UNIT-2

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 RECAPTULATION

What is water cycle?

What are water resources?
How can we conserv the water?

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 Learning Outcomes

Learning outcomes KL PO

Exploring water resources and

K1 PO1.....PO8 PSO1....PSO4
understanding the importance of water

To know the changes in sources of

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water and water availability overtime.

To identify the methods of saving water. K4 PO1.....PO8 PSO1....PSO4

To understand the consequences of

k3 PO1.....PO8 PSO1....PSO4
water wastage and avoid it.

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 Outline

Introduction
Sources of Fresh water
Uses Of Water
Importance of Water Resources
Distribution of water on Earth
Understand the Need for Water Conservation.
Be Familiar With How Water Pressure Relates to
Water Conservation.
Understand the Principles of Water Recycling and
Water Reuse.
Be Familiar With Cooling Water Conservation.
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 About Water

97% of the water on the Earth is salt water. However, only

3% percent is fresh water; slightly over 2/3 of this is frozen
in glaciers and polar ice caps.
The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as
groundwater, with only a small fraction present above
ground or in the air.
Fresh water is a renewable resource

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 Sources of Fresh water

1. Surface water

2. Frozen water

3. Ground water

4. Rain water

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 Surface water
Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh water wetland.
Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally
lost through discharge to the oceans and evaporation.

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 Frozen water
Several schemes have been proposed to make use of icebergs as a
water source, however to date this has only been done for novelty
purposes. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the
World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude
areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and
permafrost outside of the poles

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Ground water

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 Uses Of Water

e nt
ironm
Env tivities
Ac Industrial

Agriculture

Household
n al
a tio
re
R ec

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 Importance of Water Resources

Below mentioned is the importance of water resources in

points:-
It is significant since life cannot survive without it.
Agricultural, commercial, household, leisure, and
environmental activities all use water in some way.
Almost all of these human uses necessitate the use of
freshwater.
Freshwater makes up just 2.5 percent of the Earth's total water,
and over two-thirds of it is frozen in ice caps and glaciers.
In several regions of the world, water demand currently
exceeds availability, as well as many other areas, are prepared
to face this deficit in the near future.
Irrigation in agriculture is expected to account for 70% of
global water consumption.

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Distribution of water on Earth

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Technologies Used to Provide Fresh Water

Reclaimed Water
The method of turning wastewater into water that can be recycled
and reused for other purposes is known as water reclamation (also
known as wastewater reuse. Irrigating gardens and farm areas, as
well as replenishing surface and groundwater, are examples of
reuse (i.e., groundwater recharge). 
Desalination
Desalination is a man-made process that converts saline water
(usually seawater) to freshwater. Reverse and distillation osmosis is
the most popular desalination method.
Desalination is actually more costly than most alternative water
sources, and it only covers a small portion of overall human
consumption. In arid regions, it is normally only economically
feasible for greater uses (including certain household and
industrial applications). 

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 How do people use Water
Resources?

Divide

Household Personal Use Recreational activities

Washing dishes Washing the teeth Go to the pool.

Fill the car with water Drinking water Go to the beach.
Watering the plants Take a shower Walk in the pool for recovering
Putting out the fire Going to the bathroom health.
Give water for the cows Walk in the pool for Skiing in the mountains.
Watering the grass recovering health Fish in the lakes.
Washing the car
Play with a ball in the river.
Surfeit in the ocean.

Picture: Picture: Picture:

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 Proposals: How to conserve water

If you want to learn how to conserver water and protecting the

environment, learning to conserve water is a great way to make
a positive impact. A four-minute shower may not sound like
much, but in reality can cost up to 40 gallons. But don't worry--
there are ways to change water-hogging household habits into
leaner, greener activities.
Water Conservation Tips
Run your dishwasher for only full loads.
Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.
Check your faucets and toilets for leaks.
Take shorter showers.
Water your lawn in the morning.
Use a cover on your pool.
Wash your car with a nozzle on the hose.

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 Conclusion

Our water resources, irregularly distributed in space and

time, are under pressure due to major population
change and increased demand.
Access to reliable data on the availability, quality and
quantity of water, and its variability, form the necessary
foundation for sound management of water resources.

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Water Conservation:

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What is water
conservation?

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Topics to be covered:

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Why conserve water??

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Continue…

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 Water Facts

Bathroom claims nearly

75% of water use
In 1990, the average
person used 183
gallons of water per
day.
The water use is about
50% higher in the west
than the east.

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Shave and a haircut…
…a bit more than
“two bits”
Turn off the water
while shaving. Fill
the bottom of the
sink with a few
inches of water to
rinse your razor.
Saves five gallons
each day.

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Ways to conserve water

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Ways to conserve water

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 Rainwater Harvesting for
Consumption
Cost less than $1500 to
build
Softer Water: 5mg/gal
of dissolved minerals
as compared to 500 in
city water.
Cut water use by 95%
Many use similar
system for laundry and
toilets.

