Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

GE 7
(MODULE 2)
By:Lozada, Floremie D.
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

LESSON 1. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

Learning Activities/Exercises

Activity 1.1

Answer the following questions comprehensively.

1. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among people
has contributed to the growth of our economy? (Answer by your own understanding)

In today’s situation, the growth of our economy has greatly influenced by people who
have a greater knowledge of science. I believe that science literacy is indeed helpful and
important especially in fostering a productive economy since it helps us provide answers to our
questions. It provides us solutions to the different societal issues and problems. Society is the one
that raises the problems and science is one that we use to respond to the problems by way of
investigation, observation, data gathering and creating possible alternatives. That being said and
with the knowledge of science, it will help us improve our way of living and that is I believe
the start of an economic growth.

2. In what way that scientific revolution significantly changed how people study science and
does scientific activities.

During the scientific revolution, people began using researches, experiments and
observations not just to gather new information but to understand different mysteries that are
happening in our society/world. That being said, there are a lot of discoveries that were made and
some old beliefs began to be proven wrong. In addition, scientific revolution also considered
scientific or systematic observation as the most effective method to gather reliable and relevant
ideas and/or results, which helps transformed and changed the beliefs and views of the society
about the nature.

3. What were the contributions of Copernicus in the philosophy of science? Explain.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who was born on February 19, 1473 in
Torun. He is very well-known for his great contribution in the field of science. Copernicus
believed that sun is the center of the universe. This is because he believed that the earth and
other planets revolve around the sun. He called his philosophy as the “Heliocentric Theory”.
Because of his contribution, he was called the “father of the modern astronomy”. But, before he
came up with his heliocentric theory, he first wrote a short astronomical treatise commonly
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called the Commentariolus, or “Little Commentary,” which laid the basis for his heliocentric
(sun-centered) system.

4. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?

Sigmund Freud’s idea as a scientist focuses more on the minds of the people. It
focuses about man's inner life. In his theories and philosophies, he believed that one’s
personality was made up of three key elements which are the id, the ego, and the superego. That
being said, he proposed his theory which is the psychoanalysis on which the goal is to make the
unconscious conscious.

5. Briefly differentiate and assess the views Johannes Kepler and Nicolaus Copernicus.

Both scientists believed in heliocentric model. The only difference is that, Copernicus
described that the orbit of the planet around the sun were in circles which means that when
the planets revolve around the sun the distance from the sun to the planet is constant and is the
same. Dissimilar from Kepler’s observation that the orbits of the planets were ellipse. Thus,
Planets were not obeying the correct movements. This means there is one point in the orbit where
Earth is closest to the Sun, and another where Earth is farthest from the Sun.

6. How did scientists faced problems and addressed it during scientific revolution period.

Scientists while doing their researches have faced a lot of problems. The opposition by
religious institutions, language difficulties, a lack of tools and base research, and gender
discrimination are some of the major circumstances they have encountered. Also, not only
scientists at that time are making completely new discoveries with little prior scientific
knowledge, but their discoveries largely went against societal beliefs and religion. But because
of their eagerness to gain new knowledge and ideas, those circumstances did not stop them from
digging new scientific knowledge.

7. What is the view of scientific revolution in terms of religion?

Roman Catholic before was a powerful force. It is said to be that everyone looked up to
the Church and believed all Church teachings and beliefs. That was when scientific revolution is
not yet happening. But during its birth and the growth of science, everything changes. Conflicts
between science and the Church arose. Religion considered the scientific revolution as a
competitor.

8. Explain the difference between Renaissance period and scientific revolution.

During the renaissance period, people are more concerned or they focus more on the
gathering of the new knowledge. They are looking for new ideas. Unlike during the scientific
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

revolution, people focuses more on actual implementation of the knowledge gained through
researches and studies. Thus, renaissance became the foundation of knowledge gathering and
analysis while scientific revolution is actually the situation or process where they explore,
implement and make use of that knowledge (gained during renaissance period) using
experiments and observations.

9. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific activities? Explain.

For me, I think the church should NOT intervene in scientific activities. This is
because we all know that church and science have different perspectives. They have different
explanations about the world. One concrete example is their explanation about how the world
was created. According to the church, the world was created within 6 days and on the seventh
day God rested. But if we look into its scientific explanation, there are a lot of theories and one
famous theory is the Bigbang theory. In addition, whenever the church will intervene in science,
there is a big possibility that faith, morality, humanity, and virtues that religion has taught might
be affected. To sum it all up, for me the answer is NO. 

