Appendix A.

Shears, Moments and Deflections

1. Simple beam—uniformly distributed load

l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = wl
x
wl wl
R¼V¼
2


R R 1
l l V x ¼ w  x
2
2 2

V
wl2
Mmax ðat centerÞ ¼
8
Shear V wx
Mx ¼ ðl  xÞ
2
5wl4
Δmax ðat centerÞ ¼
Mmax 384 El
wx  3 
Δx ¼ l  2lx2 þ x3
Moment 24 El
2. Simple beam—load increasing uniformly to one end
l Total Equiv: Uniform Load
x
W 16 W
¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 1:03 W
9 3
R1 R2 W
R1 ¼ V 1 ¼
0.5774 l 3
2W
R2 ¼ V 2 ¼ V max ¼
V1 3
Shear V2 W Wx2
Vx ¼  2
3 l


1
Mmax at x ¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 0:557 l
Mmax 3
2Wl
¼ pffiffiffi ¼ 0:128 Wl
Moment 9 3
Wx  
M x ¼ 2 l2  x 2
3l
0 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
rffiffiffiffiffi 1
8 Wl3
Δmax @at X ¼ l 1  ¼ 0:519 lA ¼ 0:0130
15 El

WX  4 
Δx ¼ 3X  10l2 X2 þ 7l4
180 Ell2
(continued)
# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 237
P. Ghavami, Mechanics of Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07572-3
238 Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections

(continued)
3. Simple beam—load increasing uniformly to center
l 4W
x Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼
3
W
W
R¼V¼
R 2
R

l l l W 
2 2 V X when X < ¼ 2 l2  4X2
2 2l
V Wl
Mmax ðat centerÞ ¼
Shear V 6



l 1 2X2
MX when X < ¼ WX  2
2 2 3l
Mmax Wl2
Δmax ðat centerÞ ¼
60 El


Moment l wx  2 2
Δx when x < ¼ 5l  4x2
2 480 Ell2
4. Simple beam—uniform load partially distributed
l wb
a b c R1 ¼ V 1 ðmax: when a < cÞ ¼ ð2c þ bÞ
wb 2l
wb
R2 ¼ V 2 ðmax: when a > cÞ ¼ ð2a þ bÞ
R1 R2 2l
x
Vx(when x > a and < (a + b)) = R1  w(x  a)



V1 R1 R1
V2
Mmax at x ¼ a þ ¼ R1 a þ
Shear w 2w
R Mx(when x < a) = R1x
a+ 1
w
Mx ðwhen x > a and < ða þ bÞÞ
w
Mmax ¼ R1 x  ðx  aÞ2
2
Moment Mx(when x > (a + b)) = R2(l  x)
(continued)
Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections 239

(continued)
5. Simple beam—uniform load partially distributed at one end
l wa
a R1 ¼ V 1 ¼ V max ¼ ð2l  aÞ
wa
2l
2
wa
R2 ¼ V 2 ¼
R1
2l
R2
x Vx(when x < a) = R1  wx


R1 R2
V1 Mmax at x ¼ ¼ 1
w 2w
V2
Shear wx2
R1 Mx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ R1 x 
w
2
Mx(when x > a) = R2(l  x)
Mmax
wx
Δx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼
 24 Ell 
Moment a2 ð2l  aÞ2  2ax2 ð2l  aÞ þ lx3
wa2 ðl  xÞ
Δx ðwhen x > aÞ ¼
  24 Ell
4xl  2x2  a2
6. Simple beam—uniform load partially distributed at each end
l w1 að2l  aÞ þ w2 c2
a b c R1 ¼ V 1 ¼
w1a 2l
w2c
w2 cð2l  cÞ þ w1 a2
R2 ¼ V 2 ¼
R1 R2 2l
x
Vx(when x < a) = R1  w1x
V1
Vx(when a < x < (a + b)) = R1  w1a
Shear V2
Vx(when x > (a + b)) = R2 + w2(l  x)
R1

