2nd Year College
Pharmacy Informatics :
Unit 5: Ethical
Issues in Health
Informatics
Middle Term : S.Y. 2021-2022
Objectives of the lesson :
It contains the goals of the lesson.
Demonstrate knowledge
One
of the ethical issues of health informatics applications,
Demonstrate understanding of the legal issues on privacy,
Two
confidentiality, copyright, patents and intellectual property
Prepared by: Urdaneta City University:
Jenilyn F. Sales, RPh. College of Pharmacy
Table of contents
Part Part
01 Health-Informatics
Applications: Appropriate
02 Privacy, Confidentiality
Use, Users, and Contexts
Part Part
03 Data Sharing 04 Legal Issues in Health Care
Informatics
Let’s start
Listen , Read and Learn
01
Introduction
A. PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY, AND DATA SHARING
Definition of Terms
a. Privacy - "Privacy may be defined as the right of the individual to
determine when, how, and to what extent he or she will release
personal information.” (R vs Duarte)
b. Confidentiality - “Confidentiality refers to a duty of an individual to
refrain from sharing confidential information with others, except with
the express consent of the other party” (Legal Dictionary)
c. Data Sharing – “the method of making data used for your research
available to other through a variety of mechanisms” (IGI Global)
Dr. Shaun O’Hanlon (NHS Confederation)
COVID-19
Data Sharing
Digital Services
RA 10173
RA 11332
B. LAWS GOVERNING PRIVACY,
CONFIDENTIALITY AND DATA SHARING
1. RA 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012) - An act
protecting individual personal information in
information and communications systems in
the government and the private sector,
creating for this purpose a national privacy
commission, and for other purposes.
- Establishes a new commission called the
National Privacy Commission
Important Terms:
a. Consent of the data b. Personal information. c. Personal information
subject. processor
Refers to any freely given, refers to any information whether Refers to any natural or
specific, informed recorded in a material form or not, juridical person qualified to act
indication of will, whereby from which the identity of an as such under this Act to whom
the data subject agrees to individual is apparent or can be a personal information
the collection and reasonably and directly controller may outsource the
processing of personal ascertained by the entity holding processing of personal data
information about and/or the information, or when put
pertaining to a data subject.
relating to him or her together with other information
would directly and certainly
identify an individual
Important Terms:
e. Sensitive personal information.
- i.an individual’s race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, color,
and religious, philosophical or political affiliations
d. Processing - ii. About an individual’s health, education, genetic or sexual
Refers to any operation or any life of a person, or to any proceeding for any offense
set of operations performed committed or alleged to have been committed by such person,
upon personal information the disposal of such proceedings, or the sentence of any court
including, but not limited to, the in such proceedings
collection, recording, - iii. Issued by government agencies peculiar to an individual
organization, storage, updating which includes, but not limited to, social security numbers,
or modification, retrieval, previous or cm-rent health records, licenses or its denials,
consultation, use, consolidation, suspension or revocation, and tax returns
blocking, erasure or destruction - iv. Specifically established by an executive order or an act of
of data Congress to be kept classified
Processing of Personal Information
The processing of personal information shall be allowed, subject to compliance with the requirements of this Act and other laws allowing disclosure of
information to the public and adherence to the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose and proportionality. This personal information must be:
One Two
Collected for specified and legitimate purposes Processed fairly and lawfully
determined and declared before, or as soon as
reasonably practicable after collection, and later
processed in a way compatible with such declared,
specified and legitimate purposes only;
Three
Accurate, relevant and, where necessary for
Four
purposes for which it is to be used the processing
Adequate and not excessive in
of personal information, kept up to date;
inaccurate or incomplete data must be rectified, relation to the purposes for which
supplemented, destroyed or their further they are collected and processed;
processing restricted
Criteria For Lawful Processing Of
Personal Information
Adequate and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are collected and processed;
i. The data subject has given his or her consent;
ii. The processing of personal information is necessary and is related to the fulfillment of a contract with the
data subject or in order to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract;
iii. The processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the personal information
controller is subject;
iv. The processing is necessary to protect vitally important interests of the data subject, including life and health;
v. The processing is necessary in order to respond to national emergency, to comply with the requirements of
public order and safety, or to fulfill functions of public authority which necessarily includes the processing of
personal data for the fulfillment of its mandate; or
vi. The processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the personal information
controller or by a third party or parties to whom the data is disclosed, except where such interests are
overridden by fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection under the
Philippine Constitution.
2. RA 11332 (Mandatory
Reporting of Notifiable
Disease and Heath Events
of Public Health Concern)’
An act providing policies and prescribing procedures on surveillance and
response to notifiable diseases, epidemics, and health events of public
health concern
Important Terms
a. Disease Refers to an illness due to a specific toxic substance, occupational exposure or infectious
agent, which affects a susceptible individual, either directly or indirectly, as from an infected animal or
person, or indirectly through an intermediate host, vector or the environment
b. Disease Control. Refers to the reduction of disease, incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a
locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts and continued intervention measure to maintain
the reduction.
c. Disease surveillance. Refers to the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and
dissemination of outcome-specific data for use in planning, implementation, and evaluation of public
health practice.
d. Mandatory Reporting. Refers to the obligatory reporting of a condition to local or state health
authorities, as required for notifiable diseases, epidemics, or public health events of public health
concern.
