Electromagnetic Theory1

Prof. Manjuladevi V
Physics Department
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
manjula@[Link]

Assignment Chapter1:11,13,15,18,21,27,28,36,40,43,44,47,50

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 What is Electrodyanamics?

Behavior of a system subjected to force: Mechanics

Forces: Strong, Electromagnetic, weak and Gravitational
Repulsive force between two electrons ~1042 times gravitational force
between them
Electricity, magnetism, optics: Electromagnetism
Maxwell equations are the pillars of Electromagnetism.

Electric charge, force between charges

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 Vectors

⃗ ⃗
⃗
⃗

Addition of vectors:

• Commutative
• Associative

⃗ ⃗ = ⃗
⃗
)

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 Multiplication of vectors

Dot Product Cross Product

⃗= ⃗ ⃗
⃗
⃗

⃗⋅ ⃗= ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ ⃗× = sin

= 2 cos How perpendicular the vectors are?

Law of cosines

How parallel the vectors are? ⃗× = × ⃗

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 z
Vector Algebra
z

̂ Az ̂
y
y
Ax
Ay

x
⃗
x
= ̂

⃗= ̂

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 ⋅ = ⋅ = ̂⋅ ̂=1
∵ , , ̂ %& '()() ** +&%+& ,- (* % ( -) .& )/%0

⋅ = ⋅ ̂= ̂⋅ =0

⃗⋅ = × = × = ̂× ̂=0

× = ̂= ×
= × ̂= = ̂×
̂× = = × ̂

⃗× = ̂
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 ⃗× = ̂

̂ × = × = ̂× ̂=0
⃗× =
× = ̂= ×
× ̂= = ̂×
̂× = = × ̂

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 Triple Product
Scalar Triple Product

Volume of the parallelepiped

⃗⋅ ⃗
× ⃗

⃗ cos × ⃗
times C

⃗⋅ × ⃗ = ⋅ ⃗× ⃗ = ⃗⋅ ⃗×
⃗. × ⃗) =

( ⃗⋅ )× ⃗
⃗⋅ × ⃗ = ⃗× ⋅ ⃗
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 Triple Product
Vector Triple Product

4 × 5 × 6 = 5 4. 6 - 6 4. 5

⃗× × ⃗= ⃗× ⃗× = ⃗ . ⃗ + ⃗. ⃗

⃗× . ⃗×7 = ⃗. ⃗ .7 ⃗. 7 . ⃗

⃗× × ⃗ × 7) = ⃗. ⃗ × 7) ⃗. ⃗×7

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 Position, displacement and separation vectors

;
8 ≡ :: ;
<< ==
%̂
Position vector from origin
, ,
%⃗

8= :> <> =>

Distance from origin

%⃗ ̂ Infinitesimal displacement vector

%̂ = =
% from (x,y,z) to (x+dx, y+dy, z+dz)
is ?@⃗ = A::
; A<< ; A==
Unit vector pointing radially outward

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 Position, displacement and separation vectors

Source point

C⃗
C⃗ = D D D
̂
%′
Field point
C = D D D
%⃗

C= D D D
Separation vector C⃗ ≡ %⃗ - %′

E :F:G :
; H <F<G <
; H =F=G =
C = %⃗− %′ ;=
E =
E :F:G > H <F<G > H =F=G >

%⃗ − %′
C= Unit vector in the direction from
%⃗− %′ r/ (source point) to r (field point)

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 Differential Calculus
Ordinary derivative

KJ
dJ = d
K LM
is the slope of function f(x) versus x
L

f
f

x
x
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 Differential Calculus
Gradient:

KN KN KN
Temperature(T) is f(x,y,z)
,N = d dy dz
K Ky Kz
KN KN KN
PN = ̂
K K K
KN KN KN
dN = ̂ ⋅ , , , ̂
K K K
Gradient of T

Gradient QR points in the direction of

dN = PN ⋅ d*⃗ Maximum increase of the function T

dN = PN d*⃗ cosθ The magnitude of QR gives the slope

along this maximal direction.

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus
The operator ∇:
L L L
PN = L L
̂L T

del operator vector operator Temperature(T) is f(x,y,z) is a scalar

K K K
P= ̂
K K K

∇) acts on:
del operator (∇

i. Scalar function T : PN Gradient)

ii. Vector function S via dot product: P ⋅ S (divergence)
iii. Vector function S via cross product: P × S (curl)

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus

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 Differential Calculus
7-.&%T& & P ⋅ S):

L L L
P. S = ̂L . S S S ̂)
L L

KS KS KS
P⋅S = Divergence of a vector function is scalar
K K K

Positive divergence:
Spreading outwards

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 Differential Calculus
Curl P × S ):

̂
K K K
P×S =
K K K Curl of a vector function is vector
S S S

LUV LUW LUX LUV LUW LUX

P×S = + + ̂
L L L LY L L

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 Product Rules:

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Gradient QR Measure of rate and
direction of change
of a scalar field

Divergence Z⋅[ Measure of

magnitude of a
source (sink) at a
given point of a
vector field

Curl Q×[ Measures the

tendency to rotate
about a point of a
vector field

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 Line Integral
^

\ S · ,*⃗
_

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 Surface Integral

da is infinitesimal patch ^

\S · ,⃗
area with direction
perpendicular to surface

Volume Integral
\ N,
U
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 Integral Calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus
a

\ ,J/, ,: = c d c
b

\e ,: = c d c
b

Where e = ,J/,

The integral over a derivative over some region

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is given by the value of the function at end points
 Integral Calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus
a

\ ,J/, ,: = c d c
b

\e ,: = c d c
b

Where e = ,J/,

The integral over a derivative over some region

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is given by the value of the function at end points
 Integral Calculus

\ PN · ,@⃗ = N d N Fundamental theorem of gradients

b

Corollories:

a
fb PN · ,@⃗ is independent of path taken

g PN · ,@⃗ = h

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