—
w
R1 R2
1 Mmax at x ¼ , when R1 < w1 a ¼ 1
w1 2w1
Mmax


R2 R2
Mmax at x ¼ l , when R2 < w2 c ¼ 2
w2 2w2
Moment
w 1 x2
Mx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ R1 x 
2
w1 a
Mx ðwhen a < x < ða þ bÞÞ ¼ R1 x  ð2x  aÞ
2
w2 ðl  xÞ2
Mx ðwhen x > ða þ bÞÞ ¼ R2 ðl  xÞ 
2
(continued)
240 Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections

(continued)
7. Simple beam—concentrated load at center
x l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 2P
P R = V = 2P
Pl
Mmax ðat point of loadÞ ¼
R R 4
l l

1 Px
2 2 Mx when x < ¼
2 2
V
Pl3
Shear Δmax ðat point of loadÞ ¼
V 48 El


1 Px  2 
Δx when x < ¼ 3l  4x2
2 48 El
Mmax

Moment
8. Simple beam—concentrated load at any point
x l 8Pab
Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼
P l2
Pb
R1 R2 R1 ¼ V 1 ð¼ V max when a < bÞ ¼
l
a b Pa
V1 R2 ¼ V 2 ð¼ V max when a > bÞ ¼
l
Shear V2
Pab
Mmax ðat point of loadÞ ¼
l
Pbx
Mmax Mx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼
l
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi !
Moment aðaþ2bÞ
Δmax atx¼ , when a>b
3
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Pabðaþ2bÞ 3aðaþ2bÞ
¼
27Ell
Pa2 b2
Δa ðat point of loadÞ ¼
3 Ell
Pbx  2 
Δx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ l  b2  x2
6 Ell
9. Simple beam—two equal loads symmetrically placed
l 8Pa
X Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼
P P l
R=V=P
R R Mmax(between loads) = Pa
a a
Mx(when x < a) = Px
V Pa  2 
Δmax ðat centerÞ ¼ 3l  4a2
Shear 24 El
V
  Pl3
Δmax when a ¼ 3l ¼
28 El
Mmax Px  
Δx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ 3la  3a2  x2
6 El
Moment Pa  
Δx ðwhen a < x < ðl  aÞÞ ¼ 3lx  3x2  a2
6 El
(continued)
Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections 241

(continued)
10. Simple beam—two equal concentrated loads unsymmetrically placed
l P
x
R1 ¼ V 1 ð¼ V max when a < bÞ ¼ ðl  a þ bÞ
P P l
P
R1 R2 R2 ¼ V 2 ð¼ V max when a > bÞ ¼ ðl  a þ bÞ
l
a b
P
V1 V x ðwhen a < x < ðl  bÞÞ ¼ ðb  aÞ
l
Shear V2 M1(=Mmax when a > b) = R1a
M2(=Mmax when a > b) = R2b
Mx(when x < a) = R1x
M1 M2 Mx(when a < x < (l  b)) = R1x  P(x  a)

Moment
11. Simple beam—two unequal concentrated loads unsymmetrically placed
l P1 ðl  aÞ þ P2 b
x R1 ¼ V 1 ¼
P1 P2 l
P1 a þ P2 ðl  bÞ
R1 R2 R2 ¼ V 2 ¼
l
a b
Vx(when a < x < (l  b)) = R1  P1
V1
M1(=Mmax when R1 < P1) = R1a
Shear V2
M2(=Mmax when R2 < P2) = R2b
Mx(when x < a) = R1x
Mx(when a < x < (l  b)) = R1x  P1(x  a)
M1 M2

Moment
12. Beam fixed at one end, supported at other—uniformly distrubted load
l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = wl
3wl
wl R1 ¼ V 1 ¼
8
R1 5wl
R2 R2 ¼ V 2 ¼ V max ¼
x 8
Vx = R1  wx
V1
Shear V2
wl2
Mmax ¼
8


