Muhammad Abduh

During the Caliphate Ummayah civilization Islam stretched until continent europe .
Civilization Islam at this time become source inspiration for nation other . Islam is successful
snatch stick relay civilization before , Romans and Persians and experienced peak triumph of
the Abbasid Daula. Progress Islamic civilization be marked with he advanced knowledge
knowledge and technology at that time . Baghdad as the capital of the Abbasid Empire
became center Knowledge knowledge throughout century mid or called The Golden Age .

Go ahead Islamic knowledge and civilization in the past No happened across the centuries
next . Fall of the Abbasid dynasty by attack troops mongols (1258) below command Hulagu
Khan became sign from fall civilization Islam That alone . Besides Baghdad fell Islamic
civilization in Andalusia by Prince Ferdinand and Queen Elisabeth in the 19th century to 15
tear down almost part current Islamic rule continued by the Ottomans and ended at the
beginning century the 19th AD .

Muslims in the previous era ( the glory of Islam) advanced caused dynamics knowledge such
knowledge _ forward . West advanced Because science . because _ it , as a reformer
( modernist ), Muhammad Abduh argues that Muslims must _ return to teachings that
developed in classical times back , that is returned like teachings ever _ carried out in the
time of the Salaf ( term salaf is a living scholar / generation in century First so that century
third hijri , or fifth hijri . While the so-called with term mistake is a living scholar / generation
after century third or fifth hijri ). Abduh argues that circumstances Muslims at that time it (in
Abduh's time) has been Far changed from luck Muslims in the past . For adapt pure Islamic
teachings with conditions of the modern world, then need done interpretation new . Because
of that need ijtihad is carried out . Thus , taklid _ to old opinion no need maintained , because
taklid has cause Muslims back _ in various aspect life .

In short writing this we will serve biography and thoughts Shaykh Muhammad Abduh the
Islamic Modernist we got from various Source .

Muhammad Abduh who is more known with Sheikh Muhammad Abduh, was born in 1849
M/1265 H in Mahallat Nasr Village, al Buhairah District , Egypt. his father named Abduh
Hasan Khairullah, originating from from Turkey, and through Muhammad Abduh's mother
has family tree descendants until to Umar bin al-Khattab. Muhammad Abduh spent his
childhood until mature with learn .

Muhammad Abduh was ordered Study write and read after proficient , he submitted to one
teacher for trained memorize the Qur'an. In just two years , he can memorize Al-Qur'an in a
way whole . Then , he sent to Tanta for studied religion at the Sheikh Ahmad Mosque in 1862
, after two years study , he feel No understand anything because there use method memorize .
He Finally run leave study and go home to his village and intend Work as farmer . In 1865
( age 16 years ) he too married . New four twenty day married , he forced to For return Study
to Ask. Iapun go , but No to Tanta. He hiding in someone 's house his uncle , the Shaykh
Darwisy Khadr. Sheikh Dervish know Abduh's reluctance to learn , then He always
persuaded the young man so read book together . After that's it , Abduh changed attitude so
that Then He go to Tanta for forward the lesson .

after from Tanta, he continue studies at al-Azhar from in 1869-1877 and he get predicate
"scientist". That's where he met with the later Jamaluddin al-Afghani become his most loyal
disciple . From al-Afghani later Study logic . Philosophy , theology and Sufism . During the
time of Abduh and his teacher , al-Afghani lived the Islamic world experienced very sad
setback . The Islamic world was torn apart by invaders . Former Islamic Territory is at in
shade Caliphate ottoman divided by nations _ _ Europe . Influence al-Afghani's thoughts on
Abduh were like that great , the renewal ideas brought by al-Afghani a lot affect Abduh. The
difference is , al-Afghani is more emphasize field updates _ politics , while Abduh was in the
field education .

turmoil politics in Egypt in 1879 made Jamaluddin Al Afghani expelled . Muhammad Abduh
was also affected the impact Because accused oppose the current Egyptian government it .
After revolution Urabi ( Urabi Pasha , leader Commissioned Officer military and class
Egyptian nationalism ) in 1882 which ended with failure , Muhammad Abduh who when
That Still lead letter al Waqa'i news , involved in revolution such ( as adviser ), so the
Egyptian government decided For exile him during three year with give right to her choose
place his exile , finally he choose Syria.

The existence of Muhammad Abduh in Syria only endure One year . After it , he meet his
teacher Jamaluddin Al Afghani in Paris. From there they publish A letter news named Al
Urwah Al Wutsqa , which aims For establish the Pan- Islamic movement as well as against
western colonization of their country namely Egypt. From the process of his journey in Paris,
Muhammad Abduh discovered difference between Paris and his country . So that he Once
said “ d zahabtu ilaa Bilaad al- Ghorbi , Roaitu al-Islam wa lam aro al- Muslimiin . Wow
dzahabtu ilaa Bilaad al -'arobi , roaitu al- Muslimiin, wa lam aro al - Islam ”.. ( I go to the
West, i.e look at Islam however No see muslims . _ And me go to an Arab country, i.e see
Muslims _ However No see Islam).

