SCIENCE CAREER COACHING A Complete Science Solution Hub... PHYSICS Unit - 2. Electric Potential and Capacitance Class - 12" By Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Near Mahalaxmi Dharam Kanta, Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar (Raj.) Mob. : 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Electostedic Potential Enongy emo! “Pstential Elechostatec.. Patertial clue to~ (a) A pomt charge (b) Group of Electric charges ElectusteHe Poetentod oF & point alu to an Elechde Dipole Equipotential Surfawrs Reletion between Elechic field amel eleatyic. potemHol .| Electrostatic PoterntteJd Enangy of a system of Choregea Potentiod Emnugy of dA sire. charge in an external Fielol (6) A system Of two charges in om external #eld | Potentiod Emurgy of pele | InN an extesnal Fietol ‘PE lechostaHes of Concluctors | ElecRostahHe Shieldm a Dieleaette Palertzac'on |Copacitors @ Capacitance Capacity of arn Tsolatecl spherical conductor -}Preallel Plate Capacitor Eftect off Dielectric on Capacitance Capacitonce pS parodlel plote. Capacitor uith a dielectric slob | Combination oF Capacitors ‘| Energy Stored In a Capacitor [Van De Greats Genrrodoxw Very Tenportant Quahons Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING You never know how close you are, never give up on your dreams! i Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria 2. [Electrostatic Potential % Capacitance Introcluction _:- . The electrostoate potential of a ceiged body reprererd 6 the legren ° electrificotion of the boalty. Tt oledermmes Pe cretion of flora of Chore betirean +turo Charges boolies plactecl 1" Conteet Wi each other: ; The charge awe OWS fom a body at la potential 40 andther bolly a+ Lover potentio£. Tre ftow Ht) charge stops a4 400m As tre potenticds of the obieds “become , Electrostatic Potential Energy Let us assume. an electric fielel E clue to 4 Charge +Q placed ot the on “a from hot a smatt test ee +4 be b & point A wb & pemt B agbinst the rebasheive. ree on i aue to Charge +Q.- A Source tt one Charge Q B We assume that the extern force Foes abplied Js just Sufficient to comter the repulsive elechic fore Fe om the dat Charge 4 80 the net fora om Feast hone q dS Zao omd “+ moves from A do B without any ecelesation. Now the work done by external fore vs negedive > work ooe by the elechid fore omd atts + Stored mm the Chage % in the forey of Ht potend energy. Work clone b external force sy moving the Ket uA - charge +h A to B B a Was = [Fens Fe => > Fe. dr A A Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria TWA work olone against eleetsoctecdic force gets Stored as potentod ennroyy. AU = Us - Un = Was Hence electrostedic potential enorgy cl, pounce between tuo points Beomd A 44 equal to Sine. minimum work an externed re iM) moving a teat charge 4 to B without “accelerahon. done by frm A Note :- The work olone by an electrostodic field In moving & chore ne point to another clebendsVorly on the positions of initial amol Final points . Tt loes r not nd on the poth chosen in goin one. pol to a oie P e d ~~ \ % For a change distabuhion of finite extent, we choose zero electsostodic polmtal enerqy oat io finit y Thane fore , tOohan point A js at inginity we qt: Hence the electrostedht potenticd energy of a charge. q ata point in an electic fiedd ce any Change Speen os equal do the work olone bf +he ex od foree in bri ng the change 4 from infinity. to that point witho cm Oeceleracdion, Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential The electric potential Uigersnie | behween tuso peints B ond A in an electric fielol ~s equot fo the amount of work done jn couryin umt posihve test Change A to BR without Yactelerodion Hong amy pat between the +o points. Umesh Rajoria Th Va and Va one the >wW Vow z3 eit uv Pv at v fu dy E« 1. as y a Distance ——> Figi- Variation of Elechostatic Potentiod —t amd Bechaee dad with stance. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Thiéisi Balas BD) whet the electrostatic: potential atthe So ate 3b a nucleus ot tne 13: 2 -fermi. v Fo ds 7: Sl, Hee Y= 132 = @&6& ferm) or y = &EKIE'S Mm. emd Be ne seo Gs 73 x46 K107'9 So Ve _2 = 39x17 x79 X16 X10" AT & ¥ 6:6 x10 * Vv l:7 x10" — Volt: Potential ata Point clue to group of Electric Charges :- Suppose there are Q number Ck pol int Charger w 9 Go 9 Qe o* mie ot ist ances ho Taokas mH respectivel He paint P, Where aledtrhe potentios is 40 be calceuloted, e potential oat Pp clue to various Charges are - ay ! - 1 a = Vis 41le VY) > Va 4TMe Tr Ve =! 