘ur peviomanr oF EcrrroLocr _=) ‘sar pt amend oscar inquiry ino Egypt. Know ‘ge of the fergipsdsapeared complet nth that knowige went say prnpet of atl checking ‘eculton apn the ets tr neterteen By no mean Unga tstan he various cere hetmed, ama “ene ken it eta pl aa ‘hd mail mpc ofthe ancient edition were reer tnd ded dwn fom master's pup te ese) ‘equ to keep Koowledge of such act fromthe eet trate eyes hc Church at ample Maas twelncentuty Byzantine mubemaican, win wll wang the ancent Egyptian system for derng square rot ‘here nothing Secreto snr! out this pres butt ‘kta ont gp and tan cco at Kno ‘in be eared ferward though the ages mht any ‘fnce alae that would allow moder whol 0 ce ‘Se eaafrence. No sero atuties of Egypt have come tou fom he centuries a fle ue lam though mamber fend ‘el eminent tore recorded th meno Sd ery few alvntuross Europes made the dangers Jouey ‘den egends psd oto nem byt ues terres. Sime of thse were becoming sey anc Tul soch athe oe that cles the pride were the ‘vananes of Joseph menial in te OM Testament ‘ul ‘be aiicl conceals adequate Hae: hues 00 prent sid masonry and one percent souge Behe at hard bea ‘an anedlaian phar ater seam preging ‘he and hat ke vas bul foci and esp safe the ldo marin ring he "Though sme Uns uae econ capred beset of the Haypan ruin n moving ad acura termes ll ‘Nee unseen out bersa, ih but one exception “The excepto ws este Fnsh mathemati suomamer Joba Crees wh teed 1 Ep 1638-30 Greaes wan acing upon the many soutes local angus chimed he Great Pes wa 0 ‘ome sense melo he earth, ada i ral sa ‘Eb ofmeanur band pan knee othe eure nce of the earth. Gree atempeel to meatu the pram tthe accumlated debra st tae forbade a "hing beyond a ru goes ATANAsts kincurER Dury the seventeen and lghceth centres, tel o Egypt became some es dane and more fe qn, ough twas sl very much nthe rea ae ‘Serious tempts were now bing made to penetrate the meaning ol te hoop anda tye ea he ch ean responsible fr Use. ani rune Athans ‘cher 601-80) a German Jest ad ne of he ast of Ergin Richer ai ntd that the ergy ad etn wane car {ain pt cher bleed he had cay Seeoped tem for decipering the Mero pals ‘umber of pureed warlatons spam time hr wat mae ae ng ‘eandatone or anyone caste of fang tte, they were sepa ore aera tha scl sip but ether ike te steric elec of he oe ftptcentury Alexandr anton materia Gaius lems, Kichersthewen though Ingenious, i ot ta up ter aati sri i he ae Served fact, Paty ca he was coined that pe {ound krowiedge ox coum atures cried In ‘Maroy. Karcher cls hve been rather nay ‘dered by ler cla During the ech contuy. 2 member of teers woe extensive oft orape adn some tances ‘ade teal ad quite accrste dengan pangs ‘Une runs. The eventn of pring wae thee bok ‘tue tthe pwn erate sence of Earp, wich ‘wo facnated wih Earp aroLeoN ‘But Egytly, the serous sey of gp, rely began th Noplon See "Napoleon He 3 many eminent men of i rt, was a Freemason scarp comet Eu) as prt a it ‘er tay nt ure i nme tecrt of Exp which Nepaeon be. Ieved we Bethe wre of Mason re 1796 log ws 25,00 sales, be ‘ought sever hed of he leading savant th day ‘mela the best rautunen slat n France tare ht hk) mo esate shout thee saperumeray compan: whom ty wee ‘charged’ pretectWhea bide eas immnen the oops ‘would frm thr characterise Napleone agar ora: ap Epon Ev Frmie Beetipn de ‘ons nde cry wou ound ou "acne and scars (ihe center ‘Tac milary tmp was suc, Naples et as ectoyed by Nn teat othe Neon Ea {h Wheleegtnl i the hah Emp the Pench {ise bovee alowed remain cele Eee ‘sat aowe lat woul re inert the st {tree seineny cholo er ham ed in ‘Sch: bck Pars, nd in Eept on wal te ft ‘ontrack amalt on ance Eyer ue ‘cr Nap aught hd ware uaer xem (Rhea dee condor Gente eure, ‘cur and deal herrings nd subpoqen ew (rains ae wonderin ha omni Aer may {Sacro tre, Incline wal pacon ‘Nima wn we pbbsbed na cs of orm iy raced oes caedDeseriton ar Fg The lumen came out separa between ‘ose 80a wer sna andrew en Famer tet wa nde sl represen tice ofthe ses cold ot eed) capture eer the Ime rhe pce Ean acectre, But {hee wonder engrangy, Sn Wah the rein fan ing gener page and re ull te su nae of he mater The Deeripton set ‘iene of fash in everyting tom costume to ach Under Enpish mandate, Egypt became safe for travelers, sang extended sop on te ner ‘Seo and melee curous tthe antent sts, excavation proceed ona fee all ‘at Pate tacks sop the money fo dad Aeon bet wane eve sates, eas, papas ‘ack the cade proved pena a am ef pro ‘ing ede nore ‘emp were cused upon the Rosita Stone. This back ante commana te as dacvers in 708 ‘Seen top toe eigen ter ected oe ‘rah nurs ar tel "Te bee was sci a6 during the rg of ‘ulemyV Fpphaes b5-190 nc), the ange {lent Gre. Ean Nevo id Bsypaan ern taro demotic Though the bee ha wuld cers by aboot ia edna ange neon comple), Soup remainder the rel to make ubsancal ese of {The Grek tat pnd the nase nferman tat the Meroip an demote reprafce te sabe fat= there thar wll ave mwa tok th ak ‘wartact he ce Teas a mater f matching up the Greek seit the ‘nero Though sds nt snd so foal a dengan not tl 1822 nore tan went ears slr Naylor's campagne covey of he Rea Stone hat» oune French igus ean Pani Chan “Tur pevELonwenr oF nevrrowocy = alone Jeune, announced wath condence that he had ‘iconere they Though be was only the years tthe ume, hs aonuneement wap the culmination a ‘that other scar, woul have bon 2 fll ete ‘row At the age of tele, Chanalon ad become fac ‘Sted ih gy and declared th youl termina, ‘hat he woul! deter tebe “Tent jets ha ae in mastering all of the ln inet the ance as tht he hous might ss Sire led Clean, Sa, ae (Elopan). Sash, Pal, Parse, Pera a even i ce the wee me has led the aneent Hypa had come . Champolion | [Ncteal Kircher works Hes sob the cure of 2 ‘dene Eye tac pope he deat wih fen had the range te teach hum a langage tha hone ot daly ef Egypt inthe ss entry cian wa now tae ony ‘Mural proses wasn eel po speak “The actual sep takon by Chamalion to match the oeogp athe Crock mae n contingeryptonahie erect sry, are to complex to etal re. The fence ofl wo the fearon te he caruche "sng of ‘ears to nen sty whe ng on any alkane sent {O him by his eer bother an who recone i ‘ena un ey ae and pred bm wih beth money ‘bd encouragemenshroushou hee By 129 Champod In was abot decipher nares, nips ae shore tence system wa scone and could be etd et the vino quan of gyn mata nthe “Stow calctone Tins hs ltr to M. Dac, seetary ofthe oficial Acai de Inscriptions, Champlin anced i conrad deme i tn, te so ‘our ar one ofthe ante of den hay, [recep n 162 war ute otherwise The toot ‘apr sels athe ace te dec the pb, Taman ‘Young. an Engishma, avd Ede Frangas omar 4 ‘renehan, refed iy acnotedae Champions acon fy Mer