Angeles University Foundation

College of Allied Medical Professions - Department of Medical Technology

MTCPH MODULE 1
▪ Public Health
FOUNDATIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
o “The science and art of preventing
LEARNING OUTCOMES disease, prolonging life, and promoting
health and efficiency through organized
• Define Public Health community effort … to ensure everyone a
• Differentiate Public Health, Community Health, standard of living adequate for the
Population Health, and Global Health maintenance of health … . ”
- Charles Edward Amory Winslow
• Describe the various health determinants and ▪ Public Health System - the organizational
significant public health services mechanism of those activities undertaken
within the formal structure of government and
• List the key events that affected public health
the associated efforts of private and voluntary
during each time period
organizations and individuals.
OVERVIEW OF THIS MODULE: ▪ Community - “collective body of individuals
identified by common characteristics such as
• Definition of Terms
geography, interests, experiences, concerns, or
• Determinants of Health
• Essential Public Health Services values.”
• History of Community and Public Health o Community Elements:
• Early Civilizations ▪ Membership
• Medieval and Renaissance Period ▪ Common Symbols
• 18th Century ▪ Shared Values
• 19 Century ▪ Mutual Influence
• 20th and 21st Century ▪ Shared needs and commitments
DEFINITION OF TERMS ▪ Shared emotional connection
▪ Public Health
▪ Health
o IOM - These are actions that society
o “hal” – sound, whole
takes collectively to ensure that the
o "Health is a state of complete physical,
conditions in which people can be
mental, and social well-being and not
healthy.
merely the absence of disease or
▪ Public Health System - It is the organizational
infirmity.“
mechanism of those activities undertaken within
World Health Organization
the formal structure of government and the
▪ Disease - Inevitable when the defense
associated efforts of private and voluntary
mechanisms of the host’s body fail to cope with
organizations and individuals.
the forces tending to disturb the body’s internal
▪ Community Health - It is the health status of a
equilibrium.
defined group of people and the actions and
▪ A condition of a person, animal, or plant in
conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their
which its body or structure is harmed because
health.
an organ or part is unable to work as it usually
▪ Population Health - It is the health outcomes of a
does.
group of individuals, including the distribution of
o Communicable Disease
such outcomes within the group.
o Infectious Disease
▪ Global Health - It describes health problems,
o Contagious Disease
issues, and concerns that transcend national
Arlene Joy M. Canasa, RMT, IFBA PC
 Angeles University Foundation
College of Allied Medical Professions - Department of Medical Technology

boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances CORE FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH

or experiences in other countries, and are best
ASSESSMENT
addressed by cooperative actions and solutions.
▪ Personal Health Activities - Individual actions • Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
and decisions that affect the individual’s health. Assess and monitor population health.
• Preventive or curative in nature • Investigate, diagnose and address health hazards
• Seldom directly affects others. and root causes.
▪ Community and Public Health Activities -
aimed at protecting or improving health of a POLICY DEVELOPMENT
population or community. • Communicate effectively to inform and educate.
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH • Strengthen, support and mobilize communities
and partnerships.
▪ Physical Determinants • Create, champion and implement policies, plans
▪ Socio-cultural Determinants and laws.
▪ Community Organization • Utilize legal and regulatory actions.
▪ Individual Behavior
ASSURANCE
ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
• Enable equitable access.
▪ Monitor Health • Build a diverse and skilled workforce.
▪ Diagnose and Investigate • Improve and innovate through evaluation,
▪ Inform, Educate, and Empower research and quality improvement.
▪ Mobilize Community Partnerships • Build and maintain a strong organizational
▪ Develop Policies infrastructure for public health.
▪ Law Enforcement
▪ Link to and Provide Care HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
▪ Competent Workforce 1. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
▪ Evaluate • The ideas and practices of primitive cultures
▪ Research varies in accordance with geography and
10 GREATEST PH ACHIEVEMENTS historical heritage.
• Primitive cultures do not distinguish between
▪ Vaccination medicine, magic and religion
▪ Motor vehicle safety • Disease and death are works of the supernatural.
▪ Safer workplaces A. ANCIENT CHINESE
▪ Control of infectious diseases CIVILIZATIONS
▪ Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease and • Basic concept of health: Yin
stroke
(Female) and Yang (Male)
▪ Safer and healthier foods
• Emphasis on a balanced lifestyle
▪ Healthier mothers and babies
▪ Family planning • Medical care:
▪ Fluoridation of drinking water • Diet, Herbal medicine, Hygiene,
Massage, and acupuncture.

