1.

0 TITLE
Application Of Bernoulli Equation

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, the Swiss physicist and mathematician who
developed it. The principle relates the fluid pressure to its speed and elevation, and it can be explained through the
conservation of energy. When a speed of a fluid increases, the pressure or potential energy of said fluid must
decrease for the compensation of the high pressure. (Johnson, 2020)

For example, the yellow line to stand away from the train station is important because a train is moving
fast. If a person exceeds the yellow line, they might be at risk of getting pushed into the train further because of
Bernoulli’s principle. When the train is moving fast, the air/liquid pressure near the train becomes lower, then high
pressure surrounding air will push objects further closer to the train risking accidents.

Another example of Bernoulli’s principle application is to determine the flow speed of a fluid. Devices
such as venturi meter or orifice plate is used and placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow. When
diameter is reduced, fluid flow speed will increase, according to Bernoulli’s principle as pressure is decreased. (M,
2018)

The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle by determining the
pressures in a venturi nozzle. (G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, 2009)

1.2 OBJECTIVES
To verify experimentally the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid flow under steady condition.

1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the laboratory works, students should be able to:

i) Conduct and construct the application of Bernoulli Equation laboratory experiments.

ii) Analyze and interpret the data based on obtained data.

1.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Bernoulli's principle is essentially a work energy conservation principle, according to which the total
energy remains constant for an ideal fluid or in circumstances where the effects of viscosity are disregarded and no
work is being done on the fluid. According to this theory, the total amount of energy in a fluid moving down a
streamline—an enclosed path—is the same at every point along the streamline. (M, 2018)

Pressure, speed and height at two points in a steady-flowing, non-viscous, incompressible fluid are related
by the equation:
 1 2 1 2
P1 + ρ v 1+ ρgh 1=P2 + ρ v 2+ ρgh 2
2 2

Where,
P = Pressure
ρ = density of the fluid
v = fluid velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height

The first term in the equation is simply the pressure, the second term is the kinetic energy of the fluid per
unit volume and the third term is the gravitational potential energy per unit volume for the fluid.

Kinetic energy, potential energy, and gravitational energy at height are added up in this equation. Density
and pressure in the equation can be replaced by mass and force times distance, respectively, if the volume is
multiplied through.

The continuity equation states that for an incompressible fluid flowing in a tube of varying cross-section,
the mass flow rate is the same everywhere in the tube. The equation of continuity can be written as:
ρ1 A 1 v 1=ρ2 A 2 v 2
The density stay at the constant and it is simply the flow rate that is constant. The velocity of fluid is
greater in narrow section as we applied the continuity equation, all according to Bernoulli’s principle.

According to Bernoulli's principle, a non-viscous flow along a pipe with a variable cross section will result
in an increase in the fluid's speed along with a fall in pressure or a rise in pressure when the pipe widens and the
fluid stagnates. As a result, pressure would drop as velocity rises.

This is expressed with the following equation:

p v2
+ + z=h=constant
ρg 2 g

The centerline of all the cross sections we are considering lie on the same horizontal plane (datum z = 0 can
be considered), thus we can reduce the equation to:
p v2
+ =h=constant
ρg 2 g
This represents the total head at cross section.
VENTURI METER
The venturi meter is a tool used to measure the flow through a pipeline. This apparatus consists of a venturi
tube and differential pressure gauge. As seen in the figure below, the venturi tube has a converging portion, a neck,
and a diverging portion. The fluid's velocity and static pressure are both increased by the converging part. Thus,
there develops a pressure difference between the inlet and throat, and this pressure difference is connected to the
discharge rate. To move the stream's area back to the entrance area and change velocity head into pressure head,
the diverging cone is used. (M, 2018)

Figure 1. Venture Tube

1.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Students are required to perform experiment to measure the pressure head, calculate velocity head and the
total head and thus verify the Bernoulli’s Theorem. Prove that the Total Head is constant for each point of
observation.
1.6 APPARATUS
i) Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit as shown in Figure 1
ii) Hydraulic bench
iii) Measuring cylinder
iv) Stopwatch

Figure 1 below shows the apparatus used in this experiment. (G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, 2009)

Figure 1 Bernoulli’s Principle Demonstrator Unit (HM150.07)

Figure 2 shows the area of different cross sections of the venturi flume

Figure 2 Areas of the venturi flume

Figure 3 shows the design of the assembly board (G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, 2009)

Figure 3 Design of the assembly board

1.7 PROCEDURE
GENERAL START UP PROCEDURE
i) The apparatus on the flat top of the bench is located.
ii) The water tank of the hydraulic bench is filled with water until approximately 90% full.
iii) A flexible inlet tube is connected using the quick release coupling in the bed into the channel.
iv) A flexible hose is connected to the outlet and it is made sure that the hose is directed into the channel.
v) The discharge valve at the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit is partially open.
vi) Bench valve is fully closed then the pump is switched on.
vii) Bench valve is gradually opened to allow the piping system, venturi tube and manometer tube to fill
with water until all air has been expelled from the system.
viii) Inspect the plastic transfer tube and glass manometer tube for "caught bubbles." For more accuracy, it
needs to be taken out. To allow fluid and suffocated air to escape, unscrew the air bleed screw. Don't
get wet or damage the premises.
ix) You can see water entering the venturi meter and discharging into the collection tank of the hydraulic
bench at this point.
x) The static pressure is increased by opening bench valve because the level in manometer is too low; if
the static pressure is too high, close the bench valve so the manometer is at reasonable and measurable
height.
xi) The flowrate is measured using hydraulic bench.

