Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
HEART
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering 1
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
INTRODUCTION
The heart is a chambered muscular
organ that pumps blood received
from the veins into the arteries,
thereby maintaining the flow of
blood through the entire circulatory
system.
MAHSA University -
2
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
MAHSA University -
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
• The pericardium is a fibroserous sac
that encloses the heart and the roots
of the great vessels.
• The pericardium lies within the
middle mediastinum.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Pericardium
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Heart Wall
• Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous
pericardium
• Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the
bulk of the heart
• Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner
myocardial surface
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Endocardium
deepest layer of the heart
smooth lining to reduce Pericardium
friction of blood flow outer protective
layer composed of :
visceral pericardium
Myocardium pericardial cavity
middle layer of the heart parietal pericardium
location of muscle fibers
responsible for pumping
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Location of the heart
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Heart Chambers
• Four chambers
– Two atria (Right
and Left)
– Two ventricles
(Right and Left)
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Heart Chambers
• Atria
– Features
small, thin-walled
chambers
– Functions
receiving chambers
for blood returning
to the heart from the
circulation
push the blood into
the adjacent
ventricles.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Heart Chambers
• Ventricles
– Features
the walls of the left
ventricle are 3X thicker
than those of the right
– Functions
receiving chambers for
blood returning to the
heart from the circulation
push the blood into the
lung and whole body
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Right Atrium
• Receives
deoxygenated blood
from the inferior vena
cava below and from
the superior vena cava
above.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Right Ventricle
• Receives blood from the
right atrium through the
tricuspid valve .
• The wall of the right
ventricle is thicker than
that of the atria but not
as thick as that of the
left ventricle.
• Pump deoxygenated
blood back to the lung
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Left Atrium
• Receives oxygenated
blood from four
pulmonary veins which
drain posteriorly.
• The mitral (bicuspid)
valve guards the passage
of blood from the left
atrium to the left
ventricle.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Left Ventricles
• Receives blood from the
left atrium through the
aortic valve .
• The wall of the left
ventricle is thicker than
the right ventriclesleft
ventricle.
• Pump oxygenated blood
to the whole body
through aorta
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
HEART VALVE
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Heart Valves
• Heart valves ensure
unidirectional blood flow
through the heart
– Composed of an endocardium
with a connective tissue core.
• Two major types
– Atrioventricular valves
– Semilunar valves
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves
• Right AV (Tricuspid) • Pulmonary valve
– separates the right atrium from – separates the right
the right ventricle. Prevents ventricle from the
backflow into atrium. pulmonary arteries.
Prevents backflow after
ventricular contraction.
• Left AV (Bicuspid)
– separates the left atrium from
the left ventricle. Prevents
• Aortic valve
backflow into atrium. – separates the left ventricle
from the aorta. Prevents
backflow after ventricular
contraction .
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Pulmonary
Right AV semilunar valve
(tricuspid)
valve Aortic
semilunar valve
Chordai Left AV
tendineae (bicuspid)
valve
Papillary
muscle
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The Conducting System of the Heart
• Consists of
“pacemaker” cells and
conduction pathways
– Coordinate the
contraction of the atria
and ventricles
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Purkinje
Fibers
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
What is an ECG?
• The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representation
of the electrical events of the cardiac cycle.
• Each event has a distinctive waveform
the study of waveform can lead
to greater insight into a
patient’s cardiac pathophysiology.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
NORMAL ECG
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Impulse Conduction & the ECG
Sinoatrial node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje fibers
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The “PQRST”
P wave - Atria depolarization
QRS - Ventricular depolarization
T wave - Ventricular repolarization
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
The PR Interval
Atria depolarization
+
delay in AV junction
(AV node/Bundle of His)
- delay allows time for the
atria to contract before the
ventricles contract
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
HEART SOUND
HEART SOUND
The mechanical activities of the heart during each cardiac cycle,
cause production of some sound, which are called heart sounds
Factors involved in the production of heart sounds are :
The movement of blood through chamber of the heart
The movement of cardiac muscle
The movement of valves of the heart.
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
FIRST HEART SOUND
o It is produced during isometric contraction and earlier part of ejection period
o It resembles spoken word “LUBB”
Characteristics :
o It is long, soft, low pitch sound.
o Duration of this sound is 0.1 – 0.17s
Causes :
o It mainly occur due to sudden closure of atrioventricular valves
First heart sound and ECG :
o In coincides with peak of “R” wave of ECG
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
SECOND HEART SOUND
o It is produced during the onset of diastole
o It resembles spoken word “DUBB”
Characteristics :
o It is short, sharp, and high pitch sound
o Duration of this sound is 0.10 – 0.14 s
Causes :
o It mainly produces during sudden closure of the semilunar valve
Second heart sound and ECG :
o In coincides with “T” wave of ECG
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
THIRD HEART SOUND
o It is produced during rapid filling period of the cardiac cycle
Characteristics :
o It is short and low pitched sound.
o Duration of this sound is 0.07 – 0.10 s
Causes :
o It is produced due to vibration which set up in ventricular wall, due to rushing of
blood into the ventricles during rapid filling phase
Third heart sound and ECG :
o In appears between “T” and “P” waves of ECG
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
FORTH HEART SOUND
o It is produced during atrial systole and considered as physiologic heart sound
Characteristics :
o It is short and low-pitches sound
o Duration of the sound is 0.02 – 0.04s
Causes :
o It occurs due to vibrations which set up in atrial musculature during atrial systole
Forth heart sound and ECG :
o In coincides with interval between end of “P” wave and onset of “Q” wave in ECG
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
TUTORIAL
Please label the anatomy of a heart as below :
TUTORIAL
Explain the heart activities for each ECG signal as above
Department of Biomedical Electronic Engineering
THANK
YOU
MAHSA University - Faculty of Engineering
