Two key concepts to define before proceeding to

historical analysis of problems.

 Interpretation- the way
something is explained or
understood. It based on the way of
someone explained the given
topic.
 Multiperspectivity- is
characteristic of narration or
representation. Where more than
one perspective is represented to
the audience.
Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interpretation
■ History is the study of the past,
but more contemporary
definition is centered on how it
impacts the present through its
consequences.
■ Every historical event has a flow-on effect
upon things that occur after it. Things that
occurred because of the event under
investigation are called 'Consequences'.
Such consequences can include impacts
upon people, societies, beliefs or any
other facet of history.
Geoffrey Barraclough
■ -He defines history as the attempt
to discover “the significant things
about the past.”
■ -He also notes that the history we
read, though it is based on facts,
is strictly speaking not factual at
all, but a series of accepted
judgments.
Such judgements of history on
how the past should be seen
make the foundation of historical
interpretation.
THE CODE OF
KALANTIAW
■ In the famous epic story of Maragtas, there was this
mythical legal code called "The Code of Kalantiaw".
It was named after its supposed author, Datu
Kalantiaw, who allegedly wrote it in 1433. Datu
Kalantiaw was a chief on the island of Negros. It was
written about by Jose E. Marco in 1913 in his
historical fiction "Las Antiguas Leyendes de la Isla de
Negros" (The Ancient Legends of the Island of
Negros). He ascribed its source to a priest named Jose
Maria Pavon.
■ The story on this Code has been recognized through the
ages by known authors. In 1968, however, historian
William Henry Scott called this a "hoax" in his book
"Pre-hispanic Source Materials for the Study of
Philippine History". Consequently, Filipino historians
agreed to expunge the Code of Kalantiaw in future
materials on Philippine history.
■ Although the said Code ceases to be part of the texts of
Philippine history, however, many still believe its
validity.
■ The Code of Kalantiaw
■ -is a mythical legal code in the epic history Maragtas.

■ Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw

■ -Born in Aklan
■ -Chief of Panay
■ -considered the first Filipino lawgiver; Lawgiver- the
one who gives code of laws to people
■ -He declared this Code of Kalantiaw in about 1433 but
in 1968, it was proved as a hoax meaning not true.
■ The Code of Kalantiaw was a legendary legal
code in the epic story Maragtas. It is said to have
been written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on
the island of Negros in the Philippines. It was
actually written in 1913 by Jose E. Marco as a
part of his historical fiction Las antiguas leyendas
de la Isla de Negros (Spanish, "The Ancient
Legends of the Island of Negros"), which he
attributed to a priest named Jose Maria Pavon.
■ In 1917, the historian Josué Soncuya wrote about
the Code of Kalantiaw in his book Historia
Prehispana de Filipinas ("Pre-hispanic History of
the Philippines") where he moved the location of
the Code's origin from Negros to the Panay
province of Aklan because he suspected that it
may be related to the Ati-atihan festival. Other
authors throughout the 20th century gave
credence to the story and the code.
■ In 1965, then University of Santo Tomas doctoral
candidate William Henry Scott began an examination of
prehispanic sources for the study of Philippine history.
Scott eventually demonstrated that the code was a
forgery committed by Marco. When Scott presented these
conclusions in his doctoral dissertation, defended on 16
June 1968 before a panel of eminent Filipino historians
which included Teodoro Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa,
Marcelino Foronda, Meceredes Grau Santamaria, Nicolas
Zafra and Gregorio Zaide, not a single question was raised
about the chapter which he had called The Contributions
of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography.
■ Scott later published his findings debunking the code in
his book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of
Philippine History. Filipino historians later removed the
code from future literature regarding Philippine history.
When Antonio W. Molina published a Spanish version of
his The Philippines Through the Centuries as historia de
Filipinas (Madrid, 1984), he replaced the Code with one
sentence: "La tésis doctoral del historador Scott
desbarate la existencia misma de dicho Código" (The
doctoral dissertation of the historian Scott demolishes
the very existence of the Code).
■ ARTICLE I
■ You shall not kill, neither shall you steal, neither shall you do harm to the aged, lest you
incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by
being drowned in the river, or in boiling water.
■ ARTICLE II
■ You shall obey. Let all your debts with the headman be met punctually. He who does not
obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be
condemned to thrust his hand in boiling water thrice. For the second time, he shall be
beaten to death.
■ ARTICLE III
■ Obey you: let no one have women that are very young nor more than he can support; nor be
given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall be
condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, to be beaten
to death with sharp thorns.
■ ARTICLE IV
■ Observe and obey; let no one disturb the quiet of the graves. When
passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect to them.
He who does not observe this shall be killed by ants or beaten to
death with thorns.
■ ARTICLE V
■ You shall obey; he who exchanges for food, let it be always done in
accordance with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten
for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed for one
day among ants.
■ ARTICLE VI
■ You shall be obliged to revere sights that are held in respect, such as those of
trees, places of recognized worth and other sights. He who fails to comply shall
pay with one month's work in gold or in honey.
■ ARTICLE VII
■ These shall be put to death; he who kills trees of venerable appearance; who shoot
arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the houses of the headmen
without permission; he who kills a shark or a streaked cayman.
■ ARTICLE VIII
■ Slavery for a doam (a certain period of time) shall be suffered by those who steal
away the women of the headmen; by him who keep ill-tempered dogs that bite the
headmen; by him who burns the fields of another.
■ ARTICLE IX
■ All these shall be beaten for two days: who sing while traveling by night; kill the
Manual; tear the documents belonging to the headmen; are malicious liars; or
who mock the dead.
■ ARTICLE X
■ It is decreed an obligation; that every mother teach secretly to her daughters
matters pertaining to lust and prepare them for womanhood; let not men be cruel
nor punish their women when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever
shall disobey shall be killed by being cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans.
■ ARTICLE XI
■ These shall be burned: who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and
escaped punishment or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the
women of the elders.
■ ARTICLE XII
■ These shall be drowned: all who interfere with their superiors, or
their owners or masters; all those who abuse themselves through
their lust; those who destroy their anitos (idols) by breaking them or
throwing them down.
■ ARTICLE XIII
■ All these shall be exposed to ants for half a day: who kill black cats
during a new moon; or steal anything from the chiefs or agorangs,
however small the object may be.
■ ARTICLE XIV
■ These shall be made slave for life: who have beautiful daughters
and deny them to the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them
away.
■ ARTICLE XV
■ Concerning beliefs and superstitions; these shall be beaten
who eat the diseased flesh of beasts which they hold in
respect, or the herb which they consider good, who wound
or kill the young of the Manaul, or the white monkey.
■ ARTICLE XVI
■ The fingers shall be cut-off: of all those who break idols of
wood and clay in their alangans and temples; of those who
destroy the daggers (weapon) or break the drinking jars of
the latter.
■ ARTICLE XVII
■ These shall be killed: who profane sites where idols are kept, and
sites where are buried the sacred things of their diwatas and
headmen. He who performs his necessities in those places shall be
burned.
■ ARTICLE XVIII
■ Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are
headmen, they shall be put to death by being stoned and crushed;
and if they are agorangs they shall be placed in rivers to be eaten
by sharks and caymans.
But William Henry Scott
■-doctoral candidate at the University of Santo
Tomas
■- attributed the code to a historical fiction
■-it is being written as “Antiguas Leyenda de Las
isla de negros”; English translation, “the
ancient legends of island of Negros” which he
attributed to a priest namely Jose Maria Pavon.