3l
– 3 9 2
8 M1 at x ¼ l ¼ wl
–l 8 128
4
M1 wx2
M x ¼ R1 x 
Moment 2


Mmax
l pffiffiffiffiffi wl4
Δmax at x ¼ 1 þ 33 ¼ 0:422 l ¼
16 185 El
wx  3 
Δx ¼ l  3lx2 þ 2x3
48 El
(continued)
(continued)
13. Beam fixed at both ends—uniformly distributed loads
l 2wl
Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼
x 3
wl
wl
R¼V¼
2
R R  
l
–
l
– V x ¼ w 12  x
2 2
wl2
Mmax ðat endsÞ ¼
V 12
2
Shear V
wl
M1 ðat centerÞ ¼
0.211l 24
w 
Mx ¼ 6lx  l  6x2
2
12
M1
Moment wl4
Mmax Δmax ðat centerÞ ¼
384El
wx2 2
Δx ¼ ð l  xÞ
24El
14. Beam fixed at both ends—concentrated load at center
l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = P
P P
R¼V¼
x 2
R R
Pl
Mmax ðat center and endsÞ ¼
–l l
–

8
2 2
l P
Mx when x < ¼ ð4x  1Þ
2 8
V
Shear V Pl3
Δmax ðat centerÞ ¼
192El
–l

4 l Px2
Mmax Δx when x < ¼ ð3l  4xÞ
2 48El
Moment Mmax

15. Beam fixed at both ends—concentrated load at any point

l Pb2
R1 ¼ V 1 ð¼ V max when a < bÞ ¼ ð3a þ bÞ
P l3
x 2
Pb
R1 R2 R2 ¼ V 2 ð¼ V max when a > bÞ ¼ 3 ða þ 3bÞ
l
a b
Pab2
M1 ð¼ Mmax when a < bÞ ¼ 2
l
V1
Shear V2
Pa2 b
M2 ð¼ Mmax when a > bÞ ¼ 2
l
2Pa2 b2
Ma ðat point of loadÞ ¼
l3
Ma
Pab2
Mx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ R1 x  2
M1 Moment M2 l


2al 2Pa3 b2
Δmax when a > b at x ¼ ¼
3a þ b 3Elð3a þ bÞ2
Pa3 b3
Δa ðat point of loadÞ ¼
3Ell3
Pb2 x2
Δx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ ð3al  3ax  bxÞ
6Ell3
(continued)
Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections 243

(continued)
16. Cantilevered beam—load increasing uniformly to fixed end
l 8
Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼ W
3
W
R=V=W
x R 2
V x ¼ W xl2
Wl
Mmax ðat fixed endÞ ¼
3
Shear
Wx3
V Mx ¼
3l2
Wl3
Δmax ðat free endÞ ¼
15El
W  5 
Moment Δx ¼ x  514 x þ 4l5
Mmax 60Ell2

17. Cantilevered beam—uniformly distributed load

l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 4 wl
wl R = V = wl
Vx = wx
x R
wl2
Mmax ðat fixed endÞ ¼
2
3
wx2
Mx ¼
2
Shear V
wl4
Δmax ðat free endÞ ¼
8El
w  4 
Δx ¼ x  4l3 x þ 3l4
24El
Moment Mmax

18. Beam fixed at one end, free to deflect vertically but not rotate at other—uniformly
distributed load
l 8
x Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼ wl
wl 3
R = V = wl
M1 R
Vx = wx
wl2
M1 ðat deflected endÞ ¼
6
Shear V wl2
Mmax ðat fixed endÞ ¼
3
0.423 l w 2 
Mx ¼ l  3x 2
M1 6
Moment wl4
Mmax Δmax ðat deflected endÞ ¼
24El
2 
2 2
w l x
Δx ¼
24El
(continued)
244 Appendix A. Shears, Moments and Deflections