TO VERIFY BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

i) General start-up procedure is performed.
ii) The apparatus is leveled properly by using adjustable foot screws.
iii) The diameter of the venturi tube at each point is recorded and the distance from the first manometer
tube to the other manometer tube is measured.
iv) The bench valve is gradually opened to fill the manometer with water and make sure there is no air
trapped in each manometer.
v) The bench valves and discharge valve are adjusted and the discharge valve are re-tighten when the
manometer levels reach a convenient height.
vi) The discharge valve is opened in order to give a convenient difference between the highest and lowest
manometer levels and readings of all 6 manometer tubes are taken.
vii) Step 6 and 7 is repeated by adjusting the discharge valve to give high and low flow rates for both
highest and lowest static pressure.

GENERAL SHUT DOWN PROCEDURES

i) The water supply valve and venturi discharge valve are closed.
ii) The water supply pump is turned off.
iii) Water from the unit is drained off when not in use.
1.8 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Area of the tank:
Manometer number (n) Area (m2 × 10−4 )
1 3.38
2 2.33
3 0.846
4 1.70
5 2.55
6 3.38

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 1
Volume = 1 litre = 0.001 cubic metre
Time = 14.49s
Flow rate = 0.001/14.49 = 0.000069013 cubic metre/sec
V = Q/A

Manometer Velocity, Vn Manometer head V

2
Total head,
Velocity head,
number (n) (m/s) (m) 2g H (m)
(m)
1 0.2042 0.050 2.125 * 10^-3
2 0.2962 0.050 4.471* 10^-3
3 0.8158 0.020 33.921 * 10^-3
0.0125
4 0.4060 0.030 8.401 * 10^-3
5 0.2706 0.035 3.732 * 10^-3
6 0.2042 0.035 2.125 * 10^-3

Head (m) against Manometer (n) chart

0.06
0.055
0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04
0.035
0.03 0.03

0.02

0.01
0.005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 2
Volume = 1 litre = 0.001 cubic metre
Time = 10.86s
Flow rate = 0.001/10.86 = 0.000092081 cubic metre/sec
V = Q/A

Manometer Velocity, Vn Manometer head V

2
Total head,
Velocity head,
number (n) (m/s) (m) 2g H (m)
(m)
1 0.2724 0.050 3.782 * 10^-3
2 0.3952 0.050 7.960 * 10^-3
3 1.0884 0.010 60.378 * 10^-3
0.0126
4 0.5417 0.030 0.015 * 10^-3
5 0.3611 0.040 6.646 * 10^-3
6 0.2724 0.040 3.782 * 10^-3

Head (m) against Manometer (n) chart

0.06
0.055
0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04
0.035
0.03 0.03

0.02

0.01
0.005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 3
Volume = 1 litre = 0.001 cubic metre
Time = 12.02s
Flow rate = 0.001/12.02 = 0.000083194 cubic metre/sec
V = Q/A

Manometer Velocity, Vn Manometer head V2 Total head,

Velocity head,
number (n) (m/s) (m) 2g H (m)
(m)
1 0.2461 0.055 3.087 * 10^-3
2 0.3571 0.050 6.450 * 10^-3
3 0.9834 0.005 0.060 * 10^-3
0.0125
4 0.4894 0.030 0.015 * 10^-3
5 0.3263 0.035 6.646 * 10^-3
6 0.2461 0.040 3.782 * 10^-3

Head (m) against Manometer (n) chart

0.06
0.055
0.05 0.05

0.04 0.04
0.035
0.03 0.03

0.02

0.01
0.005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

CALCULATIONS
1. To calculate v using Bernoulli’s equation:
p v2
+ + z=h=constant
ρg 2 g
Eliminate pressure and z, thus:
2
v
=h
2g
2
v =2 gh
v=√ 2 gh
g = 9.81 m/s^2
 2. Volumetric flow rate of each trials are calculated using this equation:
Q = V/t
v = volume of water (m^3)
t = time taken (s)