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“Sawdust Toilet”

When used, add layer

of sawdust to absorb
odors.
When full, empty into
compost pile
Some save urine
separately. Can be
diluted and used on
plants for its nitrogen
richness.

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 Tips from the Errsons

Dishwashing: Laundry:
Wash all dishes at once Use cold water
Buy front loader
Then rinse all at once
machine
Bathing: Toilets:
Catch the water while Use water saver version
the shower is warming Better yet use compost
up to water plants toilet
Turn water off while you Use Rain barrels for
are soaping up garden water

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Another Somewhat
Extreme Idea

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 Waste Water Wetlands

The system will function Needs:

in the dormant as well A 2 cell septic tank
as the summer season. (removes sludge)
The oxidizing Then a wetland
purification occurs in constructed of 12-18
the root activity not the inches of gravel with
nutrient removal native plants for the
1 sq. ft for each gallon water to slowly pass
of daily flow. through

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H2O House

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Bath

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Toilet Talk

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 Toilet Tidbits

A family of 4 uses 881

gallons of water per
week just to flush their
toilet.
If everyone in the US
flushed one less time a
day, we could save
enough water to make
a square mile lake that
is four feet deep
everyday.

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 Toilet

Toilets made before Improved toilets can

1993, use between 3.5 save a family between
and 8 gallons per flush. 14-17 thousand gallons
Newer toilets use less of water per year.
than 1.6 gpf. Some cities and utility
This becomes a water companies offer
use difference of 9.7 incentives ranging from
gallons per day $25-100 or free toilet
replacement.

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The Toilet Comparison

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 Saving water

Add bricks or two liter bottles filled with water

to your tank to reduce gpf.
Add food coloring to the tank, wait 30 mins. If
the bowl is colored then you have a tank
leak.
Running water while shaving or brushing
teeth, wastes more water than what one
person needs for an entire week.

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Shower

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 Shower improvements

Take shorter showers

Replace shower head with
water savers that use 2.5
gpm or less
Do not take baths. The
typical bath uses over 50
gallons of water.
Consider collecting excess
water for use on house
plants.

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 Kitchen Facts

Typical dishwasher uses between 8 and 15

gallons per load. High efficiency washer use
around 6.
The Dishwasher is about 1.4% of typical
water use.
Faucets represent 15.7% of the typical water
use.
One drip per second from a faucet will waste
2,700 gallons per year

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 Kitchen Improvements

Install low-flow faucet aerators.

Only run dishwasher when full.
New dishwashers are powerful. Don’t pre-
wash dishes.
Collect excess sink water for watering plants

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 Kitchen (Continued)

A garbage disposal wastes lots of water.

Compost instead
This will also reduce solid waste in waterlines by
50% or more.
Do not leave running while washing dishes.

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 Laundry

Replace old washer The washing machine

with water saver model. accounts for 21.7% of
New models use 23 typical water use.

gallons as compared to
the 41 of older
machines.
Only wash full loads.
Pretreat stains to avoid
rewashing

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 What is Grey Water and
Dual Plumbing?
Grey water is domestic wastewater from
sinks, tubs, and clothing washers that is used
for lawn care
Dual plumbing is a process of recycling water
by having to separate drainage lines to the
city utility. St. Petersburg, Fl currently is using
this process.

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 Grey water system or Dual
Plumbing
Not legal in some cities Must monitor plants for over
and states. This stifles fertilization and watering.
Must be careful about
the ability to market and ingredients in laundry soaps
sell this technology. and cleaners, some can
Will keep your plants harm your plants.
and lawn thriving in A family of four can create
drought conditions. 30-40 thousand gallons of
Provides lots of organic water, if system is used to
full potential.
materials for the plants
as well.

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 The Car Wash

A 15 min. car wash

uses 100 gallons of
water.
Use a bucket of water
and rags instead
Go to a commercial car
wash that reuses their
water.

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 The Family Pool

Ways to Save: Keep water in pool.

A pool cover
Repair any leaks
An inch a day leak in a 15
X 30ft pool wastes
102,000 gallons.
Turn heat down to slow
evaporation.
Maintain pool to avoid
water waste in refilling it.

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 Xeriscape: History

The purpose of
Xeriscape was to
popularize landscape
water conservation and
to educate people
about the importance of
water to humans and
other life forms.

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 Benefits of Xeriscape

Reduces water use

Reduces fertilizer use
Reduces pesticide use
Lower maintenance costs
Reduces runoff
Preserves Topsoil
Drought Tolerant
Lower maintenance needs

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 Using your water meter to
conserve
Leaks can account for more than 10% of a
typical families water bill.
On a straight reading meter, read it just like a
car odometer.
A “round reading dial”:
Start with the 100,000 ft dial and work around to
the 1 ft dial. If between numbers round down.