4s and 38 Vn = ttn are OO FIED Xn The yesultom+ potensiod ot P is Vi= Vit Vet Vat eee. Vin v=_i 1 4 4a 4 4a 4... Gn ATL Go vy, Vy ¥2 Yr oY ~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Le ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria. > nr @ A cube of sicle b hoy o chorse % ot en sh tts vertics. Deteemime the potest ond te te elas to this Charge array ot centre of + ‘ol: = The length of Aiagonal of the Cube oF each - N77 iS = Jab side b = Distante between centre of Curbee ond each vertex q ds = v =WBb/. v Hee & Changes each of vod ua G One Present the QR verte oh the Cube | there fore total potent is Y Ve VitVate- Ve = _! &t = 44% ATT Em (Bb/2 {3 m&b Further electric fied ct the contre dure to au the et e& Us zero, becawe the frelel elu + indliviclucdl Charges Cancel in pairs. > "Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential at a point due to an Electric Dipole ;- Let us take the origin at the cantre of the olipole. Now we have to Calewlde electric potenhal at point P where Op =¥ . ond ZRoP = 6. _g? > a , > 7 Y- 7 7 / a => 7 eo JU 0 / / / #4 Xp “a Let the clustance of P tom Change -F at A be 7 and Aistance of P sam Charge +% at B Ws Yr. Electrostatic potenhal ot P dug to -Y Gnd +% Charge is -vespectvely -4 Y = Onno) So Vi 4G y, Va Ane, Y,. So the potent af at P clue to the cL pole Is - Vi= Vy EVE v= = £-+] — Ww) Now by geometry - CoAG = Aer rey (for A BoP \ 2a oY oe = C4 ara Cord Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [a |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Spm larly Coa (180-8) = A= 2r Umesh Rajoria ( for triangle AoP ) or Yo = rt4a%+ 21a CosO Herz we mor write - 2 2 z a 29 Cor yY = Y (1 toy ) - a TH a< 2 - a oi Y = 4 (: + ay Cos Bo y= r(i+ aa cose \* r oma to = +('+ 29 Coxe) Y% Y y —| Stemlarly + = -!- (4 7 28 cae | I i So by equecdion (1) - <1 vet [+('- [Link] I ( + 24 ap en0) "| 4n & Y Y Y v Using Bromial theorem we get - vis _*% [(+ +2 cose ) - (4- 2 cose) | 4i 6. ¥ v Y v= Yd X 2a Cos = 42°36 AMIE - P_ Cord As P= Yx2Gu Vv = oo SOS Ss 41 &, ¥* C J As PCO = Pet, whee ~ Ss unit vector edong the position vector Op = ¥ So the elechostahe potenhal at P Aue to a Upele is. wn Vo PY 4ne > Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [3]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria (1) On the cliple axis (8 =0 or 1 V = * Po 4m é,%> Positive sign fer 6=-o0 and nespotive Sign fox 6-7. (1) On the equatorial Plane (=; Core = Cost =o) Vv = Oo So Electrostehe potential at any point In the eguatonal plane of clipole is zero. + The potential olue to a clipole a axially —_> Symmetric about BP. ~~ “Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859Umesh Rajoria SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Equipotential Surfaces That sur wefoce ot every point of which electHic potential is Ehe same ia Cattecl an equipotentiaf Surface: ng the teat chorge tom No work 44 dene on movi ome point to dhe other on equipotentiod Surface. The. equipoten tied, surface through @ point WW norma) # the elechic field at that point. * Ae potential Surtace of a singt ond Change ease Concontd ¢ spioical Je ckfor Ocint Contre ot the Change: * Por aunidorm eectric field say axis, the ea .uipoterctal SUAF ACLS ti planes oy ebony X- the x ans. Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING aves Raforia Some eguipetentiof Surfaa are shoion in figures - e (9) For a pomt change (b) For Unrform electric fielel. (¢) For an electric olpele. (eo) (4) For two idlenticoy Positive charges ~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 12]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Relation between Electric Field and Electric Potential ;- Let Us Consider two eauipolertiol Surtacs A amd Spaces) closely at & perpenclicular distance ol. Let the potential of A be Va=V and potential of be Va=V-dv where. Av us clecrease in potential in the direction of electeyic. fielol E normal to A and “B. A unt positive charge (F= +1) JA taken along this perpenolicular olstance fom the surface @ the surface A against the electric field. So Work ene Wea = Fed Waa = —~Edr (os F=aE) Waa = VA-Va = Vo (v-dv) =dv Hence -Edr = dav E =-av ~ ar NI odive Sy shows tat the crechon of aechic fide E is” in the clrecton of decreasing, potential. * The masmitudt. of electHe field us given by change. mm magnitude of potential per unit: olisplaumnt Normal to the “equipetential Surface at the point. This 4s cabll potential gradient. => l2| = - Lav! = — (Potential trodient ) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar __ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System Of charges ;- Umesh Rajoria Electrostotic potentios enmgy of System rh point Chore jes sa the. total eae be usdele. done Im bringing the varigut charges te..thair ‘respective positiores fom infimetely lovee mutual separodion- (i) For a System of two point charges - : Ss ose & pormt ch 2 F, 2& held of & point Py “Eee position vector m Space. ’ smother pomt change Gq, us at mfinite distance fom G+ Ain dd td brought -to e@ position Py with s poarhory vector Tr. g In bein ing the first Charge. , to position Pir) no work vs ddne, because all other Charges are AHI at infrnity , ame there Us no field. lee, (at Infinity), Now, hrork done in Carryin / change aa from oo 40 Pe 4 Wee [Potential Aue to 4, ] X40 +9, = a} 4%. > ant % PCM) _y Ps ra) k— Yr. ——— Total usork done w= wy + Wy Electostodic potential energy U=-7W = Ate ~ 4Tl €o Nia (ii) For a system of N point charges - Tt ws egquod do the ctotel amount o work clone }n assembling all the Charges at the given positions pom infinity . Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria In bring the rst charge. a, to position PCr) No Work ws A vs ‘ t “J ire, Wy, =o “when Wwe bring Charge Ge m infnity + Ph) at a distance ‘ir ™ 4,0" work, fom s ‘ * We = [Potential due to 4, ] % to Wa = WA 4Tl €, Yo Gs Yos A Na vi vy Im brn mq 4a from w to Ps (Ts), work has to be done agai 4’ electrostedic forets clue +o both Yond Vo aie ‘ Wat [Potential due to Ue ond %"] Xx Aes - 1 4, qo We = ae ‘ea +e} ete /s Electrstahc potential energy of 4 System of three charges Us= Wy, + Wo + Wa - Ot Vi V2 + 1 (42 +) ANG Yio 4N € 13 Yo3 U = | ( Ute 4 Ws 4 2% AME, Viv Nia Yas Proce ching In te wary) We Com write elechostatic potentiod energy of & system ok N Point charges at » on Os 1? Troe = AG Ve 41nG@ yj AN Pairs Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [i5]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING IE re re >—~S> es Potential Energy of a Single change in an external Field :- Th vi) ua extemal potenHal at omy pomb P of position vector ¥, then wirk done iM bringing a Chorxe % from infinity to the point Poin the exten fed is = 4 vi) Tria work fs stored In the ¢ anges particle by ‘ the form of its potential energy | Potential energy of & Chorge J (U)= 4 VL¥) Potential Eneray of a System of two Charoes in an external Field :. Suppose 4, emd 4, ane two pomt charges ot position t reciove" x, amal Y respectively in a um form externed electric field Ee. Now usork done in bringing Change %, and J. fam infinity to podition Y, and Yi ane cod [Wi a VR bokile bringing 4. infinity 4o position Ts Work has aes 44 be ates agdint ye Prejal due 40 4)- This dd. Wea = At - 41) & Vor where Yin ws the distance bebween q, ond Ar - So Potential energy of the System = toted work clone u = W,; + W2 + W3 UU = eV) + 4aVOG) + Fo ANG N2 "Wear Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar - Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria ® @) Peterrnine the electostatic potentad entra 4 oh 2 soetem CommAting of two charges THC and -2Uc (wrth “no external te A) “placed od “Caem,o,0) and ¥i wre) to seporste. he tn C9em, 0,0) Yesbechv (b) How much work Wa reg Charges infinitely qu each other’ (€) Suppose thaf” the ‘sawe system of Charges is now plated "in an exteancd field E‘ Ax1” , where A= 9x10 G2. whet woud be the electrostatic © energy of the Comfigutech on ? Sol. a) Uz _Wtr. = TK 10 K(-2 15S) KOKO = -O7T 41607 (949) x10-? (be) Work requires] =-U2-U; = O-U = O77: Ave 5 a,vi% +4, VU) (©) Th the eclectic field total Pe, = 27% ~-d _ fom E- = 5 vc frEar fe fr&ar = A “+ Total PE, = Ute 4 AU 4 AQ ANLG0Y y Yr 2-0-7 + 3x (7x10 8) 4 axio (-2.x 108 ) o103 o-09 S Teta) PE. = — O17 + To -20 = 4937 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Potential Ene of & eli Umesh Rajoria le in oan external Field :- Comsicler a olipole placed in a uniform etectaic field E. Here Hre olipole experientes no net force but experience a torque T Hiven by - T = PRE = PE Sind Which will tend 4o votete it (Unless P Ja parallel to E’). up Suppose avy external torque Ten ie teal in such a eer thot vt just neutvol ses wees and rotode the ctpole brom angle 8, to omehe 6, without angular acceleaoHon- The amount of work done by the external torque. will be given by - - 2 O We t 6)d@ = PE Sino de f ext ( { ' W = -PE (0048 — Cos, Th Work 18 stored at te potentlal energy of the system: Tf we take 6 =T/2 where the potemtiod ennray U us taken to be zero- So U(&) =-PE (cose, _ CoaZ ) Ul0) =-PECesO = -P-E Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 8]- Eleetrosted ics of Concluctors C1) Elechoastate fidd Us Zerp ‘inside a Conductor. (2) At the surface of a Charged) Concluctor , elec }eostatic field must bey normal to thr- Sweface ab every point. Th E were not nevmoal to the cus fate > vb wsroulo| haye Some non-zero Components a the surface . Free charges on the surface of the Conductor “would ten ex c2 force omd move-In the Stehe sytuahon tHorefore E should have no tangential Component. (3) Tene Lu no exces e et any point inside the concluctor than the Stectic suchen 1 oma any excers charge must reside ot the Surface. (u) Electrostate potenhal is constant throughout the veume of the Concluctor amd hab the same valuc as inside on it, surface. (5) Electric field at the surface of a chargeol Concuetor is E=- © fF Here A 33 unit vector noma) tothe surface “Eo amd a Jd Surface charge clensity. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Electrostatic Shielding Electostedic shielding / Sereeniing is the phenomenon o protecting a comtedin region of Space pom extern electric ‘field . We Know that the electric field tnsicle a Conduttox us ZxD. Therefore +o pavtect clicode instruments extenal electric fields , we enclose them in hollow conductors. Such “hollows concuctys ane Called Faraday cages. Thang mecad not be earthed. In thunderstorm acc ompaingol by Ly ening 1 Ar ws satey +to be inside a Car ov bus +o in the open wound oF under a trea-ett+. The metellic body of He Car oy bud provides electrostaht shieling pom the Lightening. The. fundamerced act us that electric field inside. a cavity is Rai, Whatorel be ithe. size. amo) shope ‘b,, the Cav whe the cher on conductor amd the. L cdexnal AEP in which at ight be. placed. An eathecl Conductor AB Can also actas a screen ainkt the electic field . twohen AB Ud eartheol » the Mroluced positive charge flow to earth omel the fielel In the region bessond AB Aisappears, Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Non ‘polar and Polay Dielectrics _-bielectdces one. foawladinig medenials which toramit olectric ebfects without actually Conducting elechicity. Diedectcs are o} two () Alon polar tb) Polar. (2) Non Polar Dielectrics }- The molecules in coluth the contre Bitive Charge Coindde with the centre o ve, DD on Cola non- polaa molecules. bm Such molecules are Symmnetai in shabe. Examples- O12, CO2,CHy ett 1 OD (b) Polar Dielectrics \- Ip the, certtres o positive ana hve charges do not °comneide beca of the asymmePric shape the molecules, thon t+Hiese “are Caltcd polars molecules. Examples — HCl, H,0, NHa ete. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria ‘Dielectric Polarization When a non-polar olieleete Js held in an extemal electsic fied E, the Centre of positive charge (protons) im each” molecule Js pulled in the cUrection of E and the Contre of ve charge (electrons) is pullol mn a oclivection apposite to E. Therefore the twp contyes of positive and negative chars un He molecule are separated. The molecwe dlisted ard ie said to be ptlanised. qs E=0 Exo © @®@ @aOee @ @ @ Qa8se Non -Polay @e@e@ Qeoe Molecules When no external field is apbhieel to a dlidecte with polar. molecules than the Aiteoont peamanent AU poles Qre oriented randomly due to tkermal cxgitation, Se the total clipsle moment {s zeyo- _ When am external electric field J applied , the individual clipsle moments tends “to aul alt the. field. bohen summed over all the molecules , appears some net clipole moment jy the divectim of the external fides tee, the dielechic is polarisect. EF-O —» @ @ 2 @ Palo Molecules 2 @ _ Thus in efther Coue whether polar or non polar a cliekctic develops a net dipole moment in the presence oh) an external field the clipole moment per unit volume is Calleel polarisation and Lu clonoted by P. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electric Susceptibility \- Tt 2 found thot He elechic polauzodton P Ls ctirvectly proportional +o the efjective electric fiele} [Link] a polaxizec) clielectric. Umesh Rajoria — Ee. Pa E -op +0 or fh) OG Where % is a Conatant and is pronounced at heh! DS iy P @X 23 Cobled electic suscepti bilit 4p Cl) of the clielectic. : 9 @The electic susceptibility P Adscriber the Clecticol behaviow | Effect ve Electric field ina oy a didechic: polarizeal clielectHic ts - © For vacuum] X = 0 E = Eo-Ep el Why cloes the elechic per! Inside a dielectic case oleerease when ut id placeol in an external electric. fidlel 2 Sl. when a celeste is plaeeadl in an external yield , He fielol Causes polarisation of Ha clickechle Indueing a 4yeld m the opposite olivection. Thus the net elechic field inside the clielectie decreases. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u imesh Rajoria Capacitors and Capacitance A Capacitor ts a system of two Conduchore Separccter! by an insulator. I+ 18 an avocongement -for storing, larg qmounts of ClectHe charge and’ hen electncal energy “in & Smal} space. Principle of Capacitor }- Let seme’ “osllive change Fee te Pte i its potential become maximum. ¢ Pro A 8 A 8 +]+ -I|+ +/+ - + f+ —|t+ ++ _ 4+ —|+ t+]+ ~ +]+ + +}+ ~ +]4 -|r apt +]+ -]+ +]+ ~ = Jronded (4) Cb ) Now Consider omother Inadedeol meted plode B hell near the plede A. By Induction a negocve charge is produced om the nearer “face of B and an equal postive charge clewelops on the farther face 4 B. Novo, Cormect the plate B to eanth- The induced positive charge. on B being free , Hor +o earthy TA inducecl negative Charge “on BG, however Stays OY) ah tt is bound to poaitve Charge on A. “Due to the Induceol negove Change on B, potentiod of A is qreatty redluted). Thus oo Lange amount charge ‘Can be given to A to rouse wae to the maximum potexnhe, Hence Wwe toncluole that the Coupacitomnce. of on marleted cencluctor is Increased Cemaiclerably “by byinging near at an unchargeol earthesl