(continued)
19. Cantilevered beam—concentrated load at any point
l 8Pb
x Total Equiv: Uniform Load ¼
P L
R=V=P
R Mmax(at fixed end) = Pb
Mx(when x > a) = P(x  a)
a b
Pb2
Δmax ðat free endÞ ¼ ð3l  bÞ
6El
V Pb3
Δa ðat point of loadÞ ¼
Shear 3El
Pb2
Δx ðwhen x < aÞ ¼ ð3l  3x  bÞ
6El
Δx ðwhen x > aÞ
Moment
Mmax Pð l  xÞ 2
¼ ð3b  l  xÞ
6El
20. Cantilevered beam—concentrated load at free end
l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 8P
P R=V=P
Mmax(at fixed end) = Pl
x R Mx = Px
Pl3
Δmax ðat free endÞ ¼
3El
P 3 
V Δx ¼ 2l  3lx2 þ x3
6El
Shear

Moment Mmax

21. Beam fixed at one end, free to deflect vertically but not rotate at other—concentrated load
at deflected end
l Total Equiv. Uniform Load = 4P
P R=V=P
Pl
M
R
Mmax ðat both endsÞ ¼
x 2


l
Mx ¼ P x
2
Pl3
V Δmax ðat deflected endÞ ¼
12El
Shear
Pð l  xÞ 2
Δx ¼ ðl þ 2xÞ
l 12El
Mmax 2

Moment Mmax

Reproduced courtesy of the American Institute of Steel Construction

Appendix B. Centroids and Properties
of Areas

Table B.1
Moment
Location Of of Inertia Section modulus
Figure Area centroid Ix Sx
bh h bh3 bh2
y¼
2 12 6

CG
h x
y

b
a2 a a4 a3
y¼
2 12 6

CG
a x
y

a
bh
y1 ¼
h bh3 I x bh2
2
3 s1 ¼ ¼
36 y1 12
y2 2h
y2 ¼ I x bh2
h 3 s2 ¼ ¼
y2 24
x
y1 CG

(continued)

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 245

P. Ghavami, Mechanics of Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07572-3
246 Appendix B. Centroids and Properties of Areas

Table B.1 (continued)

Moment
Location Of of Inertia Section modulus
Figure Area centroid Ix Sx
bh y1 ¼ h3 bh3 2
36 s1 ¼ bh
12
2 y2 ¼ 2h
3 s2 ¼ bh
2
24

y2

x
CG
y1

πr2 or y ¼ r or πr4
or πr 3
or
4 4
y
πd2
4
y ¼ d2 πd4 πd 3
r 64 32

x d-2r
CG
y

πr2 y¼r πr4 πr 3

2 8 8

r y -r

x
CG
y -r

πr2 y ¼ 0:05756r 0.1098r4 s1 ¼ 0.1907r3

2
y2 y ¼ 0:4244r s2 ¼ 0.25886r3
r
x
y1 CG
r
πr3 y ¼ 0:05756r 0.0649r4 s1 ¼ 0.0953r3
4
y ¼ 0:4244r s2 ¼ 0.1293r3
y3

x
y2

(continued)
Appendix B. Centroids and Properties of Areas 247

Table B.1 (continued)

Moment
Location Of of Inertia Section modulus
Figure Area centroid Ix Sx
π
 2 
y ¼ D2 πD3 ta
4 D d
t 2 πD2
8 4

d y-D/2
X X
CG D
y-D/2

a
This formula holds for t much smaller than D

Table B.2 Approximate values of the modulus of elasticity E of typical structural materials
Modulus of elasticity E
Material Kips/in.2 kN/cm2
Steel 30,000 20,700
Wrought iron 28,000 19,300
Brass 15,000 10,300
Cast iron 11,000 7,500
Aluminum 10,000 7,000
Concrete (in compression) 3,000–5,000 2,000–3,400
Timber 1,760 1,200
Granite 1,280 880
Limestone 900 600
Brick 400 280
Plexiglass 400 280
Rubber 1.0 0.7
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# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 249

P. Ghavami, Mechanics of Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07572-3