10. Do you think thought experiment is still useful in science in the present time? Explain.

I believe that thought experiments are still useful today. With experiments we can
provide answers to our questions. We can also gather newer information and knowledge that I
believe we can use not just in the aspect of science but also in our daily lives. In addition, I
believe that continuous experiments will lead to a reliable result.

Practice Task/Assessment

Assessment 1.1

1. What are your insights about Charles Darwin’s theory?

For me, Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution can be true considering that he has basis in
concluding that we first came to the family of apes as such basis which provide an explanation
are variation and natural selection. But, as a Christian catholic, I am a little bit confuse because
when you base it on the bible, humans did not originate or did not come from the apes. We are
made as a human like Adam and Eve.
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2. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of
scientific culture, science activities, and science literacy?

Base on my research, when any society or cultural entity obeys to a belief that Faith
possibly explains something, science culture will be overruled. Science culture, activities and
literacy and other science related aspects are being rejected when any cultural or political entity
pushes "facts" into a society that are not supported by evidence, and instead claim.

3. How can Darwin’s evolutionary theory influence the following fields in modern times:

a. Economy

Darwin’s theories, ideas and work had greatly influenced the economic sector.
Through his theory, it helped us gain a better understanding of our environment which I
believe allows us to think well than before. Being knowledgeable of the things around us
will help our way of living which I think one of the bases of the striving economy. 

b. Agriculture

Darwin’s theory of the power of natural selection was said to be borrowed from
agriculture, specifically the success of plant and animal breeders in improving crops
and livestock. This success was made simply by selecting which plants and animals get
to reproduce. Thus, his theory of evolution helped improve the agriculture sector.

c. Political Science

Darwin’s theory greatly affects the political science sector in a way that his theory
embraced laissez-faire capitalism and racism. Some of the Darwin believers believed that
government should not interfere in the “survival of the fittest” by helping the poor, and
promoted the idea that some races are biologically superior to others. His theory allowed
us to gain a better understanding of our world, which in turn allowed us to change the
way that we think.

d. Religion

Darwin’s theory of evolution affects the teachings of the religion. From his theory,
human are said to be originated and came from the apes which contradict to the
teachings in the bible that God created humans. According to Genesis 1:26: “then
God said, 'Let Us make humans in Our image, according to Our likeness'”; Genesis 2:7,
“Then the LORD God formed man of dust from the ground”.
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NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

4. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?

Sigmund Freud’s idea as a scientist focuses more on the minds of the people. It
focuses about man's inner life. In his theories and philosophies, he believed that one’s
personality was made up of three key elements which are the id, the ego, and the superego. That
being said, he proposed his theory which is the psychoanalysis on which the goal is to make the
unconscious conscious.

5. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way humans see the world.

Intellectual revolution is a form of speculation or assumption about the "nature" in the

period before Socrates. This situation has changed the way humans see the world. Base on my
research, Intellectual revolution features three characteristics. One of which is that the world is a
natural whole. This means that supernatural forces do not make things 'happen'. Secondly, natural
order do exist which basically means that there are many laws of nature. Lastly, human
discovered those aforementioned laws. In addition, intellectual revolution also transforms and
changed the world through the use of critical-thinking, evaluation, and creating appropriate rules
for equal opportunity. Also, to achieve the needs of society, they perform a continuous process of
development.

6. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age.

During the information age, more technological changes happen. I believed that the most
prominent and useful innovation during the information age that is still useful until now is the
internet. We all witnessed how internet changed the way people do every single day. With the
innovation of the internet, people become more dependent on it but it also makes a large amount
of the population become smarter. During the information age, other industrial countries become
stronger.

7. By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the controversies or questions on
Freud’s ideas?

 Sigmund Freud has always been a controversial figure. One of his controversial theories
is the Oedipal Complex. This controversy centers on the theory that a child has sexual
feelings towards a parent. Basically, a boy feels that he is competing with his father for
possession of his mother, while a girl feels that she is competing with her mother for her
father's affections. According to Freud, children view their same-sex parent as a rival for
the opposite-sex parent's attention and affections.
 Freud’s Personality Theories- His theory about personality is controversial as it
suggests that we are all born discourteous beasts and we only develop to be members of a
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community due to our ego (fear of repercussions) and our superego (which creates
feelings of guilt and makes us feel bad for being selfish).