other scolar the el mere say eee {he though in el ne tres Tate to aye “scary as fooghaad or is uc bain and maga tae, im parular by Louts NV of Prance Lol put ‘Champatbon in chaz on extended expedition ype that rented in melble stsn the removal to ance ‘ol frther uewure including one of the gant blak {Eten Chanaton was not age this kn of plage) was fl hire years blr acorn general ad rod that Capon ad been rh also Lang be forth tn 132, Champeln ed premature the ge {ty In etener- seems nconetabe tat ee ‘enon should ike wo lng to come to Champation, sd ‘hac serows earch ino Fp shoul nef, ave been ‘layed forthe decade, Thre etme gst coves ‘aly engage n bth the excraton ane he toy of ype ara very small ekg ach ase “sceslehow mach work eax pode by few inh Silene Mig rohnert sn ato ot Urscrgane ape tempts wer mate wo decipher the enon iil and complex Pyramid Texts ad fo Seay papyrus ‘Dy 160 Fayptaony was recognized troughou the \Wenteraweedar separate lta dcp Chain ‘karte were eased n mar unversiics and ‘Statena were how ced out oy by sonenicaly ‘cfd teams" Organeed largeseae expeditions were We shall be talking a ength about he pranieoyte inthe pyramid ehapcr. For now, Ween to {hat these theres tempted prove hth Great Pee ‘mid ea tase ty the dase Hays but tht {tea dred and ney impr at ed the eye {oa ancent widom, Laer, the oon at wat 3 ‘Slane Instrument fr popes the fru was dee re erumidlay was ote Vtran " Pe eyo: Raptefrep ee ipeyap tf hap oa mewbat higher neal ale pe ‘Stats tthe academies wre inva The hog wines Si Smyth, Dan, Ed anders ran to sever ‘hic ar the most par lt made od copy an ele cet iat buen mars fedora pion, the press gels ‘cepted the aby of acrid experts, Pandey foaled ciuaae tr wich coy foe oor et ‘dun the Eatablehimern mere comer sero i Terme MODERN DEVELOPMENTS Wedd War {put an cod to Baypslogy for es drain. ‘Shen wok esumed afer dh wa Egyptlgy had em ligetsimpenetabieto onapecins Hv poblespsed ty easton ofthe ene wee ec tt ey ke ‘oie wee” ale o-appectate What wat a nake ‘rcheolealpracices had ure evevaton ns a pal taking rw, gary orgunned proces. Interest Ppramidlog ad waned a he bulouspectooe of the cuted deta on page 38) pt Egypt Bak on the fo en, Thouh one fie lett he pharaoh, king who ‘iin fs number af people connected ih te pect then gave too he ws of The Curse te Phar {nd evel vars Esp made heads. or the acholar the tm eovided toe finale est mata For ete Wa ya burl tata Yet tn any was the discovery of Tutankhanon's an reed mee peeblems than aed. the manner of i bar dhe nthe a is deat the spece sgmeanee af the mann range and wonderful work afd tit toma have been sbjcted texan ty and st foun vests ema ‘eaween the wars excavation continued in Earp, but eth more tmporan, parca fem the tou arth Gt umd he im Siecivere tain ce logy yest 2 uned sod serene fot othe _rur pevevonwenr oF ecxrrowocy _s tk), even the magi nd the ncantaon ray come nf ‘Sibu conallrato. "Tir proce of grudal peading hasbeen aking lace in every angle spect wii the eld covered Dy {Egypt Astrntmer syn pt hare ng ange Oe Eeypanstronomy mes apy advanced chat the pre ‘Sano the ogunonen was kxoa, os was eho te een, sod muny ser petomera supped oly freely donee These cams were In gene ignored I Tayresopns or dasowed fm eset year, eo {ent setroemical owt in he ancien woe, ot fist Egypt bat in genta han been acknowiedged by