Conoluctor. TWh is the principle oh Capaci-tor- i Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 ZYSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrical eee The abite of Qa Cenductos to Store electric charge ia Called "8420, 3.55 Copacitenc. Tf a charge @ given +o the Conductor yaises ats potential by Vi then at Js founel that QXKv or Q= cv whee Cus a Constomt collec| electrical Copacitaner. Umesh Rajoria C = G | sz unit of capacitance - Farad A Conductor ws sald +o have @ Capacity L +arad When a charge of 1 Coulomb youses ute pote bp tebriai by ’ 1 vol. Capacity of an Isolated Spherical Conductor Let a change +4 vy toQ Sphene, ~ 's # — As the Sphere behaves as 5 the emhire charge. us te at the centre, as. the Sp Se otenhed Yet Peon on the. oan of the sphihe’ co _ @& As C= = So C= 41E7 Capacity ef earth :- . We Cam Calculode electrical Capacity of earth, taking -at+e be a Conducting Sphere oy you y= Gueo Km. C= 4M&Y = sae x 6uxiw® = 71) UF Thus the Capacs ty ef earth us ory TN UE. Therefoxe Copadrtance. will be norm In nano tarad (nF) om vluofatae Cpr). Farad felisg 2 ro jar of Capacitance » ~~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u imesh Rajoria Parallel Plate Capacitor A paral) plate capacitor Consist of tuo Hun Conducting plates 1 omal 2, each of area A’ held parallel to each “othey , Suitable ditema al apart. The plates are eparoted b an insuloding medium Like alk , papor, “mica , glass etc, When a e +Q is thon a charge -Q is indutd on the nearer face of plate 2, surface Charge density o} plote L omol 2 W2e FT Omd -o. In the region between the plotes , separated by car J vacuum , electric Held intensity da oT = 1.8 Ere > eA Th © w the electric field between tHe plates, thon the potential clifteronce V beloeen the plates uA - - = i Vs EXd = zh Se the Capacity of porate! plate Cepacitor ua _ C= & > C= _Q 1.8 aa Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance When there 4s & vacuum between the pliters Capactoy having the chorge +@ on its plates with ss = —~ Now eng] [ered a dielechic 48 Inserted| betweon the plates which fully occupying the intervening region. Dielectric _. The electdc ees bay the field with surface eee densities op om surface the Aelectric- So the net Surface change clengity on the plectes is t(-ce) So the Pinel elechic field insicle the cicleetHe uy - E = @-op Ee and the potenticd Aiffounce between thre plates is - V= Ed = aS ° Por Linear chelectics , we expect op +o be yoportional to Eo, l-e- to o- Thus Co-op) ws proportional to rc and we can wrute- T- op Ka oe K-> Aelechic Constant C- op = 7 and K?l K Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859____SGIENCE CAREER COACHING vecinjon _ So ve oad = ad ~ Eek A Eck Se He Copacrtance C with lielectric between tha pledes ab — Ss Q = Q. = Ee AL c= + ad d AEck _ Kee A . Here k == Os Cotlead the cielectic Constant of the substance. Se thal Ho when Uelectric js introduced, the field between the plotes of the Cobacitor decreases v4, Ky Due sto toch V decreases by Qa factor of Ks implies that the. Capac tance increase” by K. Bpieectiic Constant of & medium Js ineol ad the voto of the Capacitance oh dre Capacitor asi the lielechic as tHe medium “so sts Capacitance with vacuum between ts plates. = & Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor ith a dielectric Slab - The Capacitemee oka alle) plate iter plete. Qnoa BY ceed plate Dseraheection we iain or CuY inbetween da - Co = = S ose@ tQ are the charger EM the aciter plates coldeh Produce Qa uniform echic field a the esice, between the plates. «loch! + + + + He 4+ He + Se [| b Fey V4 When & electric Slab of thickness tid ds mbnduad betureen the plotes, the molecules in the Alab get Polarized in the olwection of En- Thortore the ebpechve field insiole the deleehia a Es Se Outsiclan. the lielectric fielol vremoins &, oy. Therefore, potential chifferonce behween the two plotes 44 = Ee (d-t)+ Et 2 ° - E, Vv E.(d-t)+ ft = Eo _ t vir Eefd-t+e] As = = = & Eo Eo AEs - Q Ve “Ace [a-t +£] Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING unesnsjon acitance ok Hae Capacitor with electric inbetween wa Q Q CF TY T&F po kT) “ae, LA-t 7 | C = GoA ' d-t+£ Here CYC, * Hence om mboducin the pleted. Of A Capacitor , tts capacitance increases. The too pletes of a paratel plote Capacitor are @ Amm apart. A siaw of clieteetriic Cenatemt 3 and 22°? thickness 3mm Js Intreduced between the plates with uts pas. paroled do them. The clutmee behween the “pleces is so adjusted thed the Copacitance the capacitor become 2/3. © ts oAtainal us. Wheat vs the now cdistanee “behween the plates? So Here ctatance between poral plates ta d= Umm : A = 4xld0°-m. k= 3 , thickness t = S@mm = 3x13 m. Cc = ©&.A ond cq, = GA ~~ - -4 a ay- t Gz) Since C2 ZC 3 —€&oA = = SA - -1 3: a, -t(1 £) — to a -t('- £) 3d 1 - 2 ay — axe? (1- =) Bx uxio3 So a = 8 x1077m. = 32mm. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Combination of Capacitor di) Capacitors in Series Three Capacitors of Capacities C1502 ond Ca are Vi 4s i potentiod oUefppronce applied) Connectes) In Sexes io qexossy the Combinection. Cy Cy Cz + — cea t+ + - c= a +a]; —ba +a/? “he , +al* “+e += + = to t+ 8 to @ , Vas @ <1 Co C3 Th Cs us the totes Capacitance ©} Combinedion Han v= & Cs As total potential drop Vv across the Combi nodion is the sum of potentiod: crops V5 V2 ma Ve SO- V=z Vy AV 4+ Va vo & = B+ QQ Cs c; Cy C3 L + =2-=te4iyt ‘ pe Capoen tres Connec}eol jn Seried , total Capacitemce ft. t Ce ci Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [3 { |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING u (ii) Capacitors in Parallel Let three Capacitors Cr, C2 oma C2 are Connected in poratlel ond V be the potential clifgerence across the Combinedion. imesh Rajoria So the Changes on the Capacitors coi!) be Q=av s,s Q2= Cav omd Qa= CaV So the total charge om the Capacitors - R= Q1+ Q@r +Qs het Cp be the @quivetent Capautanw im) Paredle} then CpV = Gv +0, V2 + Cav Ce = G& +Cy +Cx Dhan NN Capacitess axe Connectesl im pamilel then - re cst Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Fig. Shows tio tclertical capacitors G52 each ofy ees 1UF Capacitance Connectes| doa bocttery of 6 V- Initially Suntch *5? 2s closed. A Bome, time %s? Gs oper ond dielechic slab of cUelectic constant K=3 ar2. inserted do $u the space Completely between the plotes of the tus capacitors. How cil ~he- Ui) Change oma (ii) Potential olifference between the pldes of the Cpacitors be abfecteat after. tha 4labs ane insertedl ? : gv | ae | C, cI MF Sel: When switch S Us Closed beth Cc; ond Cy ae Charged to 6v potent, be. Vs 6Vv ond - Va 2 6V open, cr is still connectec| Jo UWhaun s us patient select} on Imarroelucing Slab of clelechic Constemt, K=3 Cl = KG = 3xtxiw = OME viz Y= 6Vv B= GW = 3xio&xe = 1a xi Sc However , Cq is olisconnectec! from battery now, when s ds deft open. Bur to intoduchen of SJoub y ch = KC, = 3 MF - -6 Qo = Qo = CoV2 = 1xXlo%xG = 6X0 C Vb es Ge, oxieS © 4y, 4 3xto® Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Energy Stored in Capacitor Re Stoses) In a acitor 43 the Same asz the rook ee to builel cp the ch e@ on the plates by externa} Source Chottery). of Voltage - Let the two plates of the Capactdor are initially unch ct Now the ch 2 Js tomsferrec fo one plete ~ fn v amolf instalments. of dq amal egued oppesite ch Incluces Om the other plate. +h tt tt | a At a inter mecliccke Ahoge. 5 & ose Om ome plete? as GY amd om Obie plate ia 4 Cc Small amound } work ,clone in giving an additiona) Cherge ly to th Capacitor Js dw = &xdq Cc Tete! work done im giving A chonge @ to the Cabaerfor 420 RQ Ww = ta = Jt ia fee = [2] Ww its Potential Aifferencea between the plotes = & =« 1 @ “ 2e THs work is Store| jin the form of potential energy U. U= Ww =+4 @? 2c CV = @ 8 We Com Write- Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Common Potential ; c (i) lohan tus Capacitors chargecl + ' to altered potentiods ang Conne ches ra In parcdle) with their positive plates + at one point and ative plotes at Vi omotwr point by a cluchng WIT» , Then chorge ows from from the one A ye & at gies potential to the other le. et Jobber potential - 5 The flow of Charge Continuss Hl) theis potentials became exuod. The equa) petentiod of the two Capacitors Jy Cablral Common potentied. Common Polevifial = Total Chorye v=: CM + CaVe Totod Couperca ty Cy +e (it) When +he +wo Copacitors GAL Lomnecteo) _cotth the positive plate of one capacroy to the negative plote of othe. capacfoy, ‘then Common Poterifial = total charge vos 2M = Oven Totod Coppa ty +e Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Van De Graaff Generator It da a owiw wre to eas otenhal [Link] of the order o roillt eyy Volts. Such bo} poterthal ditboances are urseal to accelerate Chargeo! partycles Like” electrons , protons, tons of C. needeol fer Vor0Us experiments Nuclear plysics a Prinei ple I- S se we have & Lore. Spherical Conducting shell op clus Ryo wluch we ole a. Chowne mt Potential inside eonduchng SPhericed Shell = Constant - lt @ Ve 471€ R- Now let we mboduce aA small sphere of aolUs Y, Codduyi 5 wd the lasge one, and place od od the Cenhe, Now the potential due to Smed) sphere ob gadius x Carryin Chorge FT can be given OL- hoe a a a CF Surface of}; small SP ane © 7 _ | a ot lenge Sho of rocus R * ie Taking beth charges % omd @ indd Account we. have total petenhed et He two shells and the potential oltberence as- voR) =_! ($+%) 41 \R R Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING vor) = tL (2+*%) 4Tl€o R Y Umesh Rajoria VY) ~ VIR) = wee (+ -4) Assume mow thal @ is pokitive . Thom inde cimount of Chorge, Q on ‘the larger sphere omnol even if Jt Gg poditive ,the inner Ephere is aw aak potentiol or te oli