8. Why is it important to study the cradle of early science? Explain in your own words.

For me, it is important to have a better understanding of the framework and/or foundation
of the early science because it will help us understand the things around us. We can’t deny the
fact that it helps us in our daily lives. I believe that there are a lot of problems that only science
can answer, especially when it comes to our “health”. In addition, science education activities
provide us the opportunities to develop and practice our different skills and attributes. These
include communication skills, collaborative skills, team working and perseverance, as well as
analytical, reasoning and problem-solving skills.

9. Explain further on what is the difference between the Aztec education, Traditional
education, and Modern education.

The three mentioned types of education have differences when it comes to how students
learn. In the Aztec education, it is compulsory to them that children should receive education.
They featured a mandatory education. The reason behind all that is, they believe that social
status is not the basis for a child to attend school. Aztec culture expected to have well-behaved
children, which is why in their school students are taught how to be humble, hardworking and
obedient. In traditional education on the other hand, though education for them is very
important, still it is not included in their laws. This type of education centers the teachers, on
which teachers have the responsibility to deliver instructions to their students. They focus more
on educating students of the basic subjects such as mathematics, science, social studies, reading
and writing. Also, they basically included the knowledge about customs, traditions, and religions.
The last type is the modern education which I think the type of education where we (the 21st
century students) belong. Teachers focus more on teaching students about the skills that are
required today. This includes skills of science and technology, science of medical science and
etc. In addition, modern education also includes writing, visualizing, imagining, and thinking
skills.

Assignment
Assignment 1.1

1. Think of an illustrative example of how science and technology helps to the development
of society.

The advent of technologies acquired through science is indeed helpful when it comes to
the development of the society. One example for that is, the availability of the machineries
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used in production. Through machineries, the tasks which are too heavy or too delicate for
human muscles to do can be done easily by a machine. Another advantage of using machineries
in a production is it will make the work faster and easier. While man can make only a few dozen
pins in a day by himself, with the help of machinery he can make thousands. A faster production
will lead to a faster development of a society.

2. Review the history of science and make a brief timeline highlighting the major
discoveries and developments in Science.

1500’s Heliocentric model was invented by Nicolas

Copernicus
William Gilbert discovered the Earth's
magnetic field
Galileo observes the Moon
René Descartes discovered the Scientific
Method
Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury
1600’s barometer
Huygens first identified Saturn's rings and one
of Saturn's moons.
Issac Newton discovered the Law of Gravity
Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered micro-
organisms in pond water
Ole Rømer did the first measurement of the
speed of light
Ewald Jürgen Georg von Kleist invented the
1700’s Leyden jar
William Herschel discovers Uranus
William Morton discovers anesthesia.
1800’s Dmitri Mendeleev established the Periodic
table
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the X-ray
Henry Moseley: defined atomic number
Georges Lemaître discovered the theory of the
Big Bang
Oswald Avery proves that DNA is the genetic
material of the chromosome
1900’s Astronauts Edwin Aldrin and Neil Armstrong
land on the Moon.
Astronauts Edwin Aldrin and Neil Armstrong
land on the Moon.
Roslin Institute cloned Dolly the sheep using
the process of nuclear transfer.
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Hubble Space Telescope put into orbit from

space shuttle Discovery.

3. Give at least 5 Filipino scientist and their contributions in the field of Science.

 Phillip Alviola – a Curator at the Museum of Natural History, University of the

Philippines (UP). He helped develop methods to monitor biodiversity in protected
areas. He's been studying mammals, the diversity of cave-dwelling bats, and bat
viruses, which earned him the moniker "Bat Man."
 Juan Salcedo, Jr., M.D. - was an instructor in Physiology of the University of the
Philippines. He was a professor of Biochemistry at UP and was doing a fellowship study
in Nutrition and Biochemistry in US. Salcedo’s biggest contribution in the field of
science is that he developed “Enriched Rice” with vitamin B. The discovery of his
enriched rice decreased the “beri beri” not just in the Philippines but to the other
countries.
 Angel Chua Alcala, Ph.D.- Angel’s field of specialization is Biological Sciences. He is a
Filipino biologist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines. He was the first
Filipino scientist to produce comprehensive studies on Philippine reptiles and
amphibians. His studies led to the discovery of 50 additional species of reptiles and
amphibians to the already known 400 species. He developed the first community-based
program that created artificial coral reefs.
 Julian Banzon- Julian was a Filipino biochemist and a National Scientist of the
Philippines. He is credited for his research in alternative fuel. He researched the
production of ethyl ester fuels from sugarcane and coconuts and devised a method of
extracting residual coconut oil through chemical means.
 Bienvenido O. Juliano, Ph.D.- He is known to be an OUTSTANDING FILIPINO
SCIENTIST ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. was known for his outstanding
contributions to the chemistry and technology of rice and rice food products, which
rationalizes breeding strategies for rice grain quality all throughout the world; his
extensive and primary research works on rice starch and its constituents; and for his
enviable capacity to train many scientists from the national rice programs of many
countries and other segments of the academe.
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LESSON 2. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, and NATION-BUILDING