on his return from disposal , at the end in 1888, he start activity . his career started from later
became a district court judge become advisor High Court . In the midst of his busy life as a
judge he try repair education at al-Azhar. He want to bring moderate modern sciences
growing in Europe to al-Azhar. the effort No walk smooth even his efforts ran aground . Lots
of challenges from the scholars' who hold on to the old tradition . In 1899, he lifted became
the Mufti of Egypt, one position official important in deep Egypt interpret law syari'at For all
of Egypt. In the same year , he was also appointed become members of the shura majlis .

ideas _ renewal brought by Muhammad Abduh Anatar other :

a. Main Factors of Setbacks Muslims are _ Jumud
Cause that brings decline Muslims are _ No Because the Islamic teachings alone , but
exists attitude old on the body Muslims . According to Muhammad Abduh Al-Islamu
mahjubun bill muslim . Jumud that is circumstances freeze /static, so that people No
Want to accept change , which with bring seeds to decline people moment this (al-
Jumud ' illatun tazawul ). attitude old brought to body of Islam by people who are not
 Arabs, who rob peak power politics in the Islamic world. They also carry animism , no
attach importance usage sense , ignorant and not know knowledge knowledge .
b. Field of Ijtihad Issues
That existing teachings _ in the Qur'an and hadith characteristic firm , clear and detailed .
Rather , the teachings about life social people only is basics and principles general No
detailed , as well A little the amount . because _ general nature _ without details , then
teachings the can customized with the times. Adjustment the basics That with modern
situations do with stage interpretation new . For that , Ijtihad is necessary opened .
Opinion about opening the door of ijtihad is not it solely on the heart but on common
sense . The Qur'an provides high position _ for sense . Islam, he said is a rational religion
. Use sense is one _ Islamic foundation . one's faith won't perfect without sense . Religion
and reason are the first to bind rope brotherhood
c. Field Knowledge Islamic Knowledge (Education)
Muhammad Abduh stated that knowledge modern knowledge a lot based on law nature
( sunnatullah , which is not contrary with true Islam ). Sunnatullah is creation of Allah
SWT. Revelation also originates from God. So, because both of them come from God, no
can contrary One with the others . Islam must in accordance with knowledge modern
knowledge and, modern must in accordance with Islam, as the golden age of Islam
protects knowledge knowledge . Muhammad Abduh voiced science digging and
cultivation Spirit Western science . Progress Europe Because this part of the world has
take the best from Islamic teachings . Islamic for sure capable adapt with the modern
world. Muhammad Abduh struggled system education functional which is not import ,
which includes universal education for all children , boys and girls . Everything must
have ability base like reading , writing , and arithmetic . Everything must get religious
education , which ignores difference sectarian and highlight difference between
Christianity and Islam.

Muhammad Abduh believed that child farmer and craftsman must get minimum
education , in order for them can forward in their father's footsteps . Curriculum school
This must includes : (1) books overview based on Islamic doctrine Sunni teachings and
not mentioned difference sectarian ; (2) text briefly explained _ broadly speaking _
foundation life ethics and morals and showing what is right and wrong; and (3) text
concise history Prophet Muhammad's life , life friends , and reasons Islamic triumph .
Whereas For school medium must those who want learn law , military , medicine , or
want to Work There is government . the curriculum must includes , among others: (1)
books that provide introduction knowledge , art logic , principle reasoning ; (2) text
about doctrine , which conveys questions like theorem rational , decisive position middle
in effort avoid conflict , discussion more detail about difference between Christianity and
Islam, and effectiveness deep Islamic doctrine form life in this world and the hereafter ; (
3 ) text explaining which is right and wrong, usage reason and principles doctrine ; and
(4) text covering history _ various conquest and spread of Islam. As for more education
tall Again for teachers and heads school , with more curriculum _ complete , including :
(1) interpretation of the Qur'an; (2) knowledge Arabic language and language ; (3)
knowledge hadith ; (4) study morality ( ethics ); (5) principles fiqh ; (6) art talk and
convince ; and (7) theology and understanding doctrine in a manner rational .
d. Field Family and Women
 According to Muhammad Abduh, foundation most important from public new is
individual . People consists of family units . If these units No give healthy and functional
environment _ for development individual in it , then Foundation public will collapse .
According to Muhammad Abduh, if woman it does have quality leader and quality make
decision , then superiority man not apply again . Muhammad Abduh also argues that ,
cause split or internal slander public is Because man indulgence weather his lust .

From the explanation above , you can taken conclusion as following . First , Muhammad
Abduh is a thinker rationalist and Islamic reformer who was very influential in the history
Islamic thought . Since small he interested with system Study analysis ( based on sense ) like
lesson philosophy , theology , logic and Sufism . According to Muhammad Abduh, sense
have high position _ in religion, because sense can know God and His attributes , as well as
the obligations that must be held man For obtain happiness later . Although Thus , Revelation
remains considered as amplifier and controller to what reason decides . _ _ Second , deep to
reform thought , Muhammad Abduh tried balancing between holding group _ stick to
boredom taklid with redundant group _ in follow West. Draft his thoughts in field theology is
that the path used For knowing God is not solely revelation but also reason , because with
strength sense you have with potential . Because of that , Abduh promoted ijtihad among
Muslims intellectual and eroding taklid blind in society , because with ijtihad , Muslims can
life with follow development of the times.