ference Vvuy)- VORD wu positive This means thot 4 We now Connect the Smaller ana larger Sphue bya tuive , the chasse Jon the Small gp will flows om to the large sphere , even thovar: te charge @ moy be quite laze, becatwe tendancy for rHve charge +o move fom higher to lower potential, Thus ik we are Somehow able do intsodute the small charged Sphore into the. Manel ond we Com Keep 170) ah ip larger omol larges- charge on +h Bd Rage eel lager emetic ofy ange on Phe Ths 4a the prinauple of Van cle Graaff 3eneradoy. a When electric potential on the sphere produus elechic field equal to olielechic stren ofy ath or then polenhal leakage Jakes place with the Loniscttion a ay, © S& NO mose potential cibtermce Can be increased. The potential con be increas by enclosing the sphore | in highly evacuated chamber. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING mean Rajoria Conshuchon and Working = Enaulecting elt +o, Carry mel driven Chorge Trsulodt ny Supporting Motor oliver Pulley Ground eo Metals Bore 7 Metal Brush deliverm: Change pom Sources Im Van De Graaff Gennrodr a dorge Sphoucol Conclucting Shell C of fees meter vacliug ) as Supported} at a ho several metre above the grumd on an mmaaloding Column - . . . A long nawrovs endless belt of mauloding materpd Uke subber or ‘SK, ds bsouncl andunol cso pulleun one at grourd level ono) ena oct the contre of the shell. . Ths belt us Kopt Continuously moving by o motor Spt spilt rt Continuously Cawies poartive eh Sprayesl on ato tb by a brush at qround level, +o the tops There Ut trom, wds positive charge to omother Corclucting brush Connecteo) Jo the lange Shell. The posrhve Change ig transperrecl +o the Shall, whe Ud spread out uniformly on the outer surface- Tm “this “Ww VoHoge olitherences of As much or 6 oy & millon volts CuHth vesbect” to qvourid) Can be. built up- ~~ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria On charging a peralle) plate citos. to 9. potential Vy the Shading Peoven vn plats Js reduced 4o h t omnci al adielechtc medium o y=lo A inchroelucadl beturean the - plated , vithout lis Cormeching the BC sources Explain how the- (i) Capacitance Gi? electHe field amo Gii ) entagy density of the Capacitor change ? Sel: Connectecl boctlery ensures Scane potential difference V acx0sS Capadter even reducing the spacing, between pledes up+to hath omd mre ducing the clielechte Slob. (1) Lf irutial Capacitance Cc, = Ald Than tinal Capacitomte c, = 10604 V2 Cy = 202A ~ 20C, Hence Cz = 20; Capacitance ineveoses to 20 Limes of original Volue . Gi) Intel elechic field Ee, = + Finally Es. = a = 27 = 2E, Hence E, = 2€&, Electic Peld intensity gets clowblecl - Gi > Energy cLuntity ok the, Capacitor U, = 4 oe; oma Up = +e. et Ur = £6.(26)7 = Seoue,7 so U, cs 40, Hence energy clensity becnmser 4 times of onama] Volus. Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Three identical cCopadtors G2 oma Ca Capaertance. case © ME each ane Comecterd doa lry battery as Ahoy - 20 Eind Gide "Ty 1. e@ on each pov a (ii) eulint pect of the. Chreust Gi) Energy Atered in the network 12. of Capacitors. jj Fo] Sel (i) Hee V= lav omd cf, = Ca = Ca > G4F = 6x1e oF So the Change om Capacitor Ca wo Ga = CV = Erle x12 = = 72x10 G3 > 724He Since Cy and Ca ane in sezies Se the equivalent capacitance 122i 4,21 tK + Ol ol 2 - i <= 3 ¥ Cy = So the charge on each Capacitor Cy omd Cy ts C= CoV = Bxlo&xjo2 = 36 x1o% = BeuCc “+ Charge orn each capacitor Cy omc Cy Ws 36 UC (Wd Since Cy emda Cr are in Serles ceshose equivalent Copacitance wy Cs = SMF Now Ca omd Ce aye jn Porole| Se the equ valent Cabacitance of the Civet Us C> Cat Cs C= 6+3 = SHF Gi) Energy stove U = dev> ES 4x 3x10" x(ja)” Ue cuaxiveS = gug xo’ Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria BS Tiso parol plete Capacitors x omd Y have the os Same RQ of plates cmd same separation behwean +tham, Y has air between the plates while x have Qa electric medium of Er=4 a (i) Calewede Capacitance of each Capacitor 44, ‘ equivalent Capacitance of the ee JS AME. Gi) Colewate the potential dipjeronce behween the plodes oi X omd Y- Gi) whet ts the roto of electostoHe ensrgy Atord in x and y ? Seb G) Since Capacitance C of the parallel plate Capactor us ven by - = Cok r d c Soh = €oA = KA = Y Tz ond x =F 40h x = Uy Since. XK omd Y ane Mm sered Combmahon | « \ — td 2b | a °K ty > & Katy ov & a ry > y => S MF So thot X = 4xS = 20 HF (ti) Since @ =: ev Te 4xio® xy2 = 49 x08 C Potential its om” Capacitor x de given By a = 42 xlo~ _ rr ia 7 end potentia) ifs. on Capacitor yY qiven by - VY = & = 4gxi*% - g6 Vv Cy 5 X1076 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING _ Umesh Rajoria Git) Energy Stored in capacdhy ts = + eve « Redo of electostedic enngy Storec! tn X% amd Y iS Ux = 4 CV = zo x (24 ye —_——_ - Ss . uu Uy Loy x (8-6 ) Uo. 4 Uy Y Draw 3 equipotential surtaws Carresponcling fo a