Learning Activities/Exercises

Activity 2.1

1. Identify several issues in the Philippines (5). What science and technology-related
policies could be developed and implemented to solve these issues?

1.1 Solid Waste Management

We can’t deny the fact that in every part of the Philippines we can see a lot of
garbage that are not kept or put properly in a trash can. We all know that garbage is the
home of mosquitos and even dengue that will surely harm the health of the many. Thus,
in order for us to avoid harm to our health and to keep the community clean, the
government should impose a policy that every family should provide a proper waste
segregation. This includes the biodegradable, non-biodegradable and hazardous. Also,
someone that is caught throwing garbage anywhere will receive a penalty that is to pay
100 pesos for the first offense, 200 for second time, 500 for the third offense and for the
fourth time will be directed to the police station.

1.2 COVID-19 Pandemic

Covid19 Pandemic or also known as Coronavirus disease is one of the many

science-related issues in the Philippines. This belongs to the family of viruses that can
cause illnesses such as common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome and the like.
Everyone wants it to stop. That being said, many scientists have undergone research to
find ways on how to stop the spread of the said virus. They have undergone different
laboratory tests to find an effective vaccine. But apart from that, there are also things that
we can do as individuals to prevent it from infecting us and others. That is why our
government should develop policies in which people when going out should always
properly wear face mask and face shield. For those who will violate the policy will
receive a penalty and consequence. This policy will surely help to stop the spread of the
virus.

1.3 Lack of government funding for equipment undermining teaching

The lack of School funding cuts is undermining the quality of science teaching
and discouraging students from pursuing STEM-related careers. School funding issues
are a major problem with direct links to student achievement levels. Schools with smaller
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budgets, which often can't offer small classes and better programs, see lower student
achievement, creating a socioeconomic in education. To solve this issue, our government
should implement a policy that government should provide proper funding to universities
to provide quality education. Also, to support the students’ needs especially in the aspect
of science (includes experiments, research, observations). This policy is somewhat related
to the law imposed by the China Government which is called the “Basic Law on Science
and Technology”.

1.4 Deforestation

Deforestation in the Philippines is a major environmental issue along with

Southeast Asian countries. There are many reasons why they practice deforestation. This
includes agricultural expansion, wood extraction (such as logging or wood harvest for
domestic fuel or charcoal), and infrastructure expansion such as road building and
urbanization. As we all know, deforestation has negative impact. It can be a threat to
endemic plants and animals. Other effects of deforestation are loss of biodiversity. Also,
the loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil
erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host
of problems for indigenous people. To solve this issue, our government should provide a
policy which is “banning clear-cutting of trees”. This policy will curb the total depletion
of forest cover. It is a practical solution and I believe it is very feasible.

1.5 Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea

This science-related issue has been around for a long time. China and Philippines
are scrambling about the West Philippine Sea. Both countries are claiming a territorial
sovereignty and who is going to acquire the biodiversity hotspot since West-Philippine
sea is said to be the home of marine resources, ranging from oil and gas reserves to rich
source of fish and corals. China is claiming and continuously building structures which
heavily destroy the islands. What better way to solve this issue is I think, both
governments should have a peaceful conflict management tools such as arbitration and
adjudication through international courts. The general decline in territorial conquest
stems in part from increasing economic interdependence among countries in the world.

2. What can you say about the implementation of some science and technology policies and
projects in the country?

For me, I think the implementation of some science and technology policies in the
Philippines is indeed helpful. Science and technology policies help lessen the adversity of the
nation. This is also to embed Science and Technology as part of the culture of the key sectors to
promote competitiveness in the production of a wider range of quality goods and services. It also
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

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help promotes appropriate funding to advance scientific and technological research and
education and studies the impact of science and technology upon its citizenry.