Inany seer so many that stew Be, sche ‘yh bee reed ty the ater, "hap mow teresting, advances nthe modern tone ver ences cea ear ogy lthre et metid to and cberen contents (Gh behind i te lnatge andthe symbobe mode a dferens rom uo, hat aes ‘lr pmb. The problem Io doubly complicated in tha yptogate ze td deeiy thee modern phe {eo lg, at phan and holo dot realize that when ey are dung csmlopeal concepts sch ‘the ig Hang they arm gantave moder lange ‘lng the mato fhe ancien, Recent stale Ey elson, mo, nd sys by auch en ‘Trang Daman Sogied Morenr. Alexandre Pano CT Mane Cat rd. Farman peesnt such a han the ee ar conte ‘Sra pera Punt wren Yomb of Romees neceeeme acne tae Seer a Sorte |S ie Een en a ed tet ton coy fe sees = ee pa ae “Thi proces of realtones ao mathematica, eden (ihe since earth mewsreny) ad ather fii What ie tsking in comtemporary Eunptobay i a ‘masterplan, une el hay tat mht so fol ipred dace an the mare in wh hey ‘uncon win ancien Fyn heaton "As happens that maser plan exists But dos nt ame fo ain seem Leypogy an enet ‘Gsaowed o ert ty Haymes Like Chanplon = ‘Sal wor bar won coir uppot sme et ent etl ats, architects, a hee users ‘that cia aclesbut no peel stake thee ‘lunar spats he wae More than 2 theory th amounts no hes than oa retreat a Sncent Eaypt ad fo has tmcome known a the Sto feta Sc ee the culmination of thes mor a the’ Asan ‘snuhenatcan’ and pieopher, ube ite RA" Schaller de Lubicz, who developed his eas Sit nate ty Tee at SCHWALLER DE LUBICZ Une so many unica ype, Schwa de Lak tier obeys the recived rod rules af scolar. Hs ‘hcumenatn is ethos, bis concn ret at ‘mat apn measurements a hee wet Ih eer Ah ance wee by the seo attached to the Freeh Eyota commision ty Eayp. In the eal Seu, ‘hl de acre ha dest asm he eer fine Insccesle acaeie Journal thowph Alesanre Vane a young eyelet who mason over to Sear Joh aya ipa tt whe ‘bad prematurely na cach, “Toph Scar de Lac eas were subjected rs ve bere abs and sabeuery to gt debra ne ‘eet inn sense ie was dome no more than ng oper ‘ireiyrevued ard apart rraons ofthe Wr a ‘pect Eayptan nowiee a Teva stl fh the der wold that ou on tenperry soci the st sand that eve exe that al sconce part moder sence as ber rd entry or dled both The work of Schmaer de La ler an elaborately documented nanement the ‘tear: tis the eobortn ofthe Caton ta dete the supprnson of the shure andthe decane ‘onl hasbeen pss slong ove he cetue, he tdi thai there ha once ena peat tne tc se, i ey ad no sd “its fn, Sar e Labs i, ha pont fr he eng namin Ege cn IMgtotherentng ior own Sneha a etch silage emans pseneal and unable Hen thn pa tonal tel poe pects treaty that cant be motel. only Bean ot tr aces ay advan wo preset tat EP ‘ames comprebenate x ‘ecrdng Shmberde Lbler the reat mies of gets bled oo an exact and complete eran of he lar feet, the manoe nhc pt be ‘Sie mater This knwige wens nthe Eptan ‘esi geometry, han, propane ruled ‘tom te wah ofthe temple hand in seh "Thurs 3 png mst clr nd nadmat what- coor the mare of te docmenatn ered oppor. ‘Suv ance Scaler de bis haw poe peat ‘tot comple a mont cot exlnaion fw {iat makeover sarod we sal te be aking at pitt es orn te ih {Sole fume by the eu Ode ise af Ee Ae moment, impo ope Scher de ‘abel may wr ations aol a ‘twendtheetry Chanpaan, What can hat ‘hi the rented clon of Egypeogy ene work eset gney each sed ‘singe sr ancy i