Chapter 8 – Study of Compounds A. Hydrogen Chloride Ex.

8
Question 1: Draw a labelled diagram for the laboratory preparation of HCl gas and answer the following:
a. Name the acid used. Why is this particular acid preferred to other acids?
b. Give the balanced equation for the reaction. c. Name the drying agent used in drying hydrogen chloride gas.
d. Phosphorous pentoxide and calcium oxide are good drying agents, but they cannot be used to dry hydrogen chloride
gas. Why?
e. Why is direct absorption of HCl gas in water not feasible? f. What arrangement is done to dissolve HCl gas in water?
Solution 1:a. Concentrated H2SO4 is used in the lab preparation of HCl. It is used because it is non-volatile in nature
b. The balanced equation for the reaction:
c. The drying agent used in drying hydrogen chloride gas is
conc. Sulphuric acid.
d. Phosphorous pentoxide and calcium oxide are good drying agents, but they cannot be used to dry hydrogen chloride
gas because they react with hydrogen chloride and forms new compounds.

e. Hydrogen chloride gas is not directly absorbed in water to prevent back suction. f. The inverted funnel
arrangement is used to dissolve HCl gas in water.
Question 2: Explain why: (a) Anhydrous HCl is a poor conductor while aq. HCl is an excellent conductor.
(b) When the stopper of a bottle full of hydrogen chloride gas is opened there are fumes in the air.
(c) A solution of hydrogen chloride in water turns blue litmus red and conducts electricity, while a solution of the same
gas in toluene: (i) Has no effect on litmus (ii) Does not conduct electricity
(d) Thick white fumes are formed when glass rod dipped in NH4OH is brought near the mouth of bottle full of HCl gas.
(e) Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not affect a dry strip of blue litmus paper but it turns red in the presence of drop of water.
(f) Hydrogen chloride gas is not collected over water.
Solution 2:
(a) Anhydrous HCl is a poor conductor due to the absence of hydronium ions in it whereas aqueous HCl is an excellent
conductor since it contains ions.
 (b) When the stopper is opened HCl gas comes in contact with water vapors present in air, it forms white fumes due to the
formation of hydrochloric acid.
(c) A solution of HCl in water gives hydronium ions and conducts electricity, but while a solution of the same gas in toluene has
no effect on litmus and does not conduct electricity due to the absence of H3O+ ions.
(d) When ammonium hydroxide is brought near the mouth of HCl, dense white fumes are formed due to the formation of
ammonium chloride. HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O
(e) Dry hydrogen chloride is not acidic whereas moist Hydrogen chloride is acidic. In presence of a drop of water HCl gas
dissolves in water and forms hydrochloric acid which turns blue litmus paper red.
(f) Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water as it is highly soluble in water.
Question 3: The given set up of the figure is for the preparation of an acid.
(a) Name the acid prepared by this method.
(b) Name the reactants used.
(c) Why is an empty flask used?
(d) Which drying agent is used? Why is this drying agent chosen?
(e) What is the role of inverted funnel in the arrangement?
Solution 3: (a) Hydrochloric acid is prepared by this method.
(b) The reactants are Sodium chloride and conc.Sulphuric acid.
(c) The empty flask acts as an Anti-Suction device. In case the back suction occurs the water will collect in it and will not
reach the generating flask.
(d) The drying agent used is Conc. Sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is chosen
as a drying agent because it does not react with HCl.
(e) The role of Inverted funnel is:
1) Prevents or minimizes back suction of water.
2) Provides a large surface area for absorption of HCl gas.
Question 4(a): i. Name the experiment illustrated:.
ii. State the colour of the water that has entered the round-bottomed flask.
(b): What property of hydrogen chloride is demonstrated when it is collected by downward delivery (Upward
displacement)?
Solution 4(a) i. The experiment is fountain experiment.
ii. The colour of the water that has entered the round-bottomed flask is red.
(b): When hydrogen chloride is collected by downward delivery or upward displacement of air, it shows that: it is heavier
than air. (HCl gas is 1.28 times heavier than air.)
Question 5:a. Name an element which reacts with hydrogen to form a compound which is strongly acidic in water.
b. Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling beyond 22.2%?
Solution 5: a. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.