Lastly, we substituted the value of A and Q into the continuity equation

Q = Av
V = Q/A

All calculations are repeated for every trial

1.9 DISCUSSION

From the experiment we can see that

there are difference value in hp of
experiment and hp of theoretical. This
may occur due to human error in
reading of
balance bridge arm level. This would
lead to an inaccurate water height
reading,
which would consequently affect
everything height was used to
calculate other than
that, there might be human error in
reading the height of the water in the
chamber.
This also would cause the height
measurement and all subsequent
calculations.
Next, the error during splashing the
water into the balance bridge arm
might
occur too. When we poured the water
and of course this would cause an
artificial
increase in weight due to the applied
masses. The applied masses were not
weight
prior to their application onto the
balance bridge arm. Thus, the applied
mass may
weight more due to accumulation of
oils from being handled. However, all
those
errors that might be occurred are so
minor that is likely that even if they
were present
in the experiment, they would have
little to no effect on the result
From the experiment we can see that
there are difference value in hp of
experiment and hp of theoretical. This
may occur due to human error in
reading of
balance bridge arm level. This would
lead to an inaccurate water height
reading,
which would consequently affect
everything height was used to
calculate other than
that, there might be human error in
reading the height of the water in the
chamber.
This also would cause the height
measurement and all subsequent
calculations.
Next, the error during splashing the
water into the balance bridge arm
might
occur too. When we poured the water
and of course this would cause an
artificial
increase in weight due to the applied
masses. The applied masses were not
weight
prior to their application onto the
balance bridge arm. Thus, the applied
mass may
weight more due to accumulation of
oils from being handled. However, all
those
errors that might be occurred are so
minor that is likely that even if they
were present
in the experiment, they would have
little to no effect on the result
From the experiment we can see that
there are difference value in hp of
experiment and hp of theoretical. This
may occur due to human error in
reading of
balance bridge arm level. This would
lead to an inaccurate water height
reading,
which would consequently affect
everything height was used to
calculate other than
that, there might be human error in
reading the height of the water in the
chamber.
This also would cause the height
measurement and all subsequent
calculations.
Next, the error during splashing the
water into the balance bridge arm
might
occur too. When we poured the water
and of course this would cause an
artificial
increase in weight due to the applied
masses. The applied masses were not
weight
prior to their application onto the
balance bridge arm. Thus, the applied
mass may
weight more due to accumulation of
oils from being handled. However, all
those
errors that might be occurred are so
minor that is likely that even if they
were present
in the experiment, they would have
little to no effect on the result
By applying the Bernoulli's Theorem, we were able to show that when the cross-section's diameter is
lower, the area is smaller and the velocity along the venturi flume increases. The greatest pressure differential and
fastest speeds were found in the tube with the shortest cross section (cross section n = 3). The findings indicate that
the higher pressure differential has the fastest fluid flow. Additionally, we noticed that the velocity head is
substantially higher at the narrower tube and vice versa as fluid flows through the venturi flume. Pressure is low at
high velocities.

For each trial, the volumetric flow rates are computed. As soon as the volumetric tank reached 1L, the
water flow was controlled using the valve, and the times taken were timed using a stopwatch. In order to modify
the results of the velocities, each experiment used a different volumetric flow rate. The computed volumetric flow
rates were then used to determine the velocities by substituting them into the continuity equation. The calculations
revealed that the highest volumetric flow rates corresponded to the fastest speeds.

As shown in graph of all three test that the decrease in area of flow decrease the height of water in
manometer column means they are directly proportional to each other.

The Bernoulli's equation describes the relationship between an increase in fluid speed and a decrease in
pressure. When the pipe opens up and the fluid stagnates, the pressure increases. As a result, pressure would drop
as velocity rose. The difference in pressure was accounted for in this calculation. Both of the equations were
appropriate for use in calculating velocities, as we stated when we first presented them. There are various factors,
such as pressure differential and area, that must be taken into account.
 2.0 CONCLUSION
According to Bernoulli, low pressure will result in high fluid velocity. The continuity equation predicts that
a smaller region will have a higher velocity. The outcome demonstrated that both equations may be utilized to
calculate the fluid flow velocity in a manometer. Even if the value is different, the pattern of growth and decline at
the converging and diverging portions is the same. For both convergent and divergent flow, total head pressure
rises as velocity rises.

2.1 REFERENCE
References
G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, B., 2009. HM150.07e.book. [Online]
Available at: https://units.imamu.edu.sa/colleges/en/Engineering/studyprograms/Documents/ME%20Lab
%20Manuals/Lab%20Equipment%20info/Thermo-fluids%20Lab/HM150_07e%20-%20V0.2_Bernoulli
%27s_Principle_demonstrator.pdf
[Accessed 15 12 2022].

Johnson, L., 2020. Sciencing. [Online]

Available at: https://sciencing.com/bernoullis-principle-definition-equation-examples-13723388.html

MECHANIC, T. T. G., 2016. Green Mechanic. [Online]

Available at: https://www.green-mechanic.com/2016/10/bernoulli-experiment-lab-report.html
[Accessed 16 12 2022].

M, P., 2018. Studocu. [Online]

Available at: https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/alliance-university/business-communications/246653261-
bernoulli-s-principle-demonstration-lab-report/6345439
[Accessed 14 12 2022].
Appendix