Solution of sheet 4
PROBLEMS
1 1.A centrifugal pump running at 800 Rpm is working against a total head of 20.2 m. the
external diameter of the impeller is 480mm and outlet width 60mm. If the valve angle at
outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 70% determine
a)Absolute velocity of water leaving
b) Flow velocity at outlet The valve.
c) Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet.
d) Rate of flow through the pump.
D N x0.48 x800
Soln: velocity of valve at outlet u 2 2 20.1m / s
60 60
gHm 9.81x 20.2
manometric efficiency nmano , 0.70 , Vw2 14.08m / s
Vw2u 2 Vw2 x 20.1
Vf 2
From the outlet velocity triangle tan
u 2 Vw2
Vf 2 tan 40 0 x(20.1 14.08) 5.05m / s
Absolute velocity of water leaving the valve V2 is given by
V2 Vf 22 Vw22 5.052 14.082 14.96m / s
Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion is given by
Vf 5.05
tan 2 0.3586 19.7 0
Vw2 14.08
Rate of flow through the pump Q D2 B2Vf 2 x0.48 x0.06 x5.05 0.457 m3 / s
2
2. A centrifugal pump impeller having external and internal diameter 480mm and
240mm respectively is running at 100 Rpm. The rate of flow through the pump is 0.0576
m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.4m/s. the diameter of the section and
delivery pipes are 180mm and 120mm respectively and section and delivery heads are
6.2m(abs) and 30.2m(abs) of water respectively. If the power required to drive the pump
is 23.3KW and the outlet vane angle is 45 determine. a) inlet vane angle b) Overall
efficiency c) manometric efficiency of the pump
Soln: tangential velocity or impeller velocity at inlet
D N x0.24 x1000
u1 1 12.56m / s
60 60
Vf 2.41
From the inlet velocity triangle tan 1 0.191
u1 12.56
10.80 (inlet vane angle)
8
rQHm 9.81x0.05 xHm
Overall efficiency n0 n0 0.02387 Hm (1)
P 23.3
p V2 p V 2
but , Hm Z 2 2 2 Z1 1 1
r 2g r 2 g
4Q 4 x0.0567
where, V2 Vd 2 5.01m / s
d d x0.12 2
4Q 4 x0.0567
where, V2 Vs 2 2.23m / s
d s x0.182
let Z1 Z 2 i.e pump inlet and outlet are at same level.
p1 p2
hs 6.2m(abs ) hd 30.2m(abs )
r r
5.012 2.232
Hm 30.2 6.2 25.03m
2 x 9 . 81 2 x 9 . 81
n0 , overall efficiency of pump
=0.02387x25.03=0.597=59.7%
D N x0.48 x1000
Velocity of the impeller at outlet u 2 2 25.13m / s
60 60
Vf 2 2 .4
From the outlet velocity triangle tan , tan 450 ,
u 2 Vw2 25.13 Vw2
Vw2 22.73m / s
gHm 9.81x 25.03
Manometric efficiency nmano 0.43 43%
Vw2u 2 22.73 x 25.13
3
3. It is required to deliver 0.048m3/s of water to a height of 24m through a 150mm
diameter and 120m long pipe by a centrifugal pump. If the overall Efficiency of the
pump is 75% and co efficient of friction f=0.01 for the pipe line. Find the power required
to drive the pump.
4Q 4 x0.048
Soln: velocity of water pipe Vs Vd V 2 2 .7 m / s
d x0.152
rQHm 9.81x0.048 x 27.37
Overall efficiency n0 0.75 , P 17.2 KW
P P
4. The impeller of a centrifugal pump is of 300mm diameter and 50mm width at the
periphery and has blades whose tip angle incline backwards 60 from the radius. The
pump deliveries 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at 1000
Rpm. Assuming that the pump is design to admit radically. calculate
a)Speed and direction of water as it leaves the impeller,
b)Torque exerted by the impeller on water c) Shaft power required
9
4
Example (1)
Test results on a single stage single suction centrifugal mixed flow type pump
operating at 375 rpm designed to deliver 2.4 m3/min of water are given in curve form
as follows:
Flow (m3/min) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 34
Head (m) 12 11.3 10.6 9.9 9.1 8.2 7.2 5.9 4.9
η (%) 0 23 45 62 75.5 84 88 85 81
a- Plot these curves and draw the BHP curve.