Arlene Joy M. Canasa, RMT, IFBA PC

Angeles University Foundation
College of Allied Medical Professions - Department of Medical Technology

B. ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS F. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN

• Ancient Cities - Building codes, CIVILIZATIONS
paved streets, and covered sewage Empire/ Kingdoms of:
drains. • Sumer (Sumerians)
• Indian Medicine – Herbalism • Babylon (Babylonians)
• Ayurvedic Medicine • Assur (Assyrians)
• Laws of Manu - Personal hygiene, • Akkad (Akkadians)
sanitation, and water supply Diseases recognized in
engineering. cuneiform tablets:
C. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN o Schistosomiasis
CIVILIZATIONS o Pneumonia
Widespread parasitic diseases - o Dysentery
Agriculture and irrigation practices o Epilepsy
• Egyptian Medicine - Surgical skills o Malnutrition
and organization of medical care.
D. ANCIENT HEBREW Beliefs on Causes of Disease
CIVILIZATIONS Supernatural
The Hebrew Mosaic Law of the Five • Illness caused by a curse
or punishment by the
Books of Moses:
gods
• Personal and community • Omens
hygiene Natural Causes
• Reproductive and maternal • Trauma and accidents
health Centers of Healthcare
• Isolation of lepers and other • Home and temples
“unclean conditions,” • Constructed near rivers
• Family and personal sexual (Tigris and Euphrates)
conduct MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PERIOD
• Medical and public health
A. MEDIEVAL CATHOLIC EUROPE
jurisprudence
Dominance of the church set a rigid framework for
medieval practice
E. ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATIONS
▪ Plagues - believed to be caused
• High emphasis on healthful living:
by divine retribution
• Personal Hygiene
▪ Clerics - are approved physicians
• Nutrition
▪ Epilepsy and the mentally ill -
• Physical fitness
demonic possessions
• Community Sanitation
▪ Leprosaria - institutions where
• Hippocrates
lepers were kept from the general
• Air, Water, and Places
population.
Bad health was caused by bad water
B. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC EAST
& sewage
Rhazes and Ibn Sinna (Avicenna) - adapted
Greatest achievement of the Roman
classical medical teachings.
Empire - Installation of drains,
sewers, for sewage disposal
• Aqueducts channeled fresh water
Arlene Joy M. Canasa, RMT, IFBA PC
 Angeles University Foundation
College of Allied Medical Professions - Department of Medical Technology

The Cordova Medical Academy

▪ Medical knowledge and 21st CENTURY
scholarship ▪ Period of Health Promotion
▪ Paved the way for modern ▪ Leading cause of disease
European medical thinking. • Lifestyle diseases
▪ Challenges:
18th CENTURY • Increasing health care cost
• Emerging and re-emerging diseases
▪ Age of Enlightenment • Change of health care setting
▪ Golden age of medical quackery
▪ Creation of health agencies
▪ Edward Jenner REFERENCES:
o Father of Immunology • McKenzie, James et al. (2018). An Introduction to
o “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Community and Public Health. 9th Edition. Jones & Bartlett
the Variolae Vacciniae” Learning
o Variolae Vacciniae • Tulchinsky, T. (2009). The New Public Health. 2nd
▪ Where the word “vaccination” Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.
came from. • Najorda, Gregoria. (2019). Community and Public Health.
19 CENTURY
th
EDRIC publishing house
▪ Age of Science and Specialization
▪ Beginnings of modern medicine
▪ Louis Pasteur
• Germ Theory of Disease
▪ Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran
• Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)
NOTEWORTHY DISCOVERIES
o 1879 Leprosy
o 1882 Robert Koch – Tuberculosis
o Edwin Klebs – Diptheria
o 1884 Albert Frankel – Pneumonia
o Arthur Nicholaier – Cure for tetanus
o Cocaine used as local anesthetic
o 1890 Rubber gloves 1st use in surgery
o 1894 Emile Yersin - plague
o 1894 Aspirin

20th CENTURY
▪ Life expectancy less than 50
▪ Due to the spread of communicable diseases
(Spanish Flu) and the two world wars (WW I & WW
II).
▪ Leading cause of disease:
▪ Communicable and infectious diseases
▪ 1900-1960:
o Health Resources Development Period
o Period of Social Engineering

Arlene Joy M. Canasa, RMT, IFBA PC