ot larity ote ato “To sum up: Pggplogy, lke peso chemi, ssn a atrpetiee dipine The ata arte: {ie Eat are onl facts ne sen sense. What ‘char mace hone fat depen ease ete. {eacamlderble extent pant bel elmer. (ihe The nest Shepton egy he opal an 3 EGYPTIAN RELIGION Sty wang mpae op o a Shona cotinine Hr ene cation ete tnd rl ened i every aft ‘ng ol aber ha pao lary stay, we wl Be {Meum rl tape and etoues the ie, ‘on at sme lengths we ne ‘What fs ns mor han dele tate of tue Heypian relish a es race reduced ‘ohare cna MoNoTHEISM On rorvraeisM Despite appearances tothe contay, Eaypian eon {Rett nom ow hel ma ‘hela The Eqipuane regard the uniter at cote {Souret of ceton by the one great and supeme Ga ‘at at se at of reat mediately renal th, fatuousy complex word that ne experence. This wor “ive eney and nnd wth vine spe Te fine ion aed pines that operate de were that ge fhe were based pn earl servation and’ pound mwldge a the natural wor In pera care ae ‘bn oor pr eel the reason for he cht te [pre anna gs symbol dhe fen fr tesutrection, de gah nde he dea the sr er the maging ‘Stl the pregnant hippopotans for marly, Ue ‘efor dt and wre Inpro cnscrte 1th aster symbled by pa cla anal tha aia wa carly tended nd ae ‘garded an scrd. Thee to doubt tha the cmon rept parcalry inthe later depenerte df Fay \ortiped the anal themasier "a esd iy Hes ‘ad aie by Janene gop apna or ‘rating he temples a pyramid moe ‘CREATION MTHS AND THE ROLE OF MAN yp etn may be ded ino tit bt come pentay ad inrtaned home eenon of Un ‘ct aon nah he nes “The Eppa egos the lpn seas sch ‘nh ad mets, nt tro peepee ‘onto may way myn an syle here es {tcexprening meapiynal conceptions bit a {Soe cage! Theor ay ded wer eg {ine employed The key yp ed wth ber tT lpleen cation eben he oat ‘sruccomisding (slogan we oot cathe ens {tt ene the Een coun wih he cou rote ite opening chapter of Gane God reter Wren an athe te ater cette tad In tocconte sgn imate ean esa Wh theereton man “Ie pen conolgy mas brake wn four se rue bt empleentary ching each ho ee {ci of wari. Then maybe res ery oh Immense dete wd clad ses othe aa ‘ve Hs purpose In the tour hat seed, fit reward roceesf seen Me. The bear ‘tabrte Fp ner erature deta he sage {fancy need in’ making the natural oe ‘putt The rocrrent theme of resurrection es Princip metaphor the apt he sui “deah tunwe ands "webeh a davand te yea the eter [RELIGIOUS PRACTICE AND OBSERVANCE Practically everyting equated uk by Earp has {ligousspuicance. Yet the race hat Felion {Momour pant of ew, shi ls preropate. The tek paseo calm win te ster courtyards a ie temps ‘Desist and the ia rachel mature ‘bathe and plc aunt there ma a ‘Shnge tnd communication between the aro Bev ite abe cry a hes bul tue ofthe gad ih the as wer (ral, nue asthe gad). "The statue was en cared ‘he people nthe grea proceso. aon ete ‘Sint el be conse tan oad “iin there won sepa piston. The swf y ase mer oe ay, devon oe a ‘ater isan, Ant peal a ‘nk upon the temple hemos potas hbere ron no consct sah the nto though cee ‘emery eel om the Humble to the most, Tater oni the New King dhe system oxtenly moc, Many pate ideas were ow ae ort that oll nations, de Egypuane were te Frakes and mt reli on DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGION ‘The main elements of Egyptian reliion were ll hte sn he eas recorded dates he mytbgy, the symbol tm, the