3. What are the laws related to science and technology in the Philippines from the year
2000? Give a brief discussion for each given law.

 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10535 or "The Philippine Standard Time (PhST) Act of 2013-
An act implemented on February 4, 2013. This act orders the government offices and
agencies to synchronize all their timepieces to follow a standard time. It also mandates
the media (particularly TV and radio stations across the country) to synchronize their
time devices.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10055: "PHILIPPINE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ACT OF
2009 – This Act aims to promote and facilitate the transfer, dissemination, and effective
use of management, and commercialization of intellectual property, technology and
knowledge resulting from R&D funded by the government for the benefit of national
economy and taxpayers. This law also recognizes that science, technology and
innovation are essential for national development and progress.

4. How are these laws implemented?

The laws that are mentioned in item number 4 are implemented through the approval by
both houses. The house of the Representatives and the president of the Philippines. Former
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is the one who signed the republic act no. 10055, and former
president Benigno S. Aquino III signed and approved the Republic Act no. 10535.

5. Identify several Filipino scientists who are not included in the discussion and give their
contributions.

 Gregorio Velasquez- Dr. Velasquez was a pioneer in the field of phycology in the
Philippines. He conducted the first comprehensive study of the local Myxophyceae, or
blue green algae, and dedicated at least 30 years to the study of Philippine algae, for
which he earned both local and international acclaim. He rose through the ranks of the
Department of Botany at the University of the Philippines, from laboratory assistant to
Professor of Botany in 1958. When he retired in November 1967, he was appointed
Emeritus Professor. He was born on September 2, 1901, and passed away on October 16,
1994.
 Alexis T. Belonio- He was born on January 1, 1960. He is a Filipino educator, engineer,
scientist, innovator, and an inventor as well. He was called "the first Filipino to win the
Rolex Award for Enterprise" in 2008 for his noble invention of a low-cost and
environmentally friendly rice husk stove. In November 2008, the Rolex watchmaking
company named Belonio to its list of ten model innovators.
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 Baldomero Olivera- He was born born 1941.He was a Filipino chemist who is best
known for his discovery of the number of important cone snail toxins. The study of ion
channels and neuromuscular synapses was revolutionized by these molecules, known as
conotoxins.

6. Examine what made them (#5) pursue a career in science.

The reason why other Filipino scientists pursue their career is truly because of their
passion to investigate and discover new things. Their main motivator for their career path was
they believe a lifelong interest in science and desire for intellectual challenge. Also, I think they
believe that when you are studying the subjects like chemistry, physics or biology, you will get a
thorough knowledge of the world you live in. It helps you in developing scientific knowledge
and theory about everything in the world you come across.

7. Give at least ten (10) examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by
the indigenous people. Explain each.

 7.1. Headhunting- Tinguan believed that when a prominent man died, it was essential
to conduct a headhunting raid to end the period of mourning that followed. Thus,
headhunting played a central role in their indigenous religion.
 7.2. Animism- Negritos considered themselves as animism which means they believe
in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. Because of
their animistic beliefs and practices, they are individualistic and sporadic which basically
means that they exert less control over the people's daily lives than do the religious
systems of other.
 7.3. Mummmification- The Ibalois traditionally practised mummification.
Mummification is process they used that involves smoking the corpse for months to
completely dehydrate the dead body, which preserved every part of the body including
tattoos and internal organs.
 7.4. Monotheism- Bontoc people are Monotheist . This basically means that they
believed in the anito or spirits of their ancestors and in spirits dwelling in nature.
 7.5. Ear-piercing of the Ilongot- one of the many Ilongot practices includes the first ear-
piercing that takes place for girls when they are babies and for boys before their
teens. They belive that this practice is to beautify oneself. While doing the operation,
feasting and oath-taking take place.
 7.6. "sasailo"- Tinguan believe in the spirits or anitos, locally called sasailo. These are
natural deities, leader spirits (good or bad), and ancestral spirits. Spirits are revered and
feared. They have adopted certain measures to protect themselves and property. They
conduct ceremonies, offer food and drinks, and perform magical acts to ill-disposed
spirits to assure good harvests.
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 7.7. Swidden or slash-burn farming- The upland Manobo practise swidden or slash-
burn farming. This is a type or a method of farming by manobos, it also reffered to fire-
fallow cultivation, a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a
forest or woodland. This leads to the creation of a field called swidden.
 7.8. Valuing more on nature- Igorots were taught to value more on nature. In fact,
they believe that their gods reside in objects such as "trees and in the mountains.
They also formerly practiced headhunting. They also practiced metalworking in iron
and brass, weaving, and animal sacrifice. They believe in spirits, including those of
ancestors, and have complex rituals to propitiate them.
 7.9. Adhering to Christian norms of worship- Gaddangs are considered to be
indigenous people living in the Philippines. Before, they practice the rites of anitu but
now they basically adhere to Christian norms of worship. They believe that the
intercession of gods and spirits have been replaced by the veneration and appeal to saints.
 7.10. The long Burial Practice- The kankanay practiced a long burial. It involves laying
the deceased in their homes for 3 days. On the 3rd day, the deceased is made to sit on a
chair, often strapped to it to keep the body upright.