b- On the same sheet, draw the same three curves in dotted lines if the liquid pumped
has a specific gravity of 0.9 but otherwise the same as water, give a brief
discussion of your reason for each curve.
c- Draw the performance curve for the pump when it rotates at 500 rpm.
Solution
γ QH 1000 Q H
(a) The horsepower = =
η . Const 60 * 75 * η
Thus the power will be:
B.H.P. 41.8 42.5 42.8 43.3 43.6 43.9 45.7
(b) If the fluid density changes, this should not affect the head-discharge curve, so the
head-discharge will remain constant, the delivery pressure will change only, (P =
ρgh).
324
The power should be reduced as it could be seen from the power relation.
γ QH
Power =
η.Const .
The efficiency is a relation between the head delivered and the power consumed
which practically will alter (The hydraulic losses will change, as it is a function
of the density and the viscosity of water), but it could be assumed constant.
(c) To draw the performance of the pump at different speeds, one can make use of the
affinity laws as follows:
Q1 N 1 N2 500
= i.e. Q2 = Q1 ∴ Q2 = Q1
Q2 N 2 N1 375
2
H1 N 12 N 500
2
= i.e. H 2 = 2 H 1 ∴H2 = H1
H 2 N 22 N1 375
5
Example (2)
A pump whose performance is given by:
Q (lit/s) 0 150 300 450 600
H (m) 15.5 15 14 12 9
is interposed in a pipe in which the loss in suction pipe = 1/3 loss in delivery line
when the static lift was 6 m, the maximum possible discharge was found to be
300 lit/s. Find the highest possible position of pump above sump level, given that
hv = 0.3 m, hat = 10.3 m, cavitation factor = 0.5. Neglect the effect of kinetic energy
loss in pipe.
Solution
The Thoma cavitation factor is defined by:
H sv
σ= where Hsv is the NPSH
Hm
i.e. Hsv = 0.5 Hm
The manometric head at Q = 300 lit/s could be taken from the performance curve,
i.e. Hm = 14 m
i.e. Hsv = 14 x 0.5 = 7 m
325
Pat
Hsv = − hss − h f − hv
ρg
7 = 10.3 − hss − h f − 0.3
i.e. hss + h f = 3 (1)
From the figure, we can write:
H m = h f ( suction ) + hss + hsd + h fd (2)
we have: hs = hss + hsd = 6 m
and the losses in suction line equal 1/3 the losses in delivery line. If we put the loss in
delivery line equal h f
i.e. the loss in suction line = h f / 3
Thus, from equation (2):
14 = 6 + h f + h f / 3
4
=6+ hf
3
i.e. hf = 6 m
1
The losses in suction pipe = ×6 = 2 m
3
From equation (1) hss = 1 m
i.e. the highest possible position of the pump above the sump level would be 1 meter.
6
Example (3)
During a laboratory test on a pump, appreciable cavitation began when the
pressure plus velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.26 m while the total head change
across the pump was 36.5 m and the discharge was 48 liters/s. Barometric pressure
was 750 mm Hg and the vapour pressure of water 1800 Pa. What is the value of σc? If
the pump is to give the same total head and discharge in a location where the normal
atmospheric pressure is 622 mm Hg and the vapour pressure of water 830 Pa, by how
much must the height of the pump above the supply level be reduced?
