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Goal of developmental Psych- Explain, growth and strengthening of acquired
describe, and optimize development. mental, social and emotional development.
(Not quantifiable)
Nature- The influences of our inherited Cognitive Development Theory- Jean
characteristics, personality, intellectual Piaget's theory of cognitive development
growth, and social interactions suggests that children move through four
different stages of learning;
Nurture- “Experiences’ how an individual is
raised. Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years
Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7
Developmental Discontinuity- human
development occurs in age related stage (ex. Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11
Piaget’s theory: formal operational stage: ages 12 and up
(Sensorimotor stage) children are able to think Socio Cultural Theory- (Lev Vygotsky);
things symbolically. (Distinct development per asserts that a child's cognitive development
stage) and learning ability can be guided and
mediated by their social interactions.
Developmental continuity- Gradual
development (Children become more skillful
in thinking, talking or acting much the same (1) culture is significant in learning
way as they get taller). (2) language is the root of culture
Context specific- is the aspects of the child's (3) individuals learn and develop within their
life that would be directly affected by their role in the community
culture.
Psychoanalytic Theory- A theory developed
Example - it may be normal for one culture to by Freud that attempts to explain personality,
walk around naked whereas in another culture motivation, and mental disorders by focusing
someone walking around naked may be on unconscious determinants of behavior; id,
institutionalize. ego, & superego.
Phylogenetic endowment- consists of Classical Conditioning- learning process that
inherited experiences that lie beyond an occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired:
individual's personal experiences. a response which is at first elicited by the
second stimulus is eventually elicited by the
Development- Changes overtime. first stimulus alone.
(US-UR to CS-CR)
Learning- Component we acquire from our Operant Conditioning- Associating behavior
environment. with consequences that follows; the process of
reinforcement and punishment.
Growth- Development physically can be Positive Reinforcement-Introduction of a
influenced by genetics. (Quantifiable) desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior.
Maturity- Process of being mature it is an Positive Punishment- adding a consequence
internal development, Stage of completion of to unwanted behavior
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Negative punishment-decreases the target were unethical and should not be done to
behavior by taking away something preferred. human).
Social leaning theory- (Albert Bandura) Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development
observation and modeling play a primary role
in how and why people learn. Trust vs Mistrust- This stage begins at birth
and lasts until your child is around 18 months
Internal Cognitive Perception- aside from old. According to Erikson, it is the most
the senses listening, seeing, smelling, tasting important period of your child's life, as it
and feeling, the way in which we deal with shapes their view of the world as well as their
information. overall personality.
Cognitive perception- refers to ways of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt- This stage
obtaining information from our environment, occurs between the ages of 18 months to
cognition describes processes such as approximately 3 years. According to Erikson,
remembering, learning, solving problems and children at this stage are focused on
orientation. developing a sense of personal control over
physical skills and a sense of independence.
Turner’s syndrome- only affects females;
results when one of the x chromosomes is Initiative vs Guilt- (3-6 years old) During the
missing or partially missing. It may include a initiative versus guilt stage, children assert
short neck with a webbed appearance, low themselves more frequently through directing
hairline at the back of the neck, low-set ears, play and other social interaction. These are
hands and feet that are swollen or puffy at particularly lively, rapid- developing years in a
birth, and soft nails that turn upward. child's life.
Klinefelter’s Syndrome- only affects males; Industry vs Inferiority- (6-11 years old)
missing or partially missing of a sex Industry refers to a child's involvement in
chromosome. situations where long, patient work is
demanded of them. Inferiority is the feeling
-Low sperm count or no sperm created when a child gets a feeling of failure
-Small testicles and penis when they cannot finish or master their school
-Low sex drive work.
-Decreased facial and body hair Identity vs confusion- (12-18 years old)
-Less muscular compared with other men - During this stage, adolescents explore their
Enlarged breast tissue independence and develop a sense of self.
-Increased belly fat
Intimacy vs Isolation- this is a long stage and
Down Syndrome- A condition of mild to can occur from the early 20s to the 40s. The
severe intellectual disability and associated intimacy stage is described as love needing,
physical disorders caused by an extra copy of relationship capable stage, and involves
chromosome 21. intimate, loving relationships. On the other
side, isolation occurs when people don't form
Three Waves of Psychology- relationships, and often isolation turns into
(1) Psychodynamic trend / wave (Freud’s) loneliness.
(2) Behaviorism trend / wave (needs to be Generativity vs Stagnation- (Middle age
more measurable and empirical) from 40 to 65) During this stage, middle-aged
(3) Humanistic Psychology (the previous ways adults strive to create or nurture things that
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will outlast them, often by parenting children Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)
or fostering positive changes that benefit
others. Contributing to society and doing Latency Stage (6 to 11 years)
things to promote future generations are
important needs at the generativity vs.
stagnation stage of development. Genital Stage (11 years to adulthood)
Integrity vs Despair- (Older adulthood from
65 to death) Integrity refers to a person's
ability to look back on their life with a sense
of accomplishment and fulfillment.
Characteristics of integrity include: Despair
refers to looking back on life with feelings of
regret, shame, or disappointment.
Psychosexual Development
- the According to Sigmund Freud, our
personalities are shaped according to how we
can negotiate the tensions and conflicts
between our biological, sexual drives (“libido”
or libidinal energies), and expectations and
standards of society. focus of this
development theory is on the physical aspect,
specifically of the “erogenous zones” or
pleasure-giving parts of the body, namely: the
mouth, the anus, and the genitals.
- The primary goal of the individual at
each stage is to maximize the
gratification of needs, in a way that
conforms or is acceptable to social
reality.
- If that balance is not attained, or
needs are not gratified or over-
gratified at a certain stage—the
individual’s libidinal energies remain
stuck or fixated.
- Fixation or “disruption of the
normal growth”
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage (birth to 12-18 months)
Anal Stage (between 12-18 months and 3
years)