b. When the concentration of HCl gas in water is 22.2% by weight, it forms a constant boiling mixture. At this
concentration, if dilute hydrochloric acid is heated then water and HCl vaporize in same proportion by weight. Hence,
dil. hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling beyond 22.2% .
Q6: How will you prove that Hydrochloric acid contains: (i) Hydrogen (ii) Chlorine? Write equations for the reactions.
Solution 6: THERMAL DISSOCIATION: on heating above 500°C, hydrogen chloride gas dissociates into hydrogen and
chlorine. 2HCl above 500°C H2 + Cl2
Question 7: Name: (a) A Black metallic oxide which reacts with hydrochloric acid to give a coloured solution.
(b) Two colourless gases, which when mixed produce a white solid.
(c) Two gases which chemically combine to form liquid.
(d) A chloride which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.
(e) The chemical in which gold can be dissolved.
(f) The experiment which demonstrates that hydrogen chloride is soluble in water.
(g) The gas produced when chlorine water is exposed to sunlight.
(a) Manganese dioxide
(b) Hydrogen chloride and ammonia
(c) Hydrogen and oxygen
(d) AgCl (Silver chloride)
Solution 7: (e) Aqua regia
(f) Fountain experiment
(g) Hydrogen chloride gas
Question 8: Solution A reacts with an acid B (which gives greenish yellow gas on reacting with oxidizing agents like
Pb3O4) to give white precipitate C insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in ammonium hydroxide. Name A, B and C.
Solution 8: A is Silver nitrate B is Hydrochloric acid C is Silver chloride
Question 9: Complete and balance the following reactions, state whether dilute or conc. acid is used.
(a) NH4OH + HCl
(b) NaHSO3 + HCl
(c) Pb(NO3)2 + HCl
(d) Pb3O4 + HCl
Solution 9:
(a) NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
(b) NaHSO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + SO2
(c) Pb(NO3)2 +2HCl PbCl2 +2HNO3
(d) Pb3O4 + 8HCl (conc.) 3PbCl2 +4H2O +Cl2
Question 10: How will the action of dilute hydrochloric acid enable you to distinguish between the following?
a. Sodium carbonate and sodium sulphite b. Sodium thiosulphate and sodium sulphite.
Solution 10:
Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphite
1.Sodium carbonate on treating with dil.HCl results in the 1. Sodium sulphite on treating with dil.HCl results in the
formation of sodium chloride with the liberation of formation of sodium chloride with the liberation of gas which
odourless gas(carbon dioxide gas) has burning sulphur like smell (sulphur dioxide gas).
2.No effect on K2Cr2O7 paper 2. The gas changes K2Cr2O7 paper from orange to green.
Sodium thiosulphate Sodium sulphite
1. Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dil. HCl, precipitates 1. Sodium sulphite on treating with dil.HCl results in
 yellow sulphur along with sodium chloride the formation of sodium chloride with the liberation
and sulphur dioxide gas. of sulphur dioxide gas
2. Yellow sulphur is precipitated. 2. Yellow sulphur is not precipitated.
Question 11: Give three distinct tests (apart from using an indicator) you would carry out with solution of HCl to illustrate
the typical properties of an acid.
Solution 11: Three tests are:
a) HCl gas gives thick white fumes of ammonium
chloride when glass rod dipped in ammonia NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
solution is held near the vapours of the acid.
b) With silver nitrate HCl gives white precipitate of
silver chloride. The precipitate is insoluble in AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
nitric acid but soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
c) A greenish yellow gas is liberated when
concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated with MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 +2H2O + Cl2
oxidizing agent like manganese dioxide.
Question 12: MnO2, PbO2 and red lead react with conc. HCl acid liberates Cl2. What is the common property being shown
by these metal oxides?
Solution 12: This shows that hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by oxidizing agents.
Question 13: State which of the two - a solution of HCl in water or in toluene -is an electrolyte. Explain.
Solution 13: A solution of hydrochloric acid produces hydronium ions. Therefore, it conducts electricity. But the solution
of Hydrogen chloride gas in toluene does not contain hydronium ions. Thus, it cannot conduct electricity.
Question 14(a): Convert two soluble metallic nitrates to insoluble metallic chlorides using dil. HCl.
Solution 14(a): Conversion of metallic nitrates to insoluble metallic chlorides using dil. HCl:
Question 14(b): Convert Hydrochloric acid to nascent chlorine.