(Mans. Univ., [Link]., 1978)
326
Solution
H. G.
Hst
Hm d
hss
c
Hms
H. G.
hf
(a) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1) and (2):
P1 C 12 P2 C 22
+ + Z1 = + + Z2 + hf , ( C1 = 0 )
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
From the figure Z 1 = 0 , Z 2 = h ss
P2 C2
+ 2 = 3.26 m (Given)
ρg 2 g
and P1 is the atmospheric pressure Pat, thus:
Pat P C2
= 2 + 2 + h ss + h f (1)
ρg ρg 2 g
Pv = 1800 Pa or 1800 N/m2 or 1800/9.8 = 183.6 kg/m2
Pat = 75*13.6*104/1000 = 10200 kg/m2
10200
i.e. h ss + h f = − 3 . 26 = 6 . 94 m (2)
1000
H sv
We have σ c = and
Hm
P
H sv = at − h ss − h f − h v (3)
ρg
183.6
hv = = 0 . 1836 m
1000
From equations (2) and (3):
10200
H sv = − 6 . 94 − 0 . 1836 = 3 . 076 m
1000
3.076
∴σ c = = 0.0843
36.5
830
(b) Pv = = 84 . 69 kg/m2
9 .8
62 . 2 * 13 . 6 * 10 4
Pat = = 8459.2 kg/m2
1000
327
Pat
σ c H m = H sv = − ( h ss + h f ) − h v
ρg
8459.2 84.69
3 . 076 = − ( h ss + h f ) −
1000 1000
h ss + h f = 5 . 3 m
From equation (2) if hf does not change:
∴The pump height must be reduced by 6.94 − 5.3 = 1.64 m.
7
Example (4)
It is required to pump 40 lit/s of water to the top of a cooling tower, the
manometric head was 19 meters, a radial centrifugal pump was selected to develop
the required manometric head, assume the eye diameter equal to the inlet diameter,
the hub diameter DH = 7 cm, the water velocity in the suction pipe Vo = 4 m/s. The
contraction ratios at inlet and exit ε1, ε2 = 0.9, the pressure coefficient φ = 1.08, the
flow coefficient ψ = 0.21, the vane outlet angle β2 = 158°, impeller tip width at inlet =
2.3 cm, the pump is direct driven by an electric motor at a speed of 1750 rpm,
calculate: (assume radial flow at inlet)
i- Approximate eye diameter, vane inlet angle β1.
ii- The theoretical (virtual) head developed, neglect all mechanical losses.
iii- The circulatory flow coefficient, the tangential component of the absolute
velocity Cu2 (after the modern theory) at exit, find also the angle of deviation
(neglect the hydraulic losses).
iv- If the pump is placed 8 meters above the water level in suction line what would
be the NPSH, does the pump cavitate? Calculate also the Thoma cavitation
factor, assume the losses equal to 2.5 meters, the vapour pressure equal to
0.5 m and the atmospheric pressure = 10.3 m.
(Mans. Univ., [Link]., 1977)
Solution
a) Q = AVo =
π
4
(D o
2
− DH
2
)V
o
i.e. Do = eye diameter = D1
4 Q 2
D1 = + DH = 0.133 m
π Vo
D1 = 13.3 cm
α 1 = 90°
C Cr
tan (180 − β 1 ) = 1 = 1
U1 U1
328
Q
C r1 =
π D1 b1ε 1
40
= = 4.6 m/s
1000 × π × 0.133 × 0.023 × 0.9
4 .6
tan (180 − β 1 ) = = 0.3770
π × 0.133 × 1750
60
i.e. β 1 = 159° 18'
U2
b) φ=
2 gH
π D2 N
U2 = = 1.08 2 × 9.81 × 19 = 20.85 m/s
60
D2 = 0.228 m or 22.8 cm
C r2
ψ= = 0.21
2 gH
C r2 = 4.05 m/s
C r2 4.05
Cu2 = U 2 − = 20.85 − = 10.9 m/s
tan (180 − β 2 ) tan 22°
U 2 Cu2
20.85 × 10.9
Ho = = = 23.2 m
g 9.81
γ Q H o 1000 × 40 × 23.2
Power = = = 12.37 hp
Const. 1000 × 75
19
η= = 0.815
23.2
C u2 gH 2 U 2
c) η∞ = = . = 0.815 (Neglecting all mechanical losses and friction
C u2 U 2 gH o
losses).