e. Public Health Authority. Refers to the DOH, local health office, or any person directly authorized to
act on behalf of the DOH or the local health office.
f. Public Health Emergency. Refers to an occurrence of imminent threat of an illness of health condition
that:
i. Is caused by any of the following:
(a) bioterrorism,
(b) appearance of a novel or previously controlled or eradicated infectious agent or biological toxin, (c) a
natural disaster,
(c) a chemical attack or accidental release,
(d) a nuclear attack or accident,
(e) an attack or accidental release of radioactive materials
ii. Poses a high probability of any of the following:
(a) a large number of deaths in the affected population,
(b) a large number of serious injuries or long-term disabilities in the affected population,
(c) widespread exposure to an infectious or toxic agent that poses a significant risk of substantial harm to
a large number of people in the affected population,
(d) international exposure to an infectious or toxic agent that poses a significant risk to the health of
citizens of other countries,
(e) trade or travel restriction
Objectives
a. To provide accurate and timely health information about notifiable diseases, and health-
related events and conditions to citizens and health providers as an integral part of response to
public health emergencies
b. To ensure that public health authorities have the statutory and regulatory authority to ensure
the following:
i. Mandatory reporting of reportable diseases and health events of public health concern. Data
collection, analysis, and the dissemination of information from official disease surveillance and
response systems can only be done by authorized personnel from the DOH and its local
counterparts and may only be used for public health concern purposes only; thus, should be
exempted in the provision of Data Privacy Act on accessibility of data
ii. Epidemic / outbreaks and or epidemiologic investigation, case investigations, patient
interviews, review of medical records, contact tracing, specimen collection and testing, risk
assessments, laboratory investigation, population surveys and environmental investigation
iii. Quarantine and isolation
● c. To require public and private physicians, allied medical personal,
professional societies, hospitals, clinics, health facilities,
laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, private companies and
institutions, workplaces, schools, prisons, ports, airports,
establishments, and other agencies, and NGO to actively
participate in disease surveillance and response
● d. To respect to the fullest extent possible, the rights of people to
liberty, bodily integrity, privacy while maintaining and preserving
public health and security.
Prohibited Acts
a. Unauthorized disclosure of private and confidential information
pertaining to a patient’s medical condition or treatment
b. Tampering of records or intentionally providing misinformation
c. Non-cooperation of the person or entities identified as having
the notifiable disease or affected by the health event of public
concern
✓ Disclosure of confidential information will not be considered
violation of this Act under this section if the disclosure was
made to comply with a legal order issued by a court of law with
competent jurisdiction
Penalties - Any person or entity found to have violated this act
shall be penalized with a fine of NLT 20,000 with NMT 50,000 or
imprisonment of NLT 1 month but NMT 6 months or both
SAFEGUARDING PRIVACY
Components:
Informed consent
Privacy culture
User awareness building and education
Organizational Policies and Regulations
Enforcement
Ongoing privacy and security assessments,
monitoring and protection
D. PATIENTS’ RIGHTS
Patient’s right
i. Right to Leave
j. Right to Refuse Participation in Medical
Research
k. Right to Correspondence and to Receive
Visitors
l. Right to Express Grievances m. Right to be
Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a
Patient
E. CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHARMACISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
● PREAMBLE
Pharmacists are health professionals who help individuals protect themselves against diseases,
maintain good health and make the best use of their medications. The pharmacists promote
rational use of drugs and ensure the provision of safe, effective and quality drugs for improved
patient care and quality of life. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to
state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of their roles and responsibilities
which are based on moral obligations and virtues and to guide pharmacists in their relationship
with patients, health professionals and society.
1. A pharmacist places the well being of the patient at the center of professional practice.
2. A pharmacist promotes the welfare of each individual in a caring and compassionate
manner.
3. A pharmacist serves the needs of the individual, community and society and provides
health for all.
4. A pharmacist respects the rights of patients and upholds confidentiality of patients’
records.
5. A pharmacist acts with honesty, integrity and professionalism in relationship with the
patients and other health professionals.
6. A pharmacist respects the abilities, values and contributions of colleagues and other
health professionals and work with them closely to ensure better patient care.
7. A pharmacist is committed to continuously enhance professional competence.
8. A pharmacist, in coordination with the government and other health professionals helps
in the formulation and implementation of health care policies, standards and programs
designed for the benefit of society.
02
Takeaways
● The health informatics profession is built on the premise that healthcare providers and patients
should not have to choose between record security and ease of sharing. This is a high-level way
of looking at the overall goal of health informatics professionals, whose primary mission is to
help the healthcare industry continue to integrate electronic medical records in a secure,
efficient way. Here are a just a few of the ethical, legal and social issues that are shaping the
health informatics profession today:
a. The protection of private patient information
b. Patient safety
c. Risk assessment
d. Reporting design and data display
e. System implementation
f. Curriculum development
g. Research ethics
h. Liability
i. User involvement and accessibility
j. Ethical dilemmas resulting from data availability and sharing
Assignment
Take a video of yourself reciting the
preamble.
Note:
1. Before you do the recording,
please put a handkerchief on your
eyes.
2. Do not use headset or headphones
during the recording.
3. Refrain from asking someone to
dictate it as you record.
Thanks!