Ped w thot uniforenly reveossn in nitucle oo vents 22°83 Constant z-clivecHon. How” are tere Sux faces ci tteront that of a Constemt elechic field ‘along, Z- clivection? Sel. The three equipotencia| Suapaws ar in xy plane: As man irtucle of field increases, distance. bebween Succesdl ve uipotential surkacs v ative av) sobs Sune tn pqgee Th elechic field Urere Constant distence. betureon Successive - uipotental surkaces woud SUHACLS Equipotentia} Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria eS A system of Capacitors Connectesl as shoum, cee has.a Actal energy of 160 mI Storecl in ut. Obtain 7? the Value. of the Salvador Capacitance of ania system omd the value of Z- Ss TMF Me io MF BHF Zar je 2Zoov & Sol. Capacitor of SUF ome 7 UF are in pocaltel - ve C; = 3+ 7 = lo MF Since 1OMF 5 JOMF ond ISUF aw in Serer — “ Ari gthybhoe & — C2 lo 10 Is is ov C2 = 15 ME yy Hence total Capac tance Cz CatZ cz dS 4 z ) F (3 aM oh Entray sterecl = l6omI Zevrt = leo mr 2 i (4 + z) 6 = 160 x10? SX (7 x10” x (200) 4 {7 > 2 +Z = 8 4y Z = @-le = .2s 2 4.25 Me Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @ * Erege rabeg inet Copacttor -is ae he es wrth case. Voltage x ny ih ey amg @ oh Lelectreic, oF Conatanh 3 echic st ae 10’ v /m. Fa we would ue the. tele never fo exceed at sad Is . pe the olipole Strength. hat minimuyy arco of the plotes Xu requ real do Rave a Capacitance of 50 PF? Sel, Maximum Permissible Voltage = LkV. = lo v Maximum Peamissible electic field = Loy oh to” Vf = Lo & vim. Minimum separation vequired between the Capacitor plates Js - a Vv = lo? = 3 d eS or lo wm So the minimum arza required fer the. Capacitor pledes A= Sd =) 50x10? x63 Ke Sg eeneET A = 18:8 x164 m?* x 19 cm. @\l m The elechic field and elechic Potential at any point ee clut to a peint charge Kept in air ib 20 Nf oma cen 10 T/c' yespectively. Compute the [Link] this Change. Sal Electe field at clistanae 1 from He point Charge e-it,2 . ond ane. 7 = 2o Nie Eleotice Pétendio! at cdutancn ¥ trom the pent Charge Vi=ut_«x«&% = jo Te 4MG. y = Vv = fo - so that v Ec so osm Henca. Change Y = 4Tteoy xv = _OSAlo 3x109 Y= oss xiv%e [: Ce amey | Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar _ Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria i QL. a. 8. Q3. Very Important Questions Mark Questions bohy cloea the electric field insiole q. cUelectiic. Aeereose when St Ws platec! in an external elechic field 2 (Delhi. Board 2008.) : Define the team ‘electric Corstont? of a mehum in teams Capacitance of @ Capacitor, % i CDelhi Beard 200¢ ,!I) A soo luc Charge. ts at the conte pa SGU stola 10 Cm. Find the wmk clone Mm movin charge oh Loc between tuso cliagonally opposite points on the UBhQ- Answer. = Lexd- (CBSE 20068) » What 2s the electrostadic Potential clue to an electic cipole oat an equotoria) point 2 ( CBSE 2009) » Wheat Gs the work done I. moving a teat je. 4 thro a clatance L cm along the equator axis of an. elechic dLipole ? CcBsE 2009) Define the Aum potential energy of Chovege 1 at a dutance'y’ in an external electic field. CCBSE 2009 ) . Name the physical quontity whose St unit w T/c. Tt 4s a scalax or a vechy quantity ? CCGSE - 2010 ) Dravo equipetential Surface cluz to a single point Chon ge: (e@se 200 ) A point change Q ud placecl ab point 0 a4 Ahowem fn ta: Ts: the. potential oti ante Va - Ve positive, nejedive, ey zen ik @. w.)) Positive. Ci) Negasive ? Qa A & (CBSE ot ,ol,06) °o Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria @10. A hollows metal sphars of yadius Sem w Cha such thet te potental om uts s Om Js Jo What 4b He potentas at He contre of the sphare? Ccese 2011 ) Qf. Can two equipetential surfaces intersect each oer 2 Tustify your aranen . CcBsE 2011,09) @il2. Whon eechms ai tt in a medal bom Lower +0 ha potential , cloes A+ mean that all the free electhons of the metal ag moving in the same direchon? Cceese zeoi2 +) [email protected]. vo 1s electrostatic potential Constant Hrroughout the Volume of the Conducty and har the same Value Cos inside? om ats Surkace ? (case 2012 ) 2 Marks Questions / 3 Marks Questions - Ql. A paral plede capacitor with air behween te Plates has a capacitane of B PF + what wil) be He Capacitance th He oliatance bebweon the pledes be reduced by half emd the space between them Ja filled with a Substance ok electric Congtomt K=6 ? (cease 2005 ) Q.2. A Spherical shel of raclius b with change Q@ a expanclked do radius a. Find the work done by the electrical perce. In the. process? (€BsE 2eou ) Q@3. A 12 PF Capa crtor Us Connected to a SOV bettery. How much elechostatic energy 2 Atowecl try the Copacttor. Cc@SE ees 5 Qu Find out the exprersion tre potenthal enongy. of a System of three Choreges § 4, 942 Omd V3 locoted vespectively at YF, Ty emd Y3 with respect do the Common Origin O- ¢ (CBSE 2010 ) Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859