Thus, we can say that η ∞ = η h only if we neglect the mechanical losses and
hydraulic losses in the pump. This is a theoretical case which does not exist
actually.
C u 2 = 8.924 m/s
C r2
tan(180 − β 2′ ) =
U 2 − C u2
i.e. β 2′ = 161°15'
δ = β 2′ − β 2 = 161°15'−158° = 3°15'
329
Pat
d) NPSH = − hss − h f − hv
ρg
= 10.3 − 8 − 2 − 1 = −0.7
i.e., the pump cavitate.
NPSH − 0 .7
σ = = = − 0 .0368
Hm 19
330
8
(Example (7
A centrifugal pump, which runs at 16.6 rev/s, is mounted so that its centre is
m above the water level in the suction sump. It delivers water to a point 19 m 2.4
above its centre; the friction loss in the suction pipe is 68 Q2 meter and that in the
delivery pipe is 650 Q2 meter where Q in m3/s is the rate of flow. The impeller of the
pump is 350 mm diameter, and the width of the blade passages at outlet is 18 mm.
The blades themselves occupy 5 % of the circumference and are backward facing at
35° to the tangent. At inlet, the flow is radial and the radial component of velocity
remains unchanged through the impeller. Assuming that 50 % of the velocity head of
the water leaving the impeller is converted to pressure head in the volute, and that
friction and shock losses in the pump, the velocity heads in the suction and delivery
pipes are negligible, calculate the rate of flow and the manometric efficiency of the
.pump
Solution
N =16.6 rev/s
Hs = 2.4 m, Hd = 19 m
Hfs = 68 Q2, Hfd = 650 Q2 19 m
D2 = 35 cm
b2 = 1.8 cm
2.4 m
ε2 = 0.95
β2 = 145°
Cu1 = 0
Cr1 = Cr2
331
W2
C2
Cr2 145°
U 2 = π D2 N = 18.25 m/s Cu2
U2
H m = H s + H d + H fs + H fd = 2.4 + 19 + 68 Q 2 + 650 Q 2 = 21.4 + 718 Q 2 (1)
Q Q
Cr 2 = = = 53.18 Q (2)
π D2 b2ε 2 π (0.35)(0.018)(0.95)
Cr 2 53.18 Q
Cu 2 = U2 − = 18.25 − = 18.25 − 75.95 Q (3)
tan (180° − β 2 ) tan (180° − 145°)
C 22 = C r22 + Cu22 = (53.18 Q) 2 + (18.25 − 75.95 Q) 2
∴ C 22 = 333.1 − 2772.2 Q + 8596.5 Q 2 (4)
C1 = C r1 = C r 2 = 53.18 Q (5)
Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the inlet and exit of impeller:
P1 C12 P C2
+ + Z 1 + H o = 2 + 2 + Z 2 + hL ( hL = 0 , Z 1 = Z 2 )
γ 2g γ 2g
P2 − P1 C u 2 U 2 C 2 − C1
2 2
= − (6)
γ g 2g
Total pressure rise = Pressure rise in impeller + Gain of pressure in the volute
P − P1 C2
Hm = 2 + 0 .5 2
γ 2g
2
C U C 0.5 C 22
H m = u2 2 + 1 −
g 2g 2g
From equations (1), (4) and (5):
18.25 (18.25 − 75.95 Q) (53.18 Q) 2 0.5 (333.1 − 2772.2 Q + 8596.5 Q 2 )
21.4 + 718 Q 2 = + −
9.81 2 (9.81) 2(9.81)
792.94 Q 2 + 70.64 Q − 4.06 = 0
∴ Q = 0.0397 m 3 /s
H m = 21.4 + 718 Q 2 = 22.53 m
C U 18.25 (18.25 − 75.95 Q)
H o = u2 2 = = 28.34 m
g 9.81
H 22.53
∴ηm = m = = 0.795
H o 28.34
332
9.
10.