entre, the eros he canons ‘proportion ad he stems af mea. Th ng re ‘Cmte is derefre accurate to spake he yp “an regen developing The eigen aly expat by the Byzandne emperor justin sound 80, ate: beneath same a that emer om the i Dysty Fine texts ceed in he wa he pyramid a ‘jars themstives by common scholar consent, cae {twigs mune a meh ever ut non inte wre hte of mani ns te our of fot sind years In the OM Kingdom, Pal of Memphis and Ne o Helpats were the mt prominent ofthe gods the Mie’ Kingdom. the erphaas shied to Aman ‘Thebes, Under the Pilemies worship of Os wi ‘imoetaton of personal renrection. toe o prminee, pp elon developed wl he sons of Boor. ‘he entre proces mere any eee tha in Hgypts at Id aeitecture, ad peo the mon intretng apts ‘eoaing through Enype et watch unk beer Our ‘Fett at mance wh mal te ‘hy vine and ekg repreented the reaiutin6tat Fete The king was the mediator eeween te supreme {Cte mania The ta pte power exer bythe ‘nt er udereceat from our pot wa but theratural oly the insta embcment tthe din on earth Hic poiea le Terese om eat the rl the great creator gods in the bean: he King Inout ede oat a donde sutdued the eels fara a chs. mana the gvemance of ype tates upon en themes appeared, But woud be se lending w cal hom dendepmens and tk impose to Xow what tated the changes ‘She major change was the racic of carved ree de pcg the nite The euient tombe and temple ap ent mre unre. By the Vs Doan eer sua {nha walopace war covered i lel werk This ay have ‘na a praceal det eon te oicing res, ‘any a whom would be laymen, wth paraent eremo- ‘Sakata, s sue of Musnted Book of Comes Prayer Bot alo hs apc meaning A caring wa Infsed tue spt tlc, and the aed {nt the wall pemaeny ited he te wh spt for ‘Sag ate wal se "Tarts oF cenewowtes ‘Tere were thee tne typ of ceremonies pected in ap pce eta ey ane Processons and Festival Ths washer whch Egyptian elon reached te ‘geatmanctite people. Thee pet eats were celery {hd paps eegasue. They were Hequen ia New King ‘dm Thebes there were abet sy of them) and ame ‘tne prongs or several week, poiding plenty of ‘onan the selon calendar (ete ten po tryed as aroun feet tn these oa ran cling. ‘ome of thse comerorsed evens inthe sar and una ces ers were aera sl echere wee ed tote Nile ort the ing, Some soch athe resurecton of (Gas wer eerste all over Eup Overs meres) {he formance onthe man self dane ace The tea wile ees wee cowie i wniance and were Beene ee Ppotured the ar temples consecrated Loe occ ArT the tatu of Anon wis hen rom a ane ‘wary im Rema Temple and raped in pale ‘een the shape oa Sle barge the ie sell Then {he ate wasted upeseam,f the scompunsent Migr and’ dances, t Lux’ Tempe and Aron has plbcd i the sancaary eke eraoreAmonet. tra) ‘ome dye state was etre Kara snat ‘rocedue was falowed aa ence a year, banging the sue tothe mortuary temple ofthe eanng in Since ‘ermal smiled the cea of the unerse oto tbe [vier ewamp. and aor polation in man he ‘Eines Ope sels note way reps or ere sethetexching “so aro Dera Heron ey st Bate wee nitty Ee hough oud elk {io Rn sae ty ea oer: the Cd ocho sumer the ste of Hater was taken om ney {Eves the me otal mae The King ent fw the oth mc ln. inter pb etal tea ie a our fhe pe cinco scppng cata aces hare he wld be Sa Sted aearorie ’A Der ate fal ode New Yen lng and

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