Solution 14(b):
Question 15: A solution of hydrogen chloride in water is prepared. The following substances are added to separate
portions of the solution. Complete the table by writing the gas evolved in each case and its odour.
S. No. Substances added Gas evolved Odour
1. Calcium carbonate
2. Magnesium ribbon
3. Manganese(IV) oxide with heating
4. Sodium sulphide
Solution 15:
S.No. Substances added Gas evolved Odour
1 Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide Odourless
2 Magnesium ribbon Hydrogen Odourless
3 Manganese(IV) oxide with heating Cl2 Pungent odour
4 Sodium sulphide Hydrogen sulphide Rotten egg
Question 16: State the composition of aqua regia. State which component is the oxidizing agent in aqua regia.
Solution 16: A mixture having three parts of conc. Hydrochloric acid and one part of conc. Nitric acid by volume.
Conc.Nitric acid acts as oxidizing agent.
Question 17: Write an equation for the reactions of hydrochloric acid on:
a. silver nitrate solution b. magnesium foil c. caustic soda solution
d. zinc carbonate e. manganese (IV) oxide f. copper oxide
Solution 17: Equations for the reactions of hydrochloric acid on:
 a. silver nitrate solution

b. Magnesium foil

c. caustic soda solution

d. zinc carbonate

e. Manganese (IV) oxide

f. Copper oxide

Question 18: Study the flow chart and give balanced equations with conditions for the conversions A, B, C, D and E

.
Solution 18:
A. NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl B. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
C. HCl + AgNO3 AgCl+HNO3 D. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
E 2HCl+Na2O 2NaCl+H2O
Question 19: Write the balanced equations for the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with each of the following;
(a) Iron (b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (c) Iron (II) sulphide (d) Magnesium sulphite
Solution 19: (a) Fe +2HCl FeCl2 +H2 (b) NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
(c) FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S (d) MgSO3+HCl MgCl2 + H2O + SO2
Question 20:a) Lead nitrate solution is mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid and heated.
b) a small piece of zinc is added to dil. HCl acid.
Solution 20:a) Lead nitrate solution is mixed with dilute hydrochloric
acid and heated to give a white precipitate of lead chloride.
b) When a small piece of zinc is added to dil. HCl acid, a
colourless gas is released which burns with pop sound. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Q21: The drying agent used to dry HCl gas is:
Conc. H2SO4 ZnO Al2O3 CaO
b) When sodium chloride is heated with conc. Sulphuric acid below 200° C, one of the product formed is…….. (sodium
hydrogen sulphate/sodium sulphate/chlorine)
Solution : a) Conc. H2SO4 b) sodium hydrogen sulphate
Question 2010:a. Aqua regia is a mixture of:
A. Dilute hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid B. Concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric acid
C. Concentrated hydrochloric acid [1 part] and D. Concentrated hydrochloric acid [3 parts] and
concentrated nitric acid [3 parts] concentrated nitric acid [1 part]
b. How would you distinguish between dilute HCl and dilute HNO3 by addition of only one solution?
c. Name two gases which can be used in the study of the fountain experiment. State the common property demonstrated
by the fountain experiment.
Solution 2010: a. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid [3 parts] and concentrated nitric acid [1 part].
b. Silver nitrate solution will give a white ppt. of AgCl when added to dil. hydrochloric acid and no change will be
observed when added to dil. nitric acid.
c. Hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas. Solubility of gases.
Q2011:a. Choose the correct answer from the choices given: Hydrogen chloride gas being highly soluble in water is dried by:
i. Anhydrous calcium chloride ii. Phosphorous pentoxide iii. Quicklime iv. Conc. sulphuric acid

b. Write the balanced chemical equation:

i. Sodium thiosulphate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid.
 ii. Calcium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
c. In the laboratory preparation of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water.
i. Draw a diagram to show the arrangement used for the absorption of HCl gas in water.
ii. State why such an arrangement is necessary. Give two reasons for the same.
iii. Write balanced chemical equations for the laboratory preparation of HCl gas when the
reaction is: A. Below 200°C; B. Above 200°C.
Solution 2011:
a. Hydrogen chloride gas being highly soluble in water is dried by conc. Sulphuric acid.
b. Balanced chemical equations:
i. Sodium thiosulphate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid:
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2 (g)
ii. Calcium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid:
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2CO2(g)↑ + 2H2O(l)
c. i. Diagram to show the arrangement used for the absorption of HCl gas in water:
ii. Such an arrangement is necessary:
a) to prevent back suction of water into the apparatus.
b) it provides a large surface area for dissolution of hydrogen chloride gas.
iii. Balanced chemical equations for the laboratory preparation of HCl gas:
NaCl(s) + H2SO4conc.(l)→NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g) (below 200°C)
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4conc.(l) →Na2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g) (above 200°C)
Question 2012:a. Rewrite the correct statement with the missing word/s: Aqua regia contains one part by volume of
nitric acid and three parts by volume of hydrochloric acid.
b. Give reason for the following: Hydrogen chloride gas cannot be dried over quicklime.
c. Give a balanced equation for the reaction: Conc. hydrochloric acid and potassium permanganate solution.
d. Give balanced equations with conditions, if any, for the following conversions:
i. Sodium chloride → Hydrogen chloride ii. Hydrogen chloride → Iron (II) chloride
iii. Hydrogen chloride → Ammonium chloride iv. Hydrogen chloride → Lead chloride
Solution 2012: a. Aqua regia contains one part by volume of conc. nitric acid and three parts by volume of conc.
hydrochloric acid.
b. Hydrogen chloride gas cannot be dried over quicklime because HCl reacts with quicklime and forms a new compound.
2HCl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O
c. Balanced equation for the reaction of conc. hydrochloric acid and potassium permanganate solution:

d. Balanced equations with conditions for the following conversions:

i. Sodium chloride → Hydrogen chloride
NaCl(s) + H2SO4conc.(l) → NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)
ii. Hydrogen chloride → Iron (II) chloride

iii. Hydrogen chloride → Ammonium chloride

iv. Hydrogen chloride → Lead chloride

Question 2013:a. Identify the gas evolved when:

i. Potassium sulphite is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid.
ii. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is made to react with manganese dioxide.
b. State one appropriate observation when: i. Copper sulphide is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid.
ii. A few drops of dil. HCl are added to AgNO3 solution, followed by addition of NH4OH solution.
Solution 2013: a. i. When potassium sulphite is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.

ii. When concentrated hydrochloric acid is made to react with manganese dioxide, chlorine gas is evolved.
b. i. Hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved which has the smell of rotten eggs and turns lead acetate paper black.
ii. A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed which is soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
Question 2014 a. Fill in the blank from the choices in the brackets:
Quicklime is not used to dry HCl gas because………. [CaO is alkaline, CaO is acidic, CaO is neutral].
b. Write the balanced equation for: Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on sodium sulphide.
c. State your observation: Dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate crystals.
d. Study the given figure and answer the questions that follow:
i. Identify the gas Y. ii. What property of gas Y does this experiment demonstrate?
iii. Name another gas which has the same property and can be demonstrated through this
experiment.
Solution 2014: a. Quicklime is not used to dry HCl gas because CaO is alkaline.
b. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on sodium sulphide: Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S
c. Dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate crystals: Sodium carbonate crystals on reaction with dilute HCl releases a
gas (carbon dioxide gas), which turns lime water milky and does not affect potassium dichromate paper. The
chemical equation for this reaction is as follows:
d. i. The gas is HCl (hydrogen chloride) gas.
ii. The extreme solubility of hydrogen chloride gas is demonstrated by the fountain experiment.
iii. Another gas which has the same property and can be demonstrated through this experiment is Ammonia gas.
Question 2015 (a) Name the acid which on mixing with silver nitrate solution produces a white precipitate which is
soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.
(b) Name the gas which produces dense white fumes with ammonia gas.
(c) The following questions pertain to the laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride gas.
(i) Write the equation for its preparation, mentioning the conditions required.
(ii) Name the drying agent used in the above preparation and give a reason for the choice.
(iii) State a safety precaution taken during the preparation of hydrochloric acid
Solution 2015: (a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (b) Hydrogen chloride
(c) (i) NaCl(s) + H2SO4 conc.(l) → NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)
 (ii) For purification of HCl, it is dried by passing through conc. Sulphuric acid. It is preferred over the other drying agent
because it is hygroscopic and it does not react with HCl.
(iii) a. Temperature should be maintained below 200oC.
b. Delivery tube should be dipped in drying agent i.e. conc. H2SO4.
c. The lower end of the thistle funnel must be dipped in conc. Sulphuric acid.
Question 2016: (a) The aim of the Fountain experiment is to prove that:
(A) HCl turns blue litmus red (B) HCl is denser than air
(C) HCl is highly soluble in water (D) HCl fumes in moist air
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation: Action of hydrochloric acid on sodium bicarbonate.
(c) State your observations when: (i) Dilute Hydrochloric acid is added to Lead nitrate solution and the mixture is heated.
(ii) Dilute Hydrochloric acid is added to Sodium thiosulphate
(d) Identify the gas evolved and give the chemical test in each of the following cases:
(i) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron (II) sulphide.
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium sulphite.
Solution 2016: (a) C (b) NaHCO3(s) + HCl (l) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
(c) i) White ppt.of lead chloride will form. ii) Yellow sulphur is precipitated.
d) (i) When Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron (II) sulphide, Hydrogen sulphide is released which has a rotten egg
smell and turns lead acetate paper black.
(ii) When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium sulphite, Sulphur dioxide is released. It changes K2Cr2O7 paper
from orange to green.