Practice Task/Assessment

Assessment 2.1

1. What other government projects and programs are available for science education in the
Philippines?

There are different government projects and programs that are available for science education in
the Philippines, this includes the following:

 Strengthening Institutional Capabilities

 Promotion of S&T Culture
 S&T Manpower Development Programs
 Capability Building in Research & Manpower Assessment

2. Are there private schools with outstanding science education programs? Enumerate.

The following are private schools that provide outstanding science education programs:

 St. Scholastica’s College (Private College, Manila, Metro Manila)

 Ateneo de Manila University (Private University, Quezon City, Metro Manila)
 Mapua University (Private University, Manila, Metro Manila)
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NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

 De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute (Institutional University, Dasmarinas

City, Cavite)
 The National Teachers College (Private College, Manila, Metro Manila)
 University of Asia and Pacific (Private University, Pasig City, Metro Manila)
 De La Salle University (Private University, Manila, Metro Manila)
 Far Eastern University (Private University, Manila, Metro Manila)
 University of San Jose-Recollectos (Catholic Private University, Cebu City, Cebu)
 University of San Carlos (Catholic Private University, Cebu City, Cebu)
 Xavier University (Private University, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental)

3. Identify and compare their science education programs with public science schools.

I believe that both private and public schools provide quality education. Both have
different and unique ways of educating their students. But the only difference is that, when
talking about facilities, I think private schools have more complete facilities like laboratories
than public schools. I believe that they have bigger budget to supply the needed tools and
paraphernalia of students especially when doing their science experiments and observations.

4. Discuss science-related issues and problems in the country.

The following are two of some science-related issues and problems in the country that are
present today:

*COVID-19 Pandemic

Covid19 Pandemic or also known as Coronavirus disease is one of the many science-related
issues in the Philippines. This belongs to the family of viruses that can cause illnesses such as
common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome and the like. Everyone wants it to stop. That
being said, many scientists have undergone research to find ways on how to stop the spread of
the said virus. They have undergone different laboratory tests to find an effective vaccine. But
apart from that, there are also things that we can do as individuals to prevent it from infecting us
and others. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals, frequently washing hands with soap and
water, not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and practicing good
respiratory hygiene are some of the simple ways that we can do to help.

*Deforestation

Deforestation is one of the serious problems in the Philippines. According to my research,

only 3% of the original forests still remain today. The combination of steep slopes, high rainfall,
and the lack of tree roots to bind the soil can lead to disastrous landslides destroying fields,
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

homes, and human lives. It is also the root of any other problems in the Philippines like soil
erosion and endangering animal species.

5. What is your understanding of indigenous science?

Before jumping into my understanding about indigenous science, let me discuss first the
two separate words. We all know that ‘indigenous’ is something relating to the people who have
complex relationship with a local area. The people who also shared the same beliefs, traditions,
culture at a specific area. Science on the other hand means a systematic approach or process of
acquiring new and relevant knowledge and ideas of the natural world through experiments,
observations and research. Then if we are going to combine each word “Indigenous science” for
me is basically the process by which Indigenous people build their pragmatic knowledge of
their natural environment. In addition, indigenous science is the practical application of
theories of knowledge about the nature of the world.

6. Why do some people believe in indigenous science?

I think one of the main reasons why some people believe in indigenous science is that
indigenous science will help provide new perspectives on different aspects of the world. Like for
instance, the climate change, specific animal population declines, and sustainable harvesting
practices. Also, by introducing the students or the new generation to the concept of Indigenous
Knowledge in their science will make them become aware of the Aboriginal or native culture and
identity.

7. Do you think indigenous science should be considered science? Explain.

For me, indigenous science can be considered as a form of science. This is mainly
because it is a process by which indigenous people build their pragmatic knowledge of their
natural environment through observations, and this coincides with the denotative meaning of
science which implies that it is a practical process or method of understanding the structure and
behavior of the physical and natural environment through observation and experiment. In
addition, indigenous science also deals with taking indigenous folk knowledge as a starting point
and tests that knowledge to separate the truth from the tall tales.

8. What is the role of indigenous science in the development of science and technology?

The role of indigenous science to the development and advancement of science and
technology is that when it comes to understanding and considering the ecological relationships
and natural resource management, indigenous knowledge is the one that provides cumulative
wisdom passed on from generation to generation. It also contributes to the sustainability and
productivity of many ecosystems. Throughout history, Indigenous people, perspectives, and
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

knowledge have contributed substantially to the development of science and technology and will
surely continue to do so for generations to come!

Assignment

Assignment 2.1

1. Identify Filipino indigenous knowledge (at least 5).

 . Ear-piercing of the Ilongot- one of the many Ilongot practices includes the first ear-
piercing that takes place for girls when they are babies and for boys before their
teens. They belive that this practice is to beautify oneself. While doing the operation,
feasting and oath-taking take place.
 "sasailo"- Tinguan believe in the spirits or anitos, locally called sasailo. These are natural
deities, leader spirits (good or bad), and ancestral spirits. Spirits are revered and feared.
They have adopted certain measures to protect themselves and property. They conduct
ceremonies.
 Valuing more on nature- Igorots were taught to value more on nature. In fact, they
believe that their gods reside in objects such as "trees and in the mountains. They
also formerly practiced headhunting. They also practiced metalworking in iron and
brass, weaving, and animal sacrifice. They believe in spirits, including those of
ancestors, and have complex rituals to propitiate them.
 Adhering to Christian norms of worship- Gaddangs are considerd to be indigenous
people living in the Philippines. Before, they practice the rites of anitu but now they
basically adhere to Christian norms of worship. They believe that the intercession of
gods and spirits have been replaced by the veneration and appeal to saints.
 The long Burial Practice- The kankanay practiced a long burial. It involves laying the
deceased in their homes for 3 days. On the 3rd day, the deceased is made to sit on a chair,
often strapped to it to keep the body upright.

2. What is the role of indigenous knowledge in the development of indigenous science?

Indigenous knowledge plays an important role in the development of indigenous science.

It has developed from understanding and documenting the processes in nature. The repetition of
practices over time has led to products and processes that are based on scientific principles.
In fact, indigenous knowledge help meet the broader objectives of society. Like for instance, the
conservation of the environment, developing sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security,
while its protection encourages the maintenance of traditional practices and lifestyles.
 Republic of the Philippines FOUNDED 1907 Republic Act 9299

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

3. How do society and culture influence the development of science and technology?

Society and culture greatly influence the development of science and technology in a way
that the development of technologies is heavily dependent on the demand of society. Society
helps determine how its resources are deployed to fund scientific work, encouraging some sorts
of research and discouraging others. Culture on the other hand can hinder the development and
of advancements in science and technology because of its heritage, traditions, and acceptance
especially where there is a fear of the new, competing with or replacing a beloved or deeply
ingrained, cultural heritage.

Assignment 2.2

Make a Diagram showing the Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists.
Explain the diagram.

DEVELOPMENT
OF FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

POSITIVE SIDE NEGATIVE SIDE

Their Passion Economic Issues

Political Issues
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Dumaguete, Bais, Guihulngan, Mabinay, Pamplona, Siaton and Bayawan – Sta. Catalina

EXPLANATION:

There are lots of factors affecting the development of the Filipino Scientists. There are
positive and there are also negative sides. On the left side of the diagram, we can see the positive
side. One of the factors is “their” passion. Their passion to investigate, to learn, and to discover
new knowledge and ideas is one that could influence the development. On the other hand, the left
side of the diagram shows the negative side or the negative factors that could influence. This
includes the economic issues and the political issues. Economic issues like lack of support from
the government or from the community. Some people do not show interest about science which
is why some are being discouraged to pursue science as their career. Also, political issues have
continuously affects their perseverance to seek the truth because most politicians keep on
diverting funds to other projects which are not science related.