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Examples of the dials

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 Meaning
Water cycle also known as Hydrological cycle or
Hydrolic cycle is the continuous movement of
water on above or below the surface of land.
Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly
being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean,
and land. This process, known as the Water Cycle,
is driven by energy from the sun.
The hydrologic cycle has a profound effect upon
climate prediction.
Branch of science to study the movements and
characteristics of water under of over surface or
earth is called Hydrology.

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Evaporation
Evapotranspiratio
n
Condensation
Precipitation
Interception
Infiltration
Runoff Storage

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Evaporation occurs when
water changes from liquid
state to gaseous state.

Evaporation occurs on water

surfaces like lakes, seas etc.

Evaporated moisture is lifted

into atmosphere.

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Evapo-transpiration is water
evaporating from the ground
and transpiration by plants.
Evapo-transpiration is also
the way water vapour-enters
the atmosphere
About 90% of atmospheric
water comes from
evaporation, while the
remaining 10% is from
transpiration.
Water is evaporated from
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lakes, streams, oceans, and
CONDENSATION

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Condensation is the process
by which water vapor
changes into water. Water
vapor condenses to form
dew, fog or clouds.

Condensation takes place due

to cooling of air. As water (in
the form of gas) rises higher
in the atmosphere, it starts to
cool and become a liquid
again.

When a large amount of

water vapor condenses, it
results in the formation
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of
clouds.
Condensation can form: Fog,Dew, and Clouds
Fog: Fog forms when air near the surface is cold and nearly
saturated with water. Now when water from the ground
evaporates, it condenses immediately forming tiny water
droplets that create a low-lying cloud we call fog.
Dew: Dew forms at night when air becomes saturated with
water vapor. When this saturated air comes in contact with
plants or other objects it condenses, leaving tiny water
droplets behind on the object.
Clouds:When the air containing water vapor is heated by
the sun, it rises into the atmosphere by convection. The
water vapor in the air is then cooled by the colder air
higher in the atmosphere causing the relative humidity to
increase. As the relative humidity increases, the air
eventually becomes saturated. The water vapor then
condenses into tiny water droplets around particles of dust
or salt in the air. These tiny water droplets make up clouds.
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Transpiration occurs when plants
take in water through the roots and
release it through the leaves, a
process that can clean water by
removing contaminants and
pollution.
Transpiration is the biological process
that occurs mostly in the day.
Water inside plants is transferred to
the atmosphere as water vapor.
Only a small portion of water is
retained by the
plants.

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When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the
water falls back to the earth.This is called
precipitation.
Precipitation is the process that occurs when water
particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the
ground.
Precipitated water may fall into water bodies or on
land.
It can then go to streams or penetrate into the soil.

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1.Drizzle 4.Sleet
2.Rain 5.Snow
3.Freezing rain 6.Hail

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Interception refers
to precipitation
that does not
reach the soil, but
is instead
intercepted by
the leaves and
branches of plants
and the forest
floor.

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 INFILTRATION
Some precipitation seeps into the
groundwater and is stored in layers of
rock below the surface of the Earth.
This water stays there for varying
amounts of time. Some water may
evaporate into the hydrologic cycle
within days, while other water will
stay in the ground for centuries or
more.
This process of precipitation seeping
into the groundwater is called
infiltration.
It is measured in inches per hour or
millimeters per hour.
It is measured using infiltrometer.

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 RUN-OFF

Runoff is precipitation that did not get

absorbed into the soil, or did not evaporate.
Runoff causes erosion, and also carry
chemicals and substances on the ground
surface.

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Transpiration occurs when plants
take in water through the roots and
release it through the leaves, a
process that can clean water by
removing contaminants and
pollution.
Transpiration is the biological process
that occurs mostly in the day.
Water inside plants is transferred to
the atmosphere as water vapor.
Only a small portion of water is
retained by the
plants.

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When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the
water falls back to the earth.This is called
precipitation.
Precipitation is the process that occurs when water
particles fall from the atmosphere and reach the
ground.
Precipitated water may fall into water bodies or on
land.
It can then go to streams or penetrate into the soil.

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There are three basic water
storage places: in
atmosphere, on earth’s surface,
and in the ground. Surface
storage places are: ocean, lake,
reservoirs, glaciers.
Underground storage occurs in
soil, in the cracks of rocks etc.

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 Suggested Readings

S.No Book Name/Title Author Publisher

UDH Publishers &

1 Environmental Science Chhatwal, Rajni Johar
Distributers (P) Ltd

Environmental Science &

2 Arumugam.N, &Kumaresan.V Saras Publication
Engineering

Environmental Science: Working Cengage Learning India

3 MillerTyler, G.Jr.,
with the Earth, Ltd.

4 Essential Environment Studies Mishra, S.P., and Panday, S.N Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

5 Sustainable Development Ghosh Roy, M.K Ane Books Pvt. Ltd

6 Textbook on Environmental Studies Asthana, D.K. and Meera S.Chand

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 Summary

Water is one of the natural resources, which are found in

an adequate amount. It is an essential source for the
existence of life on the planet earth.

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 References

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com