MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

ME136P-2/E01

ENGINEERING MATERIALS, PROCESSES AND TESTING

WRITTEN REPORT ON

Design of Concrete Mix in Philippine Peso

Worksheet Exercise 2.1

SUBMITTED BY:

Talan, Jefferson R.

2016142228

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JENNIFER VALDEZ

DATE

March 29, 2021

Cement mixture ratio is important in determining the outcome properties. This could be

the difference of having a sound structure and failing structure when external forces act on it.

volume method is done in determining the amount of materials needed for each structure such as

footing, beams, slabs, etc. This is accordance to National Structural Code of the Philippine 2015.

Estimate cost is also determined by comparing the daily wage of mason, constructional engineer,

and construction workers in Quezon City and Bulacan.

OBJECTIVES

1. Compute the total volume of sand, aggregate, cement, and water depending on volume

and ratio

2. Estimate the total cost in Philippine peso with manpower needed depending on location

in the country.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

ABSTRACT ii

OBJECTIVE ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES 1

DISCUSSION 2

LIST OF APPARATUS / SET-UP 4

CONCLUSION 4

RECOMMENDATION 5

REFERENCES 6

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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

Ratio in cement combination is important for civil engineering. This could determine the

properties of the mixture once it solidified. According to the National Structural Code of the

Philippine of 2015, the minimum force that a cement structure must withstand for general structure

is 2500 pound per square inch. This means that the structure must withstand a minimum of 2500

psi without breaking under testing. To assure this, ratio of mixture is important to put in mind.

1:2:3:0.5

That is the ratio of mixture of cement that would ensure that the cement mixture could

withstand the minimum force required. This means that for every bag of cement, which is about

40 kg in weight, twice is the amount of sand, thrice is the amount of gravel, and ½ is the amount

of water needed. To ensure this, put it in a wooden box container with a dimension of 0.3 m by 0.3

m by 0.3 m to ensure proper measurement.

Volume of each component is important to know the amount of material needed for

structural parts.

V = length x width x height

To get the quantity of cement needed

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 36
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
3

To get the quantity of sand

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
2

The quantity of gravel needed is just equal to the volume of a specific structure.

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DISCUSSION

Cement mixture is important in construction engineering. This is the very material is used

in building most structure all over the globe. Therefore, it is important that the cement structure

built is strong enough to withstand strong forces in able for the structure to absorb external factors

and forces that can break its structural integrity.

There are a lot of components to a structure that needs cement mixture. Some of which are

footing, connecting tie footing, columns, walls, slabs, etc. All this structure needs cement so

volume computation is done to determine the number of materials needed for the whole structure

depending on the design.

This is a screenshot from the video made by Engineer Jojo Pascua on one of his videos in

YouTube. Here, he shows how to compute the cement needed for a sample footing design that he

made. The volume of the footing is computed by multiplying the length, width, and height.

To get the quantity of cement needed, we use the volume computed for the footing and

multiply it by 36 and divided by 3. Sir Jojo Pascua multiplied the volume of footing to 12 because

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in his structural design, he needed 12 footing for the overall structure. This computation would

result in approximately 51 bags needed for the footing.

To determine the amount of sand needed, we simply divide the volume of footing in half.

The resulting number would have a unit of cubic meter. Quantity of gravel needed for this would

just be equal to the volume of each footing. These computations would result in the quantity of

cement, sand, aggregate and water needed for the footing alone.

The same process is done for every part of the structure which includes, columns, beam,

slab, and the walls which would all utilize cement for building.

According to the website of PayScale.com, the average salary of constructional engineer is

600,000 Philippine Peso but of course, this is always dependent on the size and design you want

for your structure. On top of that, construction workers are also needed to provide manpower on

the actual building on the structure. Construction workers have an hourly rate of 61.97 pesos.

Multiply that to 8 hours would result in Php. 495.67 which is based on Quezon City, Metro Manila.

Usually on a small-scale structure, one mason and two helpers are needed. According to

the Department of Labor and Employment, mason’s monthly salary range is from Php. 8000-

10,000. Some can even go as high as Php. 13,000. Estimating their daily wage, is about 500 pesos

which is again dependent on the location of the project. Average daily Mason wage here in Bulacan

is about 700 pesos. Adding the two helpers would result in about Php. 1691.34. Remember that

that result is only an estimation for small scale project. Some huge projects can with a land area of

about 6000 square meters could result in labor alone about 150,000 Pesos on a weekly basis.

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LIST OF APPARATUS / SET-UP

1. Aggregate (20 mm) 24.8 kg

2. Aggregate (10 mm) 24.2 kg

3. Sand 30.2 kg

4. Cement 20 kg (OPC grade)

5. Concrete mixer

6. Foundation design

CONCLUSION

For this exercise, we were able to compute the total amount of required materials needed

to form each structure like footing, beam, etc. This is done through volume method by computing

the total volume of a certain structure and relating it to the necessary formulas for each component

such as sand, aggregate, cement, and water.

Estimation for the total cost of labor for the cement addition in a structure is also computed

which is dependent on the location. This is because city rates and provincial rates differs which

can almost always more expensive in cities. However, this does not other supplies such as metal

rods, plywood, and other important materials in building a sound structure. This exercise is great

for visualizing the number of materials needed to form a structure. Moreover, this could open our

eyes in the cost of building the structure based on the amount of cement mixture needed.

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RECOMMENDATION

This exercise is great, but I think it could be improve if the discussion on the lessons and

videos is deeper which could strengthen our understanding construction materials such as cement

which could simple in ordinary person’s perspective but complicated once we dealt with it such as

the ratio of materials needed which could vary from different standards.

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REFERENCE

1. Pascua J. (2020, June 28). Ilang Semento, Graba at Buhangin para sa Poste,

Footing, Beam at Slab at Tamang mixture. Retrieved from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guGHRcT8pEU

2. (n.d.). Average Project Engineer, Construction Salary in Philippines. Retrieved

from:

https://www.payscale.com/research/PH/Job=Project_Engineer%2C_Construction/Sal

ary

3. (n.d.). Pay Standards and Practices. Retrieved from: https://nwpc.dole.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2020/04/Construction_04.2020_v.2.pdf

4. (n.d.). Mason. Retrieved from: http://ble.dole.gov.ph/index.php/cg/31-

mason#:~:text=A%20mason%27s%20entry%20level%20salary,from%20